動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài),被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

1、語(yǔ)法系列復(fù)習(xí)專題 -動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài),被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作、客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)、格言,目前的特征、 狀態(tài)、能力等。2. 主句是一般將來(lái)時(shí) , 時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。如:I´ll go there after I finish my work./ If it rains tomorrow,I won ´t go there. 3.在以 here,there 開(kāi)頭的句子里, go,come 等少數(shù)動(dòng)詞的一般在時(shí)表示正在發(fā)生的 動(dòng)作。例如:There goes the bell.鈴響了。 There comes the bus

2、.汽車來(lái)了。 Here she comes. 她來(lái)了。二、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)1.表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。2.表示按計(jì)劃安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如:She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北 京。He is working as a teacher tomorrow.從明天起他要做老師。 My father is coming to see me this Saturday.這個(gè)星期六我爸爸要來(lái)看我。3.代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),描繪更加生動(dòng)。例如:The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.江水滾滾向東流。 The sun is rising in

3、the east.太陽(yáng)從東方冉冉升起。 4. 大 多 數(shù) 動(dòng) 詞 可 用 于 進(jìn) 行 時(shí) , 但 也 有 些 動(dòng) 詞 不 用 于 進(jìn) 行 時(shí) 。 常 見(jiàn) 的 有 : exist,live,understand,mean,owe,belong to ,know,doubt,suppose,remember,forget, believe,trust,want,wish,refuse,like,hate,dislike,prefer,mind,hope 等。三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1.表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果,或說(shuō)話時(shí)已完成的動(dòng)作。例如:I have finished the report.

4、/ She has cleand the room.2.表示從過(guò)去開(kāi)始,待續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),往往和“ for ” , “ since ” 表述的 一段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如:He has learned English for six years./ They have worked here since they left college.3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別:1用兩種時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表述發(fā)生在過(guò)去的某一動(dòng)作,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這一過(guò)去動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn) 生的影響或結(jié)果, 而一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表達(dá)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài), 和現(xiàn)在關(guān)系不大。 例如:She has cleaned the room.It´

5、s very clean now.(此句 has cleaned就不能改為 cleaned. 一是因 為 cleaned 與現(xiàn)狀無(wú)關(guān),二是因?yàn)橐话氵^(guò)去時(shí)不可突然跳到 It ´s 這樣的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 2漢語(yǔ)中的“了”、“過(guò)”、“曾”等詞常用完成表達(dá),如:I have seen that film. (我看過(guò)那部電影了。但是如果是在特定的過(guò)去時(shí)間“看了”、“做過(guò)”,就不可用完 成時(shí)而必須用一般過(guò)去進(jìn)來(lái)表達(dá)。例如:When did you see that film? I saw it yesterday.(你什么時(shí)候看了那部電影?我昨天看的。 不能說(shuō):When have you seen

6、 that film?I have seen it yesterday.4.表示“曾經(jīng)到過(guò)某地(人已回來(lái)”用“ have/has been to ” , 表示“到某地去了(還 未回來(lái)”用“ have/has gone to” . 例如: Where is Li Hua? -He has gone to the reading-room. She knows a lot about Shanghai.-She has been there.5. 短暫動(dòng)詞(即瞬間動(dòng)詞, join, lose, buy, borrow, leave, go, come, arrive, die, marry, fi

7、nish, complete, begin, start, break out等,在完成時(shí)態(tài)中,其肯定 式不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。例如不能說(shuō):He has finished the work for three hours. 要翻譯“他已完成工作三小時(shí)了?！笨刹捎?1“ ago 法”:He finished the work three hours ago.2 “延續(xù)法” :He has been through(withthe work for three hours.3“ since 法”:It is/has been three hours since he finished th

8、e work.四、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)1.用來(lái)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(或今后還要繼續(xù)一去的動(dòng)作。例 如:He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00./ It has been raining for two days.2.凡是不能用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞均不能用于現(xiàn)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。五、一般過(guò)去時(shí)表達(dá)特定的過(guò)去時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況, 或過(guò)去某一時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生或反復(fù) 發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為。六、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)1.表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 (這一過(guò)去時(shí)間須用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)表 示。例如:He was preparing his lect

