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1、形 容 詞 和 副 詞一、形容詞1形容詞(adj.)用以修飾名詞,表示說明事物或人的性質(zhì)或特征。通常,可將形容詞分成性質(zhì)形容詞和敘述形容詞兩類,其位置不一定都放在名詞前面。 在句中作定語、表語、賓語補足語等成分e.g. long, empty, cheap, hungry, etc.1)直接說明事物的性質(zhì)或特征的形容詞是性質(zhì)形容詞,它有級的變化,可以用程度副詞修飾,在句中可作定語、表語和補語。例如:hot。 2)敘述形容詞只能作表語,所以又稱為表語形容詞。這類形容詞沒有級的變化,也不可用程度副詞修飾。大多數(shù)以a開頭的形容詞都屬于這一類。例如:afraid 害怕的。 (錯)He is an il

2、l man. (對)The man is ill. (錯)She is an afraid girl. (對)The girl is afraid. 這類詞還有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。 3)形容詞作定語修飾名詞時,要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing為字尾的詞語時,要放在這些詞之后。e.g. something nice. 形容詞在句中的作用a)作定語e.g. He is a good student. Healthy children are happy children.

3、We hope to see an advanced, strong and prosperous China emerge in the world.當(dāng)形容詞修飾由some-,any-,no-,every- 構(gòu)成的不定代詞時,形容詞要放在這些 不定代詞的之后. e.g. Is there anything interesting in todays newspaper ? I have something important to tell you. b) 作表語e.g. The trees turn green in spring. We are alone on the island.只

4、能作表語,不能作定語的形容詞你能說出幾個?alone; afraid; awake; asleep; alive; able e.g. The book is rather interesting. Dont feel bad. Everything will be all right.【注】大部分的形容詞既可以作定語,又可以作表語,但有少數(shù)形容詞只能作表語,不能作定語,如alone, afraid, alike, alert (警惕的), aware (知道的,有意識的), alive, ashamed (慚愧的,羞恥的), content (滿足的), unable等。但是有些這一類的形容

5、詞,在有一狀語修飾時,也能用作定語。e.g. I) the fast asleep children 熟睡的孩子們 II) the wide awake patient 完全醒著的病人c) 作賓語補足語賓語補足語形容詞和賓語一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語e.g. We must keep the classroom clean. He made us happy. Color it green. The news made me happy. I had never seen the hall so full in all these years. d) 作狀語e.g. I) He spent seven

6、days in the wind and snow, cold and hungry. 他又冷又餓地在風(fēng)雪中過了七天。 II) Afraid of difficulties, they prefer to take the easy road. 他們由于怕困難,寧愿走容易的道路。 e) 作同位語e.g. The current fair, the biggest in its history, has taken on an entirely new look. 這次交易會時規(guī)模最大的一次,展現(xiàn)了嶄新的面貌。 f) 作獨立成分e.g. Strange to say, he did pass h

7、is exam after all. 奇怪的是,他確乎是通過了考試。 g) 有些形容詞可以和定冠詞連用,表示一類人或東西,這時它接近一個名詞,可以作主語賓語等。e.g. I) They are going to build a school for the deaf and the blind. 他們準(zhǔn)備給聾子和盲人蓋一所學(xué)校。 II) He expects me to do the impossible. 他指望我做不可能的事情。以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞 1)大部分形容詞加-ly可構(gòu)成副詞。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,br

8、otherly,仍為形容詞。 改錯:(錯) She sang lovely. (錯) He spoke to me very friendly. (對) Her singing was lovely. (對) He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 2)有些以-ly 結(jié)尾既為形容詞,也為副詞,如daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early等。例如: e.g. The Times is a weekly paper. 時代周刊為周刊。 The Times is published weekly. 時代周刊每周發(fā)行一期。 用形容詞表示類別

9、和整體 1) 某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人,與謂語動詞的復(fù)數(shù)連接,如the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry等。e.g. The poor are losing hope. 窮人行將失去希望。 2) 有關(guān)國家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個民族的整體,與動詞的復(fù)數(shù)連用,如the British,the English,the French,the Chinese等。e.g. The English have wonderful sense of humor. 英國人頗有幽默感。 多個形容詞修飾名詞的順序 形容詞一般

10、作為定語放在名詞前面。如果名詞詞組中含一個以上的形容詞,它們的一般順序是:(1)限定詞(2)性質(zhì)(3)大小、長度或形狀(4)年齡(5)顏色(6)國籍(7)名詞或動詞-ing形式。限定詞-數(shù)詞-描繪詞-(大小,長短,形狀,新舊,顏色)-出處-材料性質(zhì)-類別-名詞。e.g. a small round table/ a tall gray building/ a dirty old brown shirt/ a famous German medical school/ an expensive Japanese sports car 形容詞在句中的位置e.g. She has a very va

