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1、初中英語語法大全匯總(一)一 .詞類 (Parts of Speech)名詞:英文名稱The Noun( 縮寫為n.) 表示人或事物的名稱例詞boy,clock,book等冠詞:英文名稱The Article( 縮寫為art.)用在名詞前幫助說明名詞所指的人和或事物。例詞 a(an),the代詞:英文名稱The Pronoun( 縮寫為pron)用來代替名詞、形容詞或是數(shù)詞例詞 we,that,his,what形容詞: 英文名稱The Adjective( 縮寫為 adj.) 用以修飾名詞,表示人或事物的特征例詞old,red,fine,good.數(shù)詞: 英文名稱The Numeral( 縮寫

2、為num.)表示數(shù)量或是順序。例詞one,thirteen first動詞:英文名稱The Verb( 縮寫為v.) 表示動作或狀態(tài)。例詞sit,go,be(am,is,are)副詞:英文名稱The Adverb( 縮寫為adv.) 修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞。例詞not too,here,very介詞:英文單詞The Preposition( 縮寫為prep.)表示名詞、 代詞等和句中其他詞的關(guān)系。例詞in,on,of,to,under.連詞:英文單詞The Conjunction( 縮寫為conj.) 用來連接詞與詞、短語與短語或句與句。例詞 and,or,but.感嘆詞:英文單詞The

3、Interjection( 縮寫為interj.)表示說話時的喜悅、驚訝等情感。例詞 oh,hello,hi,er.二 .名詞 (Nouns)1.總的說來 ,名詞分專有名詞和普通名詞兩類。專有名詞 : 表示具體的人,事物 ,地點或機(jī)構(gòu)的專有名稱。Lucy China中國Asia 亞洲Beijing北京。專有名詞的第一個字母要大寫。普通名詞 : 表示某些人,某類事物 ,某種物質(zhì)或抽象概念的名稱。例如:teacher老師tea 茶reform改革普通名詞又可進(jìn)一步分為四類1) 個體名稱 : 表示單個的人和事物。house馬 car 汽車room房間apple 蘋果fun 風(fēng)扇picture照片2)

4、 集體名稱 : 表示一群人或一些事物的名稱。people人們family家庭army 軍隊government政府group集團(tuán)3) 物質(zhì)名詞 :表示物質(zhì)或不具備確定形狀和大小的個體的物質(zhì)。fire火 steel 鋼 air 空氣 water 水 milk 牛奶4)抽象名詞:表示動作 ,狀態(tài) ,品質(zhì)或其他抽象概念。labour勞動health健康life生活friendship 友情patience 耐力2.名詞按其所表現(xiàn)的事物的性質(zhì)分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞??蓴?shù)名詞 (Countable Nouns)有復(fù)數(shù)形式,如 :an apple two apples a carsome cars不可數(shù)

5、名詞(Uncountable Nouns)一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式.抽象名詞 , 物質(zhì)名詞和專有名詞一般是不可數(shù)名詞。sand 沙sugar 糖有少數(shù)名詞即可作可數(shù)名詞,也可作不可數(shù)名詞,但含義不同。glass玻璃glass 玻璃杯paper紙paper 報紙 ,文件3.名詞的功能名詞在句中作主語, 賓語 ,介詞賓語 ,賓語補(bǔ)助語,表語以及名詞短語作狀語。The bag is in the desk. bag作主語。書包在桌子里邊。I washed my clothes yesterday. clothes作賓語。 昨天我洗了我的衣服。This is a good book. book作表語。這是一本

6、好書。We elected him our monitor. monitor作賓語補(bǔ)助語。我們選他為我們的班長。Mary lives with her parents. parents作介詞賓語.瑪麗和她的父母親住在一起。He is a Party member. Party作定語 .他是一名黨員。They study hard day and night. day and night作狀語。他們白天黑夜地學(xué)習(xí)。4.可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)(the Singular Nunmber)和復(fù)數(shù) (the Plural Number)兩種形式。名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式(The Plural Form Nouns的)部分

