冷戰(zhàn) the cold war 19451990

1、1The Cold War 1945-1990US vs. Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsDemocracy vs. CommunismCapitalism vs. Socialism2US/USSR Relationship during WWII 1939: Stalin (USSR) makes a deal with Hitler (Germany). 1941: Hitler breaks deal and attacks USSR. Stalin changes sides and fights with US and other allie

2、s. 3US/USSR Relationship during WWIIBefore the end of the World War II, Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt met at Yalta to plan what should happen when the war ended. They agreed on many points:The establishment of the United NationsDivision of Germany into four zonesFree elections allowed in the state

3、s of Eastern EuropeRussias promise to join the war against JapanNo agreement was reached on Poland.Winston Churchill (England), Franklin Roosevelt (US) and Joseph Stalin (USSR) meet in Yalta in 1945 to decide the fate of post-war Europe.4Cold War Characteristics Political, strategic and ideological

4、struggle between the US and the USSR that spread throughout the world Struggle that contained everything short of war Competing social and economic ideologies5Key Concept: How did the Cold War affect the domestic and foreign policies of the United States?Domestic Policies: 1. McCarthyism2. HUACHouse

5、 Un-American Activities Committee3. Loyalty oaths4.Blacklists5. Bomb sheltersForeign Policies: 1. Korean War2. Arms Race3. Truman Doctrine4.Eisenhower DoctrineActors and writers protest the Hollywood Blacklist.A 1950s era bomb shelter6Key Concept: What were the six major strategies of the Cold War?

6、The six major strategies were: 1. Brinkmanship,2. Espionage,3. Foreign aid,4.Alliances,5. Propaganda,6. Surrogate wars.2.3.4.5.6.1.7Post WWII/Cold War Goals for US Promote open markets for US goods to prevent another depression Promote democracy throughout the world, especially in Asia and Africa St

7、op the spread of communism“Domino Effect”8Post WWII/Cold War Goals for USSRCreate greater security for itself lost tens of millions of people in WWII and Stalins purges feared a strong GermanyEstablish defensible bordersEncourage friendly governments on its bordersSpread communism around the world“F

8、rom Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the

9、 populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in some cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow.”Excerpt from Winston Churchills “Iron Curtain Speech.”9Truman Doctrine1947: B

10、ritish help Greek government fight communist guerrillas. They appealed to America for aid, and the response was the Truman Doctrine. America promised it would support free countries to help fight communism. Greece received large amounts of arms and supplies and by 1949 had defeated the communists. T

11、he Truman Doctrine was significant because it showed that America, the most powerful democratic country, was prepared to resist the spread of communism throughout the world.10Marshall Plan In 1947, US Secretary of State Marshall announced the Marshall Plan. This was a massive economic aid plan for E

12、urope to help it recover from the damage caused by the war. There were two motives for this: Helping Europe to recover economically would provide markets for American goods, so benefiting American industry. A prosperous Europe would be better able to resist the spread of communism. This was probably

13、 the main motive. A poster promoting the Marshall PlanSecretary of State George Marshall.11Eisenhower Doctrine The Eisenhower Doctrine was announced in a speech to Congress on January 5, 1957.It required Congress to yield its war-making power to the president so that the president could take immedia

14、te military action.It created a US commitment to defend the Middle East against attack by any communist country. The doctrine was made in response to the possibility of war, threatened as a result of the USSRs attempt to use the Suez War as a pretext to enter Egypt. The British and French withdrawal

15、s from their former colonies created a power vacuum that communists were trying to fill. President Eisenhower with his Secretary of State John Dulles12The Berlin Crisis: June 1948-May 1949 1948: three western controlled zones of Germany united; grew in prosperity due to the Marshall Plan West wanted

16、 East to rejoin; Stalin feared it would hurt Soviet security. June 1948: Stalin decided to gain control of West Berlin, which was deep inside the Eastern Sector Cuts road, rail and canal links with West Berlin, hoping to starve it into submission West responded by airlifting supplies to allow West B

17、erlin to survive May 1949: USSR admitted defeat, lifted blockadeMap of Germany divided into zones after WWIIMap of Berlin divided into zones after WWIIA plane flies in supplies during the Berlin Airlift.13NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization In 1949 the western nations formed the North Atlantic

18、Treaty Organization to co-ordinate their defense against USSR.It originally consisted of:AmericaBelgiumBritainCanadaDenmarkFranceHollandItalyLuxembourgNorway Portugal Since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991,some former Soviet republics have applied for membership to NATO. NATO flag14Warsaw PactWa

19、rsaw Pact: organization of communist states in Central and Eastern Europe. Established May 14, 1955 in Warsaw, PolandUSSR established in in response to NATO treatyFounding members:Albania (left in 1961 as a result of the Sino-Soviet split) Bulgaria CzechoslovakiaHungary Poland Romania USSREast Germa