11、luable big gold watch. Two brilliant young Chinese engineers live here. 但是在下列情況之下,形容詞需要后置: a) 形容詞詞組經(jīng)常后置。e.g. Do you know the man clever at painting? b) 形容詞修飾以-body,-one,-thing 結(jié)尾的不定代詞時必須后置。e.g. There is something wrong in this sentence. c) 帶后綴-able / -ible的形容詞和all, every, only或形容詞最高級連用時,常常后置。e.g. Jo

12、hn is the best person available. They have tried all the ways possible. d) 本身有修飾性狀語的形容詞后置。e.g. a man always timid 一個總是靦腆的人 In a world too often cold, such notes bring warmth and reassurance. 在一個冷冰冰的、人情淡漠的世界里,這樣的便箋給人們帶來了溫暖和信心。 e) 以a-開頭的形容詞作定語應(yīng)后置。e.g. the greatest poet alive 當(dāng)今最偉大的詩人the man alone 孤獨的男

13、人。 f) 有些形容詞即可前置也可后置,但意義不同。e.g. at the present time 在目前all friends present here 所有在座的朋友典型例題: 1)Tony is going camping with _ boys. A. little two other B. two little otherC. two other little D. little other two 2)One day they crossed the _bridge behind the palace. A. old Chinese stoneB. Chinese old sto

14、neC. old stone ChineseD. Chinese stone old 3)- How was your recent visit to Qingdao? - It was great. We visited some friends,and spent the _days at the seaside. A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last 1)答案:C。由限定詞-數(shù)詞-描繪詞-(大小,長短,形狀,新舊,顏色) -性質(zhì)-名詞的順序可知數(shù)詞,描繪詞,性質(zhì)依次順序,只有C符合答

15、案。 2)答案A. 幾個形容詞修飾一個名詞,他們的排列順序是:年齡,形狀,大小+顏色+來源+質(zhì)地+用途+國家+名詞。 3)答案:B。本題考查多個形容詞的排序問題。一般與被修飾形容詞關(guān)系密切的形容詞靠近名詞;如果幾個形容詞的重要性差不多,音節(jié)少的形容詞在前,音節(jié)多的方在后,在不能確定時,可參照:限定詞+數(shù)量詞(序數(shù)詞在前,基數(shù)詞在后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長短、高低等形體+新舊+顏色+國籍+材料+名詞,如those + three + beautiful + large + square +old + brown + wood + table。形容詞的比較級和最高級詞尾變化:單音節(jié)詞在詞尾加-er

16、(比較級)或-est e.g. taller, tallest; harder, hardest; larger, largest; wider, widest (最高級)以字母e接尾的詞加-r或-st 以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的詞末尾只有一個輔音字母應(yīng)雙寫輔音字母再加er或este.g. bigger, biggest; hotter, hottest; fatter, fattest; wetter, wettest 以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的詞變?yōu)閕再加-er,或-este.g. happier, happiest; drier, driest; earlier, earliest 少數(shù)以-er, -

17、ow結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞可加-er或-est 多音節(jié)詞和多數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞在其前面加more 和most e.g. more difficult, most difficult; more popular, most popular; more slowly, most slowly 巧記: 特殊形式比較級,共有三對二合一,壞病兩多并兩好,little意思不是小,一分為二有兩個,一是老來二是遠原級 比較級 最高級 good / well bad / ill many / much littlefar old as+形容詞原形+ase.g. Tom is as tall as Mike. Tom is th

18、ree times as old as Mike. There are as many students in our school as yours. 否定 not as+形容詞原形+as:“和 不一樣” not so+形容詞原形+as:“不及不如 e.g. Tom is not as tall as Mike. Tom is not so tall as Mike.so+ 形容詞原級+that叢句 such+名詞that叢句 e.g. He is so big that he cant enter the room by the door. too+原級+ to do sth. e.g.

19、He is too young to join the army.形容詞原級+ enough to do sth. e.g. This truck is big enough to carry 5 tons. 比較級+than e.g. Our school is larger than theirs. This bridge is longer than that one.表示兩者之間的選擇,可使用“Which is+ 比較級,or?” e.g. Which is longer, this one or that?表示不及另一方時,使用“l(fā)ess+原級+than” e.g. This par

20、k is less beautiful than that one. “The+比較級,the+比較級” e.g. The smaller the house is, the less it will cost us the heat. “比較級+and+比較級” e.g. In spring, the days are getting longer and longer. one of the+最高級+名詞復(fù)數(shù) e.g. Lu Xun is one of the greatest writers last century. 最高級+of (in) e.g. Of all the movie

21、stars, I think Zhang Ziyi is the best. This is/ was the最高級+名詞+that定語從句 e.g. This is the worst film that I have seen these years. 二、副詞副詞(adv.)用來修飾動詞、形容詞、其它副詞、全句或名詞詞組及句子的詞。 e.g. very, early, out, soon, quickly, etc. 用法作表語:My mother is out.作定語:The girl there is my friend.作狀語:He runs fast .作賓補:I found h

