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1、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用法詳解動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式有三種:不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞(一)不定式不定式由“ to十動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成,其否認(rèn)形式是“ not to do.不定式可以帶賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ), 沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化, 但有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化不定式可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ),但不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)有時(shí)用“ for 十名詞或代詞賓格構(gòu)成1不定式的用法:l)作主語(yǔ).不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),往往放在謂語(yǔ)之后,用 it作形式主語(yǔ).例如:To see is to believeIt is right to give up smoking2)作賓語(yǔ)不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),如果還帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。往往把不定式賓語(yǔ)放在賓
2、語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之后,而用 it 作形式賓語(yǔ)例如:He wanted to goI find it interesting to study work with him.3)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)例如:He asked me to do the work with him.注意 : 在feel, hear, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, watch, have,let, make等詞后的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)中,不定式不帶to.但是這些句子如果變成被動(dòng)構(gòu)造時(shí),就必須帶to.例如I often hear him sing the songHe is often heard t
3、o sing the son g注意:不定式動(dòng)詞在介詞 but, except, besides后面時(shí),如果這些介詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞 do 的各種形式, 那么, 這些介詞后的不定式不帶 to, 否那么要帶to.如:She could do nothing but cry.What do you like to do besides swim?I have no choice but to go動(dòng)詞help之后,帶to或不帶to都可以。W川you please help me (to) take this suitcase?青你幫我提一下這個(gè)衣箱好嗎?She often helps her mot
4、her (to) clean their houseft 經(jīng)常幫助她媽媽清掃房子。4)作定語(yǔ)例如:I have some books for you to rea d注作定語(yǔ)的不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞, 或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具等,不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞例如:He is looking for a room to live inThere is nothing to worry abou tPlease give me a knife to cut with但是, 不定式所修飾的名詞如果是time, place或way,不定式后面的介詞 習(xí)慣上要省去例如:He ha
5、d no money and no place to live.注當(dāng)作定語(yǔ)的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),不定式既可以用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),也可用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),但其含義有所不同試比擬:A) Have you anything to send? 你有什么東西要寄嗎?(不定式to send 的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是you)B) Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么要(我或別人)寄的東西嗎?(不定式to be sent的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是已被省略的me或someone else)5)作狀語(yǔ),表示目的、原因、結(jié)果或條件例如:I came here to see you ( 目的 )
6、We were very excited to hear the new s(原因)He hurried to the school to find nobody ther e (結(jié)果 )so + adj. / adv. + as to dosuch + adj. + n. +as to do-adj. / adv.+ enough + to dotoo + adv. / adj. +to doi:.而不能.;非常.He was so foolish as to believe it.= He was such a fool as to believe it.= He was foolish
7、enough to believe it.The ice is too thin to skate on.=The ice is not thick enough to skate on.He was too happy(!感 adj.) to see his father.You can never too careful to cross the roa都不為過(guò)To look at him, you would like him (條件 )目的狀語(yǔ)還可以用 in order to或so as to來(lái)表示.如:In order to pass the exam, he worked very
8、 hardWe ran all the wayso as not to be late不定式也可在作表語(yǔ)用的形容詞后面作狀語(yǔ)例如:I am very glad to hear itThe question is difficult to answe r“ too 十形容詞或副詞十不定式作狀語(yǔ)例如:He is too old to do that另外句子中有enough這個(gè)詞時(shí),常用不定式作狀語(yǔ).例如:The room is big enough to hold u s6)作表語(yǔ)例如:My job is to help the patien t7)作獨(dú)立成分例如:To tell the trut