20、ny (1956) Greatest extent of Warsaw Pact15Senator Joe McCarthy (1908-1957) McCarthy, a Republican senator from Wisconsin, did the most to whip up anti- communism during the 50s. On February 9, 1950, he gave a speech claiming to have a list of 205 Communists in the State Department. No one in the pre

21、ss actually saw the names on the list. McCarthy continued to repeat his groundless charges, changing the number from speech to speech. During this time, one state required pro wrestlers to take a loyalty oath before stepping into the ring. In Indiana, a group of anti-communists indicted Robin Hood (

22、and its vaguely socialistic message that the books hero had a right to rob from the rich and give to the poor) and forced librarians to pull the book from the shelves. Baseballs Cincinnati Reds renamed themselves the Redlegs. Cincinnati Redlegs primary logo in use from 1954-1959 16McCarthys Downfall

23、 In the spring of 1954, the tables turned on McCarthy when he charged that the Army had promoted a dentist accused of being a Communist. For the first time, a television broadcast allowed the public to see the Senator as a blustering bully and his investigations as little more than a witch hunt. In

24、December 1954, the Senate voted to censure him for his conduct and to strip him of his privileges. McCarthy died three years later from alcoholism. The term McCarthyism lives on to describe anti-Communist fervor, reckless accusations, and guilt by association.Movie poster for the 2005 film Good Nigh

25、t and Good Luck about the fall of Joseph McCarthyArthur Millers play The Crucible was on the surface about the Salem Witch Trials. Its real target, though, was the hysterical persecution of innocent people during McCarthyism. (poster for 1996 film version)17Arms RaceCold War tensions increased in th

26、e US when the USSR exploded its first atomic bomb in 1949. Cold War tensions increased in the USSR when the US exploded its first hydrogen bomb in 1952. It was 1000 times more powerful than the Hiroshima atomic bomb. 18Space RaceCold War tensions increased in the US when the USSR launched Sputnik I,

27、 the first artificial satellite into geocentric orbit on October 4, 1957. The race to control space was on.April 12, 1961: Yuri Gagarin became first human in space and first to orbit Earth. US felt a loss of prestige and increased funding for space programs and science education. On May 25,1961, Ken

28、nedy gave a speech challenging America to land a man on the moon and return him safely by the end of the decade. Apollo 11 landed on the moon on July 16, 1969.19The U-2 Incident USSR was aware of American U-2 spy missions but lacked technology to launch countermeasures until 1960. May 1, 1960: CIA a

29、gent Francis Gary Powers U-2, was shot down by Soviet missile. Powers was unable to activate planes self-destruct mechanism before he parachuted to the ground, right into the hands of the KGB. When US learned of Powers disappearance over USSR, it issued a cover statement claiming that a weather plan

30、e crashed after its pilot had difficulties with his oxygen equipment. US officials did not realize: Plane crashed intact, Soviets recovered its photography equipment Captured Powers, whom they interrogated extensively for months before he made a voluntary confession and public apology for his part i

31、n US espionage 20The Bay of Pigs InvasionThe Bay of Pigs Invasion was an unsuccessful attempt by US-backed Cuban exiles to overthrow the government of the Cuban dictator Fidel Castro. Increasing friction between the US and Castros communist regime led President Eisenhower to break off diplomatic rel

32、ations with Cuba in January 1961. Even before that, however, the CIA had been training anti-revolutionary Cuban exiles for a possible invasion of the island. The invasion plan was approved by Eisenhowers successor, John F. Kennedy.21The Bay of Pigs Invasion On April 17, 1961 about 1300 exiles, armed

33、 with US weapons, landed at the Baha de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs) on the southern coast of Cuba hoping for support from locals. From the start, the exiles were likely to lose. Kennedy had the option of using the Air Force against the Cubans but decided against it. Consequently, the invasion was stopped

34、 by Castros army. The failure of the invasion seriously embarrassed the Kennedy administration. Some critics blamed Kennedy for not giving it adequate supportOthers blamed Kennedy for allowing it to take place at all. Additionally, the invasion made Castro wary of the US He was convinced that the Am

35、ericans would try to take over the Cuba again. Cuban leader Fidel Castro watches events during the Bay of Pigs Invasion.22Berlin Wall In the dark on August 13, 1961, a low, barbed-wire barrier rose between East and West Berlin. Within days, workers cemented concrete blocks into a low wall, dividing

36、neighborhoods and families, workers and employers, the free from the repressed. The USSR called the wall a barrier to Western imperialism, but it also was meant to keep its people going to the West where the standard of living was much higher and freedoms greater. The West Germans called it Schandma

37、ur, the Wall of Shame. Over the years, it was rebuilt three times. Each version of the wall was more higher, stronger, repressive, and impregnable. Towers and guards with machine guns and dogs stood watch over a barren no mans land. Forbidden zones, miles wide, were created behind the wall. No one w

38、as allowed to enter the zones. Anyone trying to escape was shot on sight.Early 1960s view of east side of Berlin Wall with barbed wire at top.A view from the French sector looking over the wall.23Cuban Missile CrisisThis was the closest the world ever came to nuclear war. The US armed forces were at

