耶魯大學(xué)-心理學(xué)導(dǎo)論class07

1、/portal/ Language(continuedDo other animals possess the same sort of language? (and if not, can they learn it? Non-human communicationsystemsA finite list of callsNon-human communicationsystemsA continuous analogsignal Non-human communicationsystemsRandom variations ona them

2、eNon-human communicationsystemsNo phonology, morphology, syntaxNo arbitrary namesNo recursive syntax What about primates trainedby humans? Heated debate over abilitiesof trained primates Few words”, learned slowly through extensive training Very limited ordering; no recursion Highly repetitious Typi

3、cal chimpanzee utterances, after several years of training Nim eat Nim eat Drink eat me Nim Me gum me gum Tickle me Nim play Me eat me eat Me banana you banana me you give Banana me me eat Give orange me give eat orange me eat orange Why would anyone expect chimpanzees to learn humanlanguage?1. Chim

4、ps are so smart!True -but more is needed for learning language than general smartness (consider genetic disorders Why would anyone expect chimpanzees to learn humanlanguage?2. Chimps are our nearest evolutionary relatives True -but humans split from chimps 5-10million years ago; plenty of time forsp

5、ecialized brain structures to evolveOther topics in thepsychology of language Language in the brain Neurological and cognitive nature of language disorders Language perception and production Reading Bilingualism and multilingualism Language and thought Language and Thought Is language necessary for

6、abstract thought? -studies of non-linguistic creatures, such as babies and chimps Does the language you learn change the way you think?-studies of speakers of different languages, e.g., Korean vs. EnglishReading Response #2 What do you think about the relationship between knowing syntax and being in

7、telligent? (Do you think that learning syntax makes you smart? Or being smart makes it possible to learn syntax? Both? Neither?. Take a position and defend it with evidence from lecture and from the readings. Perception &Attention & MemoryBig themes PERCEPTION The problem of perception is ha

8、rd Successful perception involves educated (unconscious guesses about the worldATTENTION We attend to some things and not others We miss a surprising amount of what happens in the world MEMORY There are many types of memory The key to memory is organization and understanding You cant trust some of y

9、our memories We are often wrong about our experiences of the past and of right now Perception &Attention & MemoryWhy is this so hard? You need to infer a 3D world from 2Dinformation Mathematically impossible(like backwards multiplying How do we solve it? Unconscious assumptions about how the

10、 world works1. Color2. Objects3. DepthExample 1:Color A simple assumption Shadows make surfaces darker So when we see a surface in shadow, we automatically assume it is lighter than it looks And we see it as lighter(remove cues to shadow, we see it as it is. Example 2: ObjectsExample 3:Depth Depth P

11、erception One of our more important perceptual abilities involves seeing in three-dimensions Depth perception is difficult because we only have access to two-dimensional images How do we see a 3-D world using only the 2-D retinal images?Depth Perception Cues Cue -stimulus characteristics that influe

12、nce our perceptions We are able to see in 3-Dbecause the visual systemcan utilize depth cues thatappear in the retinal images. Some Depth Cues - Binocular disparity- interposition- relative size- texture gradient- linear perspective It is hard to tell if the figureon the upper right is atrapezoid or

13、 a squareslanted backward. If we add texture, thetexture gradient helps ussee that it is actually asquare. Size-Distance Illusions In each of theseexamples, the topand bottom lines areactually the samelength.(a Müller-Lyer illusion In each case the topline looks longer. Why?(b Ponzo illusion Mu

14、ller-Lyer Illusion Perceptual psychologistshave hypothesized thatthe top horizontal linelooks longer because italso looks farther away. Specifically, the inwardpointing arrows signifythat the horizontal line isclosest to you, and theoutward pointing arrowssignify the opposite case.Ponzo Illusion Converging lines indicate that top line is farther away than bottom line A quick review of somememory distinctions Sensory, short-term, long-term Implicit, explicit Semantic, episodic Encoding, storage, retrieval Recall vs. recognitionBasic sub-divisions of memory Attention gets