7、規(guī)則如下:1) 一般情況下,在詞尾加-s. 例如 :bags ,maps ,pens ,desks ,workers2) 以 s,sh,ch,x 等結(jié)尾的詞加-es. 例如 : buses watches boxes3) 以 ce,se,ze,(d)ge等結(jié)尾的詞加-s. 例如 : licences blouses oranges4) 以輔音字母+y 結(jié)尾的詞變y 為 i 再加 -es. 例如 : babies families 5)名詞以-f 或-fe 結(jié)尾的 ,把-f 或 -fe 變成-ves.bookshelves , wives ,knives注 :英語中有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的,

8、 需要一一記憶常見的有,man - menwoman - womenfoot - feettooth - teethmouse - niceox - oxensheep - sheepdear - dearfish -fish英語中有些名詞總是以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)。scissors 剪刀goods 貨物trousers褲子clothes衣服glasses 玻璃杯5.名詞的所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns)在英語中 ,名詞的格有三個 ,主格 ,賓格和所有格。它們的形式及其變化表示與其他詞的關(guān)系。實際上 , 主格和賓格通過它在句中的作用和位置來確定。The bird is

9、 in the tree.鳥在樹上。bird 作主語 , 是主格。I saw a film yesterday.昨天我看了一場電影。film作賓語 ,是賓格。名詞的所有格: 名詞中表示所有關(guān)系的形式叫做名詞所有格。Lu Xun's book is worth reading.魯迅的書值得一讀。This is my father's room.這是我父親的房間。名詞所有格的構(gòu)成單數(shù)名詞加 's 例詞 :Mike's father以 s 結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞加 ' 例詞 :theteachers' room不以 s 結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞加 's 例詞 :

10、men's women's三、代詞 (Pronouns)1.人稱代詞 (Personal Pronouns)第一人稱單數(shù)主格I(復(fù)數(shù) We) 單數(shù)賓格me( 復(fù)數(shù) us)第二人稱單數(shù)主格you( 復(fù)數(shù) you)單數(shù)賓格you( 復(fù)數(shù) you)第三人稱單數(shù)主格he,she,it( 復(fù)數(shù) they)單數(shù)賓格him,her,it( 復(fù)數(shù) them)6.物主代詞 (Possessive Pronouns)形容詞性物主代詞第一人稱單數(shù)my( 復(fù)數(shù) our)形容詞性物主代詞第二人稱單數(shù)your( 復(fù)數(shù) your)形容詞性物主代詞第三人稱單數(shù)his,her,its( 復(fù)數(shù) their)名詞性

11、物主代詞第一人稱單數(shù)mine( 復(fù)述 ours)名詞性物主代詞第二人稱單數(shù)yours( 復(fù)數(shù) yours)名詞性物主代詞第三人稱單數(shù)his,hers,its( 復(fù)數(shù) theirs)四、數(shù)詞 (Numeral)表示數(shù)目多少或順序多少的詞叫數(shù)詞,數(shù)詞分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞。表示數(shù)目多少的數(shù)詞叫基數(shù)詞;表示順序的數(shù)詞叫序數(shù)詞。基數(shù)詞 (Cardinal Numbers)1 one 2 two 3three 4four 5five 6six11eleven 12twelve 13thirteen 20twenty21twenty-one 40fouty 100one hundred五、動詞 (Verb)一

12、般現(xiàn)在時(The Simple Present Tense)一般現(xiàn)在時表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)如 :He is twelve.She is at home.表示經(jīng)常的或是習(xí)慣性的動作.如 :I go to school at 7:30 every day.表示主語具備的的性格和能力等如 :She like apple.They knowEnglish.7.動詞 be(Verb to be)肯定式I am. 否定 I am not.肯定式Y(jié)ou are. 否.定式 You are not.肯定式He/She/It is. 否定式 He/She/It is not.疑問句和簡略答語Am I .?Yes,yo

13、u are./No,I you are not.Are you.?Yes,I am./No,I am not.8.There be 結(jié)構(gòu)"There is/are+ 某物 / 某人 +某地 / 某時 " 這樣一種句型,大致相當(dāng)于漢語"某地 / 某時有某物 / 某人 " 的說法 .句子的 is/are 和后面所跟的名詞在數(shù)方面必須是一致 .肯定式 :There is(There's)a table in your room.There are(There're)somepencils on the desk.否定式 :There is no