9、ure all day yesterday.2.表示動(dòng)作在另一過(guò)去動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)進(jìn)行。 例如:They were still working when I left.3.用在兩個(gè)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。例如:I was writing while he was watching TV.4.表示過(guò)去將來(lái)動(dòng)作。例如:He said she was arriving the next day.七、過(guò)去完成時(shí)1.表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。 例如:He had shut the door before the dog came up./ Everything had been all right

10、 up till this morning.2.表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到另一個(gè)過(guò)去時(shí)刻才完成, 甚至還要 繼續(xù)下去。例如:At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.3.常用 hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose 等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)來(lái)表示未實(shí) 現(xiàn)的希望、 打算或意圖。 例如:We had expected that you would be able to win the mat

11、ch. 八、一般將來(lái)時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作和存在的狀況。有下列一些形式:1.will/shall do (側(cè)重將來(lái)行為,不突出計(jì)劃安排去做某事2.be going to do (主觀上打算或客觀上可能發(fā)生 3.be doing (按計(jì)劃將要發(fā)生,常和表示最近的將來(lái)時(shí)間連用 4.be about to do (按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生 九、將來(lái)完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示在將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)刻(前將完成的動(dòng)作。常和 by 短語(yǔ), when,before 引起的 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如:We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.時(shí)態(tài)考點(diǎn)分析1.

12、Can I join your club,dad? You can when you_a bit older. (NMETA.get B.will get C.are getting D.will have got析:“ You can ” 是將來(lái)意, when 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)所以此題答案 為 A.2. Oh,it s you!I_you. I ve just had my hair cut and I m wearing new glasses.A.didn t recognize B.hadn t recognizedC.haven t recognized D.d

13、on t recongnize析:從“ Oh,it s you!” 可知說(shuō)話時(shí)已認(rèn)出對(duì)方?！皼](méi)有認(rèn)出”是在此之前為過(guò)去情況,所以應(yīng)選 A.3.I don t think Jim saw me;he_into space. (NMETA.just stared B.was just staring C.has just stared D.had just stared析:在空白處應(yīng)選一個(gè)與“ saw ” 相配,能解釋 Jim didn t see me 這一原因的選項(xiàng),只有 著眼于 A 、 B 。若選 A 不能體觀他“當(dāng)時(shí)正在做”某事,故排除 A 而選 B 。這樣因?yàn)椤八?在望宇宙天空”所以“

14、未看到我”。4. _my glasses? Yes,I saw them on your bed a minute ago. (NMETA.Do you see B.Had you seen C.Would you see D.Have you seen析:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果, 問(wèn)話人以這樣的時(shí)態(tài)發(fā)問(wèn) 可作現(xiàn)焦急的心情。故答案為 D 。5.You don t need to describe her.I_her several times. (NMETA.had met B.have met C.met D.meet析:答案 B 。道理同 4。6. Do you

15、 know our town at all? No,this is the first time I_here.A.was B.have been C.came D.am going析:根據(jù) this/it is the first/second/ time sb.has done sth.句型,可定答案為 B 。 又如:This is the second time he has visited the Great Wall.7.I don t really work here.I_until the new secretary arrives. (NMET A. just help out

16、 B. have just helped outC. am just helping out D. will just help out析:根據(jù) I don´t really work here.以及 until the new secretary arrives,可知說(shuō) 話人所要做的事是計(jì)劃安排行為, C 、 D 兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)都表將來(lái)動(dòng)作,但 D 非計(jì)劃安排, C 則體 現(xiàn)按計(jì)劃去做,所以此題答案為 C 。8. Is this raincoat yours? No, mine_ there behind the door. (NMETA. is hanging B. has hung

17、C. hangs D. hung析:此題的“懸掛”是指現(xiàn)狀而言,故表過(guò)去“掛”的 B 、 D 項(xiàng)可排除。 C 項(xiàng)雖指“現(xiàn)在 掛”,但側(cè)重在常規(guī),習(xí)慣。為了突出“你所指的那件雨衣不是我的,我的正掛在門(mén)后” 這一意思,選 A 是極為合情理的。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句型1.常見(jiàn)句式是:主語(yǔ)(受動(dòng)者+be +過(guò)去分詞+(by +施動(dòng)者例如:He was scolded by the English teacher.2.主語(yǔ)+get +過(guò)去分詞+其它成分例如:The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.注意:

18、使用這種結(jié)構(gòu)不能帶有“ by +施動(dòng)者”3.帶有雙賓語(yǔ)(直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句變?yōu)閯?dòng)句,其主語(yǔ)可以是直接賓語(yǔ), 也可以是間接賓語(yǔ)。例如:She lent me a bike. 被動(dòng):1 I was lent a bike(by her. 2 A bike was lent to me(by her.4.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be +過(guò)去分詞例如:This problem must be worked out in half an hour.5.雙重被動(dòng)式:主語(yǔ)+被動(dòng)式謂語(yǔ)+不定式的被動(dòng)式+其它成分例如; These magazines are not allowed to be taken out o

19、f the reading-room./The murderer was ordered to be shot.二、主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)的幾種情況1. 不 及 物 動(dòng) 詞 與 狀 語(yǔ) 連 用 , 用 以 表 示 主 語(yǔ) 的 品 質(zhì) 和 狀 態(tài) 。 常 見(jiàn) 動(dòng) 詞 是 : cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash,drive,keep 等。 例如:This knife cuts well. 這把刀好切。 These books sell well.這些書(shū)好賣。 The pen writes smoothly.這支筆寫(xiě) 起來(lái)流暢。 Meat won´t ke

20、ep long in such hot weather.肉在這樣熱的天氣里放不長(zhǎng)久。 The cloth washes well.這種布好洗。2. 一 些 連 系 動(dòng) 詞 的 主 動(dòng) 式 +形 容 詞 。 常 見(jiàn) 動(dòng) look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out 等。例如:The apples taste good./The flower smells wonderful./The news proved/turned out true./Cotton feels soft.注:prove 也可用于被動(dòng)式,如:His answer(was proved

21、right.3. 不 定 式 在 某 些 形 容 詞 之 后 , 且 與 主 語(yǔ) 有 動(dòng) 賓 關(guān) 系 。 常 見(jiàn) 形 容 詞 有 : hard,defficult,easy,heavy,fit,good,comfortable,convenient,impossible 等。例如: The problem is easy to do./The question is difficult to answer./The box is heavy to carry./The project is impossible to complete in a year.比較:The problem is t

22、o be done./The question is to be answered.沒(méi)有形容詞時(shí),雖然不定式與主語(yǔ)是動(dòng) 賓關(guān)系,但必須用被動(dòng)式。三、容易誤用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種情況:1.I teach myself French.不可變?yōu)?Myself is taught French.因?yàn)榉瓷泶~不可 作主語(yǔ)。2.We help each other/one another.不可變?yōu)?Each other/One another is helped by us.因?yàn)橄嗷ゴ~不可作主語(yǔ)。3.He lost heart.不可變?yōu)?Heart was lost by him.因?yàn)橄?lose heart

23、,make a face,keep silence,lose in thought這類動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)的固定短語(yǔ)只能用于主動(dòng)式,不能用 被動(dòng)式。4.She took part in the sports meet.不能變?yōu)?The sports meet was taken part in by her.因?yàn)橄?take part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表狀態(tài)動(dòng) 詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)考點(diǎn)分析1.I need one more stamp before my collection_. (NMETA.has completed B.compl

24、etes C.has been completed D.is completed析:complete 是及物動(dòng)詞,“郵集”是被人完成的,須從表被動(dòng)意的 C 、 D 中選擇。又因 before 等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái),所以此題答案為 D 。2. Do you like the material? Yes,it_very soft. (NMETA. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt析:觀察題干,空白線后無(wú)賓語(yǔ),可知 feel 是不及物動(dòng)詞,表“(某物摸起來(lái)”意 思 , 是連系動(dòng)詞,不能用于被動(dòng)式,也不用進(jìn)行時(shí)。根據(jù)此題對(duì)話情景,是

25、指某種材料的 常規(guī)特性,要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),不能用過(guò)去時(shí),故答案為 C 。 feel 作“感覺(jué)”、“認(rèn)為”、 “摸”等意時(shí)是及物動(dòng)詞,可帶賓語(yǔ),有時(shí)態(tài),語(yǔ)態(tài)等變化。3. Great changes_ in the city, and a lot of factories_. (NMETA. have been taken place have been set upB. have taken place have been set upC. have taken place have set upD. were taken place were set up析:take place (發(fā)生是不及物