9、h,I don t agree with you.8)不定式與疑問(wèn)詞 who, which, when, where, how, what等連用,在句中起名詞作用,可充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ), 賓補(bǔ) 等例如:He didn t know what to say.賓語(yǔ))How to solve the problem is very importan t (主語(yǔ) )My question is when to start. 表語(yǔ)( )She often teaches me how to read and writet作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)她常教我如何讀書(shū)注意:在與 why連用時(shí),只用于 why或why no
10、t開(kāi)頭的簡(jiǎn)短疑問(wèn)句中,后面緊跟的動(dòng)詞不定式不帶 to. 例如 :Why not have a rest?9)不定式在句中用主動(dòng)式還是被動(dòng)式。多數(shù)情況下是容易判別的,但有時(shí)A/定式修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí),不定式往往用主動(dòng)形式.Have you got a key to unlock the door?(A key unlocks the doo r )B/定式和它前面被修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系, 又和該句主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí),不定式常用主動(dòng)形式I have got a letter to write ( I write letter )He needs
11、a room to live i n ( He lives in a room )I know what to do ( I do what ) 但這句如改為以下形式,不定式就得用被動(dòng)形式:I know what is to be done.這是因?yàn)?what is to be done!賓語(yǔ)從句,從句中的主語(yǔ)what是動(dòng)詞do 的動(dòng)作對(duì)象C次定式作表語(yǔ)形容詞的狀語(yǔ),和句中主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí),不定式多用主動(dòng)形式,這是因?yàn)槿藗兺J(rèn)為形容詞后省去了 for one 或 forpeople.例如:He is hard to talk to ( to talk to him )The boo
12、k is difficult to understand. ( to understand the book.)但如果強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的受事者時(shí),亦可用不定式被動(dòng)式,例如:The handwriting is very difficult to be read.(隱形主語(yǔ),非顯性主語(yǔ)The box is too heavy to be lifte dD)ft “there十be的構(gòu)造中,當(dāng)說(shuō)話人考慮的是必須有人去完成某件事時(shí), 不定式用主動(dòng)形式, 如果說(shuō)話人強(qiáng)調(diào)的是事情本身必須完成, 那么用被動(dòng)形式There is a lot of work to do. ( Somebody has to do t
13、he work )There is a lot of work to be don e ( The work has to be done.)請(qǐng)注意下面兩個(gè)句子的含義是不同的:word.zl-There is nothing to do.意為無(wú)事可做,感到十分乏味.There is nothing to be done意為某東西壞了,無(wú)法使之恢復(fù)正常.2不定式的時(shí)態(tài)1)不定式的一般形式所表示的動(dòng)作,通常與謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))同時(shí)(或幾乎同時(shí) )發(fā)生,或是在它之后發(fā)生例如:I saw him go out2)如果謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作(情況) 發(fā)生時(shí), 不定式表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)展, 這時(shí)不定式就要用進(jìn)展式例
14、如:I am very g1ad to be working with you3)如果不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前,就要用完成式例如:Im sorry to have kept you waiting.3不定式的語(yǔ)態(tài)當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語(yǔ)是這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),不定式一般要用被動(dòng)形式。例如:He asked to be sent to work in the countrysid eIt is possib1e for our hopes to be rea1ize d(二)動(dòng)名詞1動(dòng)名詞由動(dòng)詞+ ing 構(gòu)成 ;具有動(dòng)詞和名詞的性質(zhì);在句中起名詞作用, 可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)
15、1)作主語(yǔ)例如:Seeing is believing.Laying eggs is the ant quee ns full- time job.It is no use arguing with him.注意:動(dòng)名詞和不定式都可以作主語(yǔ),動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)表示一般或抽象的屢次性行為,不定式作主語(yǔ)往往表示具體的 或 一次性的動(dòng)作例如:Playing with fire is dangerou s (泛指玩火)To play with fire will be dangerou s (指一具體動(dòng)作)但在 It is no us good, not any use/ good, useless等后必需
16、用動(dòng)名詞。2)作表語(yǔ)例如:Her job is teaching.3)作賓語(yǔ)例如:He is fond of playing footballI like swimming.注 admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excus,e face, feel. like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, include, keep, mention, mind, miss, practise, put off, resist, risk, suggest, can t