14、t(There isn't)any cats here.There are not(aren't)anycats here.疑問式和簡略答語Is there a ruler in your bag?Yes,there is./No,there is not(isn't).Are there any people in that house?Yes,there are./No,there are not(aren't).How many kites are there in the sky?There are thirteen.六、介詞 (Prepositions

15、)介詞一般用于名詞或代詞前,表示該詞與句子其他成分的關(guān)系.介詞后面的名詞或代詞稱為介詞賓語.介詞和介詞賓語一起構(gòu)成介詞短語.本冊課本出現(xiàn)的介詞短語如下:at: at home at school at six thirtybehind: behind the door/tree behind one's chairbeside: beside the door beside the housefrom: from one to a hundredin: in Row/Team/Class/Grade4in one's school/grade/class/team/romin

16、your desk/pencil-box/bedroomin the picture in the same class in different classesin English in the hat in the morning/afternoonlike: like this/thatnear: near the window near the doorof: a picture of a classroom a map of Chinathe name of her cat thewall of their classroonon: on the desk/chair on the

17、floor on the wall on the bikeon the dutyto:(a quarter)to ten (go)to school/bed/workunder: under the desk/table under the tree/window under one'schair/bed(1) 表示時間:at: 表示某一時間點如:at noonon: 表示特定的日子如:on Christmasin: 表示一段不具體的時間如:in the morning ,in the Second world war如表示在某一特定的早上、下午則用on如: on a cold mor

18、ning, on a hot afternoon, on Sunday morningduring:表示期間內(nèi)的某個時期如 : during the night, during the Second World Warfor:其后接表示一段時間長度的詞如:for three daysthrough:表示在整個期間沒有間歇例: It snowed through the night.till/until:表示動作持續(xù)的終點例: I studied hard till twelve o'clocklast night.by: 表示動作完成期限例:I'll be back by fi

19、ve o'clock. 4since: 表示某動作的起始點例: I have studied English since(2) 表示地點:at: 表示較小的地點如:arrived at the school gatein: 表示較大的地點如:arrived in Shanghaifor:表示目的地例:I'll leave for Shanghai.above: 表示上面,上方,其反意詞是belowover:表示垂直上方,其反意詞是under例:The dog jumped overthe table.through:表示穿過如:through the forestacross:

20、 表示平原上的跨越例:I want to walk across the road.七、句子的種類(Kinds of Sentences)英語的句子按照用途可分為以下四類:陳述句用途是用來說明事實或說話人的看法例句 :I can see a map on the wall.I think it's his.疑問句用途是用來提出問題.例句 :Are you Mr Green?Can you find it ? How old are you?祈使句用途是用來表示請求和命令.例句 : Sstand up.Come in,please.Let's play games.感嘆句用途是用

21、來表達(dá)強(qiáng)烈的感情.例句 :What a fine day it is!How beautiful the flowers are!八、一般疑問句和特殊疑問句一般疑問句子和特殊疑問句一般疑問句 (General Question )一般是指用Yes 或 No 回答的疑問句。例如: Is she at school today? Yes,she is/No,she isn't.Can you see apencile on the desk? Yes,I can./No,I can't. Do you play football?Yes,they do./No,they don&#

22、39;t.特殊疑問句是以特殊疑問詞開頭的疑問句.(二 )一 .形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級(The Comparative and SuperlativeDegrees of Adjective and Adverbs)大多數(shù)形容詞和副詞有三個等級:1)原級,即原形。2)比較級,表示“較, ”或“更, 一些”的意思。3)最高級,表示“最, ”的意思。9.形容詞和副詞比較級和最高級的構(gòu)成(1)規(guī)則變化單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞一般在詞尾加-er 或 -estcold colder coldeststrong stronger strongestfast faster fastestslow slow

23、 slowest以字母e 結(jié)尾的形容詞,加-r 或 -stnice nicer nicestlarge larger largest重讀閉音節(jié)詞只有一個輔音字母時,應(yīng)先雙寫輔音字母,再加-er 或-estbig bigger biggestthin thinner thinnesthot hotter hottest以“輔音字母 +y”結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞,先改“ y 為”“i,”再加-er 或 -esteasy esaier easiesthappy happier happiestearly earlier earliest少數(shù)以 -er , -ow結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞clever( 聰明的 )未尾加