26、動(dòng)詞,不可用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),于是可排除 A 、 D ,又因 set up(建造 是及物動(dòng)詞,在此題中應(yīng)該用被動(dòng)式,故排除 C ,答案為 B 。4.Most of the artists_to the party were from South Africa. (NMET A.invited B.to invite C.being invited D.had been invited析:首先可排除 B 。因?yàn)樗槐硎尽氨谎?qǐng)”。又因 D 項(xiàng)少引導(dǎo)詞 who ,也應(yīng)排除。 A 項(xiàng) =who were invited,C項(xiàng)=who were being invited,由象 invite 這類短暫動(dòng)詞的

27、現(xiàn)在 分詞被動(dòng)式不可作后置定語(yǔ),故也應(yīng)排除。因而可定答案為 A 。5.I don´t know the restaurant,but it´s_to be quite a good one.(NMET A.said B.told C.spoken D.talked析:根據(jù) “某人 /某物據(jù)說(shuō)” 英文句式為 “ sb/sth.is said ” 可定答案為 A 。 又如:He is said to be a clever boy.據(jù)說(shuō)他是一個(gè)聰明的男孩。6.The police found that the house_and a lot of things_.(NMET A

28、. has broken into has been stolen B. has broken into had been stolen C.has been broken into stolen D. had been broken into stolen析:“房屋被人闖入” , “東西被偷” 都是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài), 故可排除 A 、 B 。 因 C 項(xiàng)中的 has been broken into不能置于 found 之后,則答案只能是 D 。7.I promise that the matter will_. (NMETA. be taden care B. be taken care of C

29、. take care D. take care of析:take care of 是固定短語(yǔ),若無(wú) of 則不可帶賓語(yǔ),只能跟 that 從句。所以此題答 案為 B 。8.If city noises_from increasing,people_shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now. (NMETA.are not kept will have to B.are not kept have toC.do not keep will have to D.do not keep have to析:觀察題干,第一處

30、必須用被動(dòng)式,答案只能在 A 、 B 中選一。條件句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí), 主句應(yīng)為一般將來(lái)時(shí),故答案為 A 。9.The Olympic Games,_in 776 BC,did not include women players until 1912.(NMET A.first playing B.to be first played C.first played D.to be first playing析;要表達(dá)“被舉行”,只能在 B 、 C 中選。 B 意“將要首次舉行”。顯然不合 in 776 BC 這一過(guò)去時(shí)間,只有 C , first played(=which was first p

31、layed才合用。故答案為 C 。 10.This sentence needs_.A.a improvement B.improve C.improving D.improved析:初看此題似手 A 、 C 皆可,但 improvement 是元音開(kāi)頭詞,其前要用 an, 故排除。 need 作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,和 require,want 一樣,后面可跟 doing 或 to be done 表“需要被”意。 如:The door needs/wants/requires painting/to be painted.(這扇門(mén)需要漆一下。 11.I should very much like to

32、 have gone to the party,but I_invited. A.am not B.haven´t been C.was not D.will not be析:should/would like to have done sth.意“本想做某事”,例如:I should like to have seen the film,but it wasn´t possible.由于這種句式表示“過(guò)去想”,所以 but 后的句子也應(yīng)該是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)與之相配合,故此題答案是 C 。12. _the note_to Mr Smith? No,It is still in my

33、 pocket.A.Isbeing given B.Wasgiven C.Hasbeen given D.Hasn´tbeen given 析： 根據(jù)問(wèn)句與答句， 問(wèn)話人顯然是注重結(jié)果， 故要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 似乎 D 作為反詰句 “難 道條還沒(méi)給史密斯先生嗎？”也成立，但若是這種口氣發(fā)問(wèn)，答話人就應(yīng)答“Sorry.It is still in my pocket.”,所以此題答案應(yīng)為 C。 13.We heard it_that he had gone to New York. A.say B.said C.to say D.be said 析：It was said that可以改

34、為 We heard it said that(都表示“據(jù)說(shuō)”之意。 前一種說(shuō)法中 It 是形式主語(yǔ)，后一種說(shuō)法中 it 是形式賓語(yǔ)。故此題答案為 B。 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)專練 1.The maths problem can be_. A.easy worked out B.easy to be worked out C.easily worked out D.easily to work out 2.Every possible means_,but none proves successful. A.has been tried B.tried C.is being tried D.has t