17、 help, can t stand(無(wú)法忍受) 等動(dòng)詞后可以用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),但不能用不定式注forget, go on, like, mean, regret, remember, stop, try 等動(dòng)詞可帶動(dòng)名詞或不定式作賓語(yǔ),但意義上有區(qū)別。I remember doing the exercise.我 t 己得做過(guò)練習(xí).)I must remember to do it. (我必須記著做這事 )I tried not to go there (我沒(méi)法不去那里)I tried doing it again. (我試著又干了一次)Stop speaking. 不要講話。()He sto
18、pped to talk. 他停下來(lái)講話()I mean to come early today.我打算今早些來(lái). )Missing the train means waiting for another hou r(誤了這趟火車意味著冉 等一個(gè)小時(shí) )注在 allow, advise, forbid, permit 等動(dòng)詞后直接跟動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),要用動(dòng)名詞形式,如果后面有名詞或代詞作賓語(yǔ),然后再跟動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),其賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用帶 to 的不定式例如:We don t allow smoking here.We don t allow students to smoke.注動(dòng)詞need, r
19、equire, want 作“需要解, 其后跟動(dòng)詞作它的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),必須用動(dòng)名詞, 或不定式的被動(dòng)式 這時(shí), 動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)意義 例如:The window needs( require,s wants) cleaning( to be cleaned)注在短語(yǔ)devote to, look forward to, stick to, to be used to, object to,thank you for, excuse me for, be( kept) busy, be worth, have difficulty trouble problem (in), have a goo
20、d wonderful hard time(in), there s no use good need, feel/ look/seem/ like/get down to等后的動(dòng)詞也必須用動(dòng)名詞形式. 例 如:I look forward to hearing from you soon.注在love, hate, prefer等動(dòng)詞后用動(dòng)名詞或不定式無(wú)多大區(qū)別。但說(shuō)話人有所指的時(shí)候,通常用不定式。注start, begin, continue在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中多后接動(dòng)名詞,在口語(yǔ)中多后接不J、 , I、定式。注在should(would) like/ love等后須用不定式。4)作定語(yǔ)例如:He
21、has a reading room.2動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合構(gòu)造動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合構(gòu)造由形容詞性的物主代詞或 人稱代詞的賓格 , 名詞所有格或 普通格 加動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)成 在句子開(kāi)頭必須用名詞所有格或形容詞性的物主代詞例如 :His coming made me very happ yMary s crying annoyed him.She didn t mind his cryingIs there any hope of Xiao Wan g s winning3動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)1)動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)分一般式和完成式兩種, 如果動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作沒(méi)有明確地表示出時(shí)間是與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生或在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作以前發(fā)生
22、, 用動(dòng)名詞的一般式 例如 :We are interested in playing chess.word.zl-His coming will be of great help to us如果動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前, 通常用動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)態(tài)。例如 :Im sorry for not having kept my promise.但是在某些動(dòng)詞或詞組后, 常用動(dòng)名詞的一般形式, 盡管其動(dòng)作是在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的 例如: 主語(yǔ)是這個(gè)動(dòng)名詞表示的動(dòng)作的對(duì)象時(shí), 動(dòng)名詞用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“ being十過(guò)去分詞或 having been十過(guò)去分詞 構(gòu)成。后一種一般防
23、止使用例如:He likes being helped.He was afraid of being left at home.注:在to be worth doing句型中,動(dòng)名詞doing表示的是被動(dòng)意義.例如:The book is worth reading(三)分詞1分詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)1)分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞?,F(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成式.一般式 表示和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的行為;完成式(having十過(guò)去分詞)表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作例如:Being a studen,t he was interested in booksHaving studied in