24、 -er , -estclever cleverer cleverestnarrow narrower narrowest多音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞在詞前加more 或 mostdelicious more delicious most deliciousinteresting more interesting most intertingeasily more easily most easilycarefully more carefully most carefully(2)不規(guī)則變化good/wellbetterbestbad/badlyworseworstmuch/manymoremos

25、tlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest10.形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級的用法比較級:表示兩者(人或事物)的比較Mr King is taller than Mr ReadThis mooncakes is nicer than that one。The tractor is going faster than the bike。最高級:表示三者或三者以上(人或事物)的比較,其中有一個在某一方面超過其他幾個時, 用最高級。 最高級的前面一般要加定冠詞the 。后面可帶of( in)短語來說明比較的范圍。Whose drawing

26、is he best of all?She is the youngest in the class.The taxi is going ghe fastest.Mr Qin is walking tje slowest of all.注:在形容詞和副詞的比較級前,有時可以用much , a little 等來修飾,如: much better a little taller二。數(shù)詞(Numerals )序數(shù)詞( Ordinal Numbers )序數(shù)詞表示事物的順序,往往與定冠詞the連用。fist 1st twentieth 20thsecond 2nd twenty-first 21th

27、third 3nd thirieth 30thfourth 4nd thirty-ninth 39thfifth 5nd fortieth 40thsixth 6th fiftieth 50thseventh 7th sixtieth 60theighth 8th seventieth 70thnineth 9th ninetieth 80thtenth 10th hundredth 100theleventh 11th one hundred and first 101sttwelfth 12th三、冠詞(Articles )冠詞是一種虛詞,讓在名詞的前面,幫助說明名詞的含義,冠詞分不定冠詞

28、 (The Indefinite Article)和定冠詞( The Define Article)兩種,a( an)是不定冠詞。a 用在輔音之前,如:a roada boy ;an 用在元音之前,如:an hour; an old man 等;the 是定冠詞。11.不定冠詞的用法用于可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式前,指人或事物的某一種類。Susan is a scientist.Pass me an orange,please.指某人或某事,但不具體說明何人或何物。A boy is looking for you。We work five days a week。表示“一”這個數(shù)量,但數(shù)的概念沒有on

29、e 強(qiáng)烈。We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow。I have a mouth , a nose , two eyes and two ears。用于某些固定的詞組中。a few , a little, a lot of, a moment ago12.定冠詞的用法。特指某些人或某些事物Show me the photo of the boy。The book on the desk is mine。指雙方都知道的人或事物。Where are the new books, Jim ?They are on the small table。

30、指上文提過的人或事物。Ji Mei lives on a farm。The farm is not big 。用在世界上獨一無二的事物前。The sun is bigger than the moon。用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級前。The first month of the year is January。Walk along this road, and take the fourth turning on the left。用在由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前。the Great Wallthe Women's Hospital用在一些習(xí)慣用語中。in the morning ( aft

31、ernoon ,evening ),on the left ( right ),at the back( front ) ofthe day befoer yesterday, all the same13.不用冠詞的情況在專有名詞和不可數(shù)名詞前,China , Grade Two , Bill Smilk , milk名詞前已有作定語用的this ,that ,my,your ,some ,any 等代詞。Theletter is in her bag ,Come this way,please .I have some question.復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示一類人或事物時,My father an

32、d mother are teachers.I like cakes.在星期,月份,季節(jié),節(jié)日前,It is Sunday ( Monday , Tuesday , etc 。)today 。June 1st is Children's Day in Chin。aIt is cold in winter 。在稱呼語或表示頭銜的名詞前。Mr Mott is going on a trip。What colour are Mrs Green's shoes?在三餐飯和球類運(yùn)動的名詞前。He went to shool before breakfast this morning。Ca

33、n you playbasketball ?四、動詞(Verbs )2.動詞的種類(Kinds of Verbs )行為動詞Action Verbs :含有實在的意義,表示動作或狀態(tài),在句中能獨立作謂語。She has some banana。sThey often come back early。I listen to the radio every day。連系動詞Link Verbs :本身有一定的詞義,但不能獨立作謂語,必須與表語一起構(gòu)成謂語。His father is a teacher。Twins usually look the same。Trees turn green 。助動