39、 their highest state of readiness ever, and Soviets in Cuba were prepared to launch nuclear weapons to defend the island if it were invaded. In 1962, the USSR lagged far behind the US in the arms race. Soviet missiles were only powerful enough to be launched against Europe but US missiles were capab

40、le of striking the entire Soviet Union. In April 1962, Soviet Premier Khrushchev deployed missiles in Cuba to provide a deterrent to a potential US attack against the USSR. Meanwhile, Fidel Castro was looking for a way to defend his island nation from an attack by the US. Ever since the failed Bay o

41、f Pigs invasion in 1961, Castro felt a second attack was inevitable. Consequently, he approved of Khrushchevs plan to place missiles on the island. In the summer of 1962 the USSR secretly installed the missiles. CIA map showing range of Soviet supplied intermediate and medium range missiles if launc

42、hed from Cuba24Cuban Missile Crisis The crisis began on October 15, 1962 when reconnaissance revealed Soviet missiles under construction in Cuba. After seven days of intense debate within the White House, Kennedy imposed a blockade around Cuba to stop the arrival of more Soviet missiles. On October

43、22, Kennedy announced the discovery of the missiles and his decision to blockade Cuba and that any attack launched from Cuba would be regarded as an attack on the US by the USSR and demanded that the Soviets remove all of their offensive weapons from Cuba. October 27 was the worst day of the crisis.

44、 A U-2 spy plane was shot down over Cuba. Tensions finally began to ease on October 28 when Khrushchev announced that he would dismantle the installations and remove the missiles, expressing his trust that the US would not invade Cuba. Further negotiations were held to implement the October 28 agree

45、ment, including a US demand that Soviet bombers be removed from Cuba, and specifying the exact form and conditions of US assurances not to invade Cuba.From top: Castro, Kennedy, Khrushchev, and poster for a movie about the crisis called Thirteen Days25The Slow Thaw End of WWII through Truman, Eisenh

46、ower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan, and Bush, Cold War = central foreign policy concern Most film/TV villains were Soviets or communists; Indiana Jones and the Temple of the Crystal Skull, which is set in the 1950s, pays homage to the use of Soviets as villains.Better relations betw

47、een communists countries and the US began with one of the most hard-lined anti-communist presidents, Richard Nixon. In his “only Nixon could go to China” trip, Nixon was the first US president to visit that communist country. Richard and Pat Nixon (in an appropriately red coat) at the Great Wall of

48、ChinaA magazine cover about ping pong diplomacy, so called because better relations between the US and China came after the two countries ping pong teams played each other. Cate Blanchette as Col. Dr. Irina Spalko in Indiana Jones and the Temple of the Crystal Skull26The Slow ThawIn 1969 Nixon began

49、 negotiations with USSR on SALT I, common name for the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty Agreement. SALT I froze the number of ballistic missile launchers at existing levels, and provided for the addition of submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) launchers only after the same number of intercont

50、inental ballistic missile (ICBM) and SLBM launchers had been dismantled. It was the first effort between US/USSR to stop increase nuclear weapons. SALT II was a second round of US/USSR talks (1972-1979), which sought to reduce manufacture of nuclear weapons. SALT II was the first nuclear treaty seek

51、ing real reductions in strategic forces to 2,250 of all categories on both sides.Nixon and Brezhnev toast the SALT I treaty.Carter and Brezhnev sign the SALT II treaty.27Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan Interrupts Thaw In 1978, the USSR invaded Afghanistan and tried to set up a friendly government. It

52、 became the USSRs Vietnam, a long war with no clear victory possible and many casualties and high costs.The US supported the Afghani rebels known as the mujahideen. In 1989 the Soviets finally withdrew. Islamic extremists used the opportunity to take over the country. The defeat weakened the Soviets

53、 economy and morale.Muhahideen celebrate the downing of a Soviet helicopterMovie poster for Charlie Wilsons War about US efforts to support the mujahideen28Reagans Star Wars Interrupts ThawThe Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was a proposal by President Reagan on in 1983 to use ground and space-ba

54、sed systems to protect the US from attack by nuclear ballistic missiles. It focused on strategic defense rather than doctrine of mutual assured destruction (MAD). It was quickly nicknamed “Star Wars.”Criticism of SDI: It would require the US to change, withdraw from, or break earlier treaties. The O

55、uter Space Treaty of 1967, which requires States Parties to the Treaty undertake not to place in orbit around the Earth any objects carrying nuclear weapons or any other kinds of weapons of mass destruction, install such weapons on celestial bodies, or station such weapons in outer space in any othe

56、r manner and would forbid the US from pre-positioning in Earth orbit any devices powered by nuclear weapons and any devices capable of mass destruction.“The program proposed to use unproven technology.The program would cost many billions of dollars. It would start a new arms race with the Soviets.Artist rendering of satellites and lasers to be used i