24、 the university for 3 years, he knows the way very w e112)現(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成式,且有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是分詞動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí), 分詞用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài), 如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞的動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng) 作,就用分詞完成式的被動(dòng)形式例如:The question being discussed is importa:ntHaving been criticized by the teach,erLi Ming gave up smoking過(guò)去分詞表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作, 本身有被動(dòng)的含義, 所以只有一般式?jīng)]有完成式2.分詞的用法l)作定語(yǔ)
25、分詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)時(shí), 放在被修飾的名詞之后; 單個(gè)分詞做定語(yǔ)時(shí), 放在被修飾的名詞之前例如 :The man standing by the window is our teacher.The excited people rushed into the buildin g注意: 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí), 它表示的動(dòng)作是正在進(jìn)展或與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生, 如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作有先有后, 一般不能用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ), 而要用定語(yǔ)從句。例如:The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)的差異:現(xiàn)在分詞在句中作定語(yǔ)時(shí)
26、,不僅存在前置與后置的區(qū)別,而且存在狀態(tài)、時(shí)間與形式上的差異。 為了幫助大家分清這些差異, 更好地掌握現(xiàn)在分詞的用法,現(xiàn)在分別論述如下。一、狀態(tài)差異現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)明顯存在狀態(tài)差異。一般來(lái)講,前置的現(xiàn)在分詞 靜感強(qiáng)。而后置現(xiàn)在分詞 動(dòng)感強(qiáng) 。學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)要注意體會(huì)這一點(diǎn)。例 1: The labouring people are the wisest.例 2: The farmers labouring here are not afraid of snakes能前置的現(xiàn)在分詞為數(shù)不太多,常見(jiàn)的大都是已被形容詞化了的現(xiàn)在分詞。 這一點(diǎn)主要表現(xiàn)在有些現(xiàn)在分詞前常有程度副詞, 有些現(xiàn)在分詞甚至還有比擬等級(jí)
27、。例 3: I have brought very exciting news to you例 4: This is the most exciting story that I have ever rea d二、時(shí)間差異時(shí)間差異指現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間差異。 有些現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)表示正在進(jìn)展的動(dòng)作。這些現(xiàn)在分詞假設(shè)改為定語(yǔ)從句宜用進(jìn)展時(shí)態(tài)。例 5: Did you tell the children playing there not to make any noise?Did you tell the children who were playing there not to ma
28、ke any noise?例 6: The American president visiting China now will return on Saturday.The American president who is visiting China now will return onSaturday.有些現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)那么表示經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或現(xiàn)在(或當(dāng)時(shí) )的狀態(tài)。此類現(xiàn)在分詞假設(shè)改為定語(yǔ)從句宜用一般時(shí)態(tài), 而不宜用進(jìn)展時(shí)態(tài)。 假設(shè)譯成漢語(yǔ)也應(yīng)注意表達(dá)這一點(diǎn)。例 7: They stayed at a hotel standing by the lake.例 8: The temple
29、 standing on top of the hill was built in the Ming Dynasty.三、形式差異從形式來(lái)看,前置現(xiàn)在分詞多為單個(gè)分詞,而后置現(xiàn)在分詞多為短語(yǔ)。換句話說(shuō),假設(shè)用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ),單個(gè)分詞要前置,分詞短語(yǔ)要后置。但也不能絕對(duì) 如此,要視情況而定。要是強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)感,即使是單個(gè)分詞也應(yīng)后置。例 9: Look! The girl singing is Alice and the one dancing is Ma ry從內(nèi)容來(lái)講, 前置現(xiàn)在分詞多為不及物動(dòng)詞, 沒(méi)有自己的賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。 后置現(xiàn)在分詞可帶賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。 有時(shí)前置現(xiàn)在分詞也可有自己的賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ), 不
30、過(guò)要置于分詞前,且中間要有連詞符號(hào)。當(dāng)然,帶比擬級(jí)時(shí)除外。例 10: Barking dogs seldom bite例 11: The person translating the songs can speak seven languages.例 12: England and America arEe nglish-speaking countries值得說(shuō)明的是, 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式與被動(dòng)式一般都不能用作前置定語(yǔ), 只能作后置定語(yǔ),使用時(shí)應(yīng)慎重 。例 13: We must keep a secret of the things being discussed he re2)作狀語(yǔ)分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),可以表示時(shí)間、原因、行為方式、伴隨狀況等。例如:Being a st
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