34、詞Auxiliary Verbs本身沒有詞義,不能獨立作謂語,只能和主要動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語動詞,表示否定,疑問,時態(tài)或其他語法形式。He doesn't speak Englis。tWe are playing basketbal。lDo you have abrother ?情態(tài)動詞Modal Verbs 本身有一定的意義,但不能獨立作謂語,只能和主要動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語動詞,表示說話人的語氣和情態(tài),情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。She can speak a little Englis。hMay I speak to Ann,please?We must go now 。14.一般過去時態(tài)

35、(The Simple Past Tens)e一般過去時表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),常和過去的時間狀語連用,如: yesterday , last night , in 1990 , two days ago等,也表示過去經(jīng)?;蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動作,常和often , always 等表示頻度的時間狀語連用。例如:I got up at 6 : 30 yesterday 。My father was at work yesterday afternoon。He always went to work by bus last yea。r一般過去時的構(gòu)成be肯定句: I was,He ( s

36、he, it) was,We( You , They ) were,否定句I was not ( wasn't ) ,He ( She , It) was not ( wasn't ) ,We ( You , They ) were not ( weren't ) ,work肯定句I( You , He, She , It, We , You , They ) worked 。否定句I( You ,He ,She ,It,We ,You ,They )did not ( didn't )worked 。there be肯定句 There was ?There w

37、ere ?否定句 There was no (t wasn't ),There were not( weren't ),疑問句和簡略答語be第一人稱Was I, ? Yes , you were 。 No , you were not 。Were we, ? Yes ,we ( you )were 。 No ,we ( you )were not 。第二人稱Were you, ? Yes,I was 。 No , I was not 。Were you, ? Yes , we were 。 No , we were not 。第三人稱Was he ( she ,it), ? Y

38、es ,he ( she ,it)was 。No,he ( she ,it) wasnot。Were they ,?Yes , they were 。 No , they were not 。work第一人稱Did I work ? Yes , you did 。 No , you did not 。Did we work ? Yes , we ( you ) did 。 No,we ( you ) did not 。第二人稱Did you work ? Yes ,I did 。No,I did not 。Did you work ? Yes ,we did 。 No,we did not 。

39、第三人稱Did he ( she , it) work ? Yes , he( she , it) did 。 No , he( she, it)did not 。Did they work ? Yes , they did 。 No,they did not 。there beWas there a/any,? Yes , there was 。 No, there was not 。Was there any, ? Yes , there were 。 No, there were not 。規(guī)則動詞過去式地構(gòu)成一般在動詞原形末尾加-ed 例如 :look looked,play play

40、ed,結(jié)尾是 e 的動詞加 -d例如 :live lived,hope hoped,use used末尾只有一個輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)詞,先雙寫這個輔音字母,再加-ed例如 :stop stopped,plan planned,trip tripped結(jié)尾是 "輔音字母 +y" 的動詞 ,先變 y 為 i 再加 -ed.例如 :study studiedcarry carried,worry worried.常見的不規(guī)則動詞有: am/is-was are-were go-went have-had do-didget-gotcome-came say-said see-sa

41、w put-put eat-ate take-took15.一般將來時態(tài)(The Simple Future Tense)一般將來時表示將來某個時間要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),也表示將來將來經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作,常與表示將來的時間狀語連用.如 :tomorrow,next,week,nextyear 等例如 :I will go to my hometown next week.We will come to see youevery Sunday.1)一般將來時的構(gòu)成一般將來時由"助動詞 "will+ 動詞原形 " 構(gòu)成 .在口語中 ,will在名詞或代詞后常簡縮

42、為'll,will not常簡縮為won't. 在疑問句中,主語為第一人稱 (I 和 well) 時 ,常用助動詞 shall.第一人稱肯定式I/We will go. 否定式I/will not go. 疑問式Shall/we go ?第二人稱肯定式Y(jié)ou not go. 否定式Y(jié)ou will not go. 疑問句Will you go?第三人稱肯定式He/She/It/They will go.否定式 He/She/It/They willTheywill go. 否定式He/She/It/They will not go.疑問式Will he/she/it/theygo?注 :1、在書面語中,主語式第一人稱(

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