35、ried 3.The girl is to_a rich man. A.marry with B.be married C.marry to D.be married to 4.He received a telegram that_“Mother sick”. A.wrote B.says C.reads D.read 5.Who can you imagine_to his wedding party? A.inviting B.being invited C.was invited D.to be invited 6.I_ten minutes to decide whether I s

36、hould reject the offer.(NMET A.gave B.was given C.was giving D.had given 7.Will somebody go and get Dr.White? He´s already been_.(NMET A.asked for B.sent for C.called for D.looked for 8.A conductor_to keep us in time in the singing yesterday. A.needs B.is needing C.was needed D.has been needed

37、9.When and where to build the new factory_yet. A.is not decided B.are not decided C.has not decided D.have not decided 10.Ways_to stop pollution by now. A.must find B.will be found C.are found D.have been found 11.I don´t want anything_about it. A.to say B.said C.saying D.having said 12._that t

38、he sports meet might be put off. Yes,it all depends on the weather. A.I´ve been told B.I´ve told C.I´m told D.I told 13.A library with five thousand books_to the nation as a gift.(NMET A.is offered B.has offered C.are offered D.have offered 14.Betty has never been heard _ill of others

39、. A.speak B.spoken C.to speak D.was said 15.Tom_to have delivered the speech in their theatre room. A.said B.says C.is said D.was said 16.What do you think of the book? Oh,excellent.It´s worth_a second time.(NMET A.to read B.to be read C.reading D.being read 17.Little Jim should love_to the the

40、atre this evening.(NMET A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking. 18._more attention,the trees could have grown better.(NMET A.Given B.to give C.Giving D.Having given 19.where_the book?I cant see it anywhere. I_it right here but now its gone. A.did you put;have put B.have you put;put C.had you

41、 put;was putting D.were you putting;have put 20.He would not fail so long as he_hard the next term. A.studied B.would study C.had studied D.studies 21.How long_the English party_? A.has;been lasted B.did;last C.was;lasted D.will;be lasted 22.What_you_this time next Friday? A.will;do B.have;been doin

42、g C.are;doing D.will;be doing 23.Hardly_the bell_when the teacher came in. A.did;ring B.would;ring C.has;rung D.had;rung 24.It_and the streets were still wet. A.had been raining B.rained C.had been rained D.would rain 25.The book_on the ground for ten minutes but no noe has picked it up. A.is lying

43、B.has lain C.lay D.has been lying 26.We_there when it_to rain. A.were getting;would begin B.were about to get;began C.had got;had begun D.would get;began 27.The teacher said we_ten lessons by the end of this term. A.should have studied B.were going to study C.have studied D.should study 28.she told

44、me she had met you in London last year. _you_her since? A.Had;met B.Did;see C.Would;meet D.Have;seen 29.When_again? When he_,Ill let you know. A.will he come;will come B.will he come;come C.he comes;comes D.will he come;comes 30.Tom_for more than a week. A.has left B.had gone away C.went away D.has

45、been away 31.What happened to her teeth? She_the apple more than she could chew. A.has bitten B.bit C.had been bitting D.bites 32.Shakespeare was said_37 famous plays in his lifetime. A.finishing writing B.to finish writing C.having written D.to have written 33. Youve agreed to go.So why arent you g

46、etting ready? But I_that you_me to start at once. A.dont realize;want B.dont realize;wanted C.havent realized;want D.didnt realize;wanted 34. I missed the lecture last night. Oh,what a pity!I wish_. A.you heared it B.you had heard it C.you never heard it D.you hadnt heard it 35.Ill return the book t

47、o the library as soon as I_it. A.finished B.am going to finish C.will finish D.have finished 36. Your phone number again?I_quite catch it. Its 9586442.(NMET A.didnt B.couldnt C.dont D.cant 37. Im sorry to keep you waiting. Oh,not at all.I_here only a few minutes. A.have been B.had been C.was D.will be 38.When I was at college.I_three foreign languages,but I_all except a few words of each. A.spoke;had forgotten B.spoke;have forgotten C.had spoedn;had forgotten D.had spoken;have forgotten 39.The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she_. A.will arr