22、im outside. 副詞的比較級和最高級的構(gòu)成和形容詞的比較級和最高級的構(gòu)成基本相同e.g. fast -faster- fastest; slowly- more slowly- most slowly形容記的最高級前要用定冠詞the,副詞的最高級前可用可不用定冠詞the. e.g. - Mount Qomolangma is the highest in the world. Jim jumped (the) highest of the all.副詞的位置 1)在動詞之前。 2)在be動詞、助動詞之后。 3)多個助動詞時,副詞一般放在第一個助動詞后。 注意: a)大多數(shù)方式副詞位于句

23、尾,但賓語過長,副詞可以提前,以使句子平衡。e.g. We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.我們清楚地看到前面有奇怪的光。 b)方式副詞well,badly,hard等只放在句尾。e.g. He speaks English well. 他英語說得好。 二、副詞的排列順序: 1) 時間,地點副詞,小單位的在前,大單位在后。 2) 方式副詞,短的在前,長的在后,并用and或but等連詞連接。e.g. Please write slowly and carefully. 請寫得慢一些,仔細一些 3) 多個不同副詞排列:程度+地點

24、+方式+時間副詞。 注意:副詞very 可以修飾形容詞,但不能修飾動詞。 改錯:(錯)I very like English. (對)I like English very much. 注意:副詞enough要放在形容詞的后面,形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可。e.g. I dont know him well enough. 他我不熟悉。 There is enough food for everyone to eat.有足夠的食物供每個人吃。 There is food enough for everyone to eat. 副詞的構(gòu)成a) 大多數(shù)副詞的構(gòu)成是在形容詞詞尾加-ly:e.g

25、. quietly, badly。少數(shù)副詞的詞尾略有變化。e.g. 若形容詞詞尾為-y,則將y改為i,再加-ly;nasty (污穢的,骯臟的) nastily;若詞尾為-le,則將-le直接改為-ly;terrible terribly;若詞尾為-ue把e去掉再加-ly;若詞尾為-ll只加y:full fully;若詞尾為-ic時要加-ally;scientific scientifically。但有極少數(shù)例外e.g. sole (單獨的,唯一的) solely, whole wholly,dry dryly,true truly,public publicly。同時,像brotherly,

26、 friendly, heavenly, likely, lonely, lovely等詞雖然有-ly后綴,卻不是副詞,而是形容詞。b) 名詞 + 后綴-wise 或-wards表示方向、位置、狀態(tài)等:e.g. clockwise(順時針地), backwards, forwards。有時名詞詞首加前綴“-a”也可做副詞(一般也可作形容詞)e.g. asleep(睡著), aboard(在船上、飛機上、車上), abroad(在國外), away(離開)等。c) 形容詞、副詞同形的詞:少數(shù)副詞不帶后綴,它們中的大多與同形的形容詞意義相近e.g. late, wide, well, slow,

27、quick, high, fast, loud, straight。但個別與形容詞意義不同。如:hard, pretty, just等。還有一些表示頻度的以“-ly”結(jié)尾的詞,既是形容詞,又是副詞e.g. hourly, daily, weekly, fortnightly, monthly, yearly等。兼有兩種形式的副詞 1) close與closely:close意思是近;closely 意思是仔細地。e.g. He is sitting close to me. 他就坐在我邊上。 Watch him closely. 盯著他。 2) late 與lately:late意思是晚;la

28、tely 意思是最近。e.g. You have come too late. 你來得太晚了。 What have you been doing lately? 近來好嗎? 3) deep與deeply: deep意思是深,表示空間深度;deeply時常表示感情上的深度,深深地。e.g. He pushed the stick deep into the mud.他把棍子深深插進泥里。 Even father was deeply moved by the film.老爸也被電影深深打動了。 4) high與highly: high表示空間高度;highly表示程度,相當(dāng)于much。e.g.

29、The plane was flying high. 這架飛機飛得很高。 I think highly of your opinion. 你的看法很有道理。 5) wide與widely:wide表示空間寬度;widely意思是廣泛地,在許多地方。e.g. He opened the door wide. 他把門開得大大的。 English is widely used in the world.英語在世界范圍內(nèi)廣泛使用。 6) free與freely: free的意思是免費;freely 的意思是無限制地。e.g. You can eat free in my restaurant when

30、ever you like.無論什么時候,我這飯鋪免費對你開放。 You may speak freely; say what you like.你可以暢所欲言,想說什么就說什么。d) 還有一些副詞和介詞同形,主要是一些表示地點的副詞e.g. above, abroad, across, around, back, below, down, here, home, in, inside, near, on, out, outside, over, past, round, there, up等。e) 少數(shù)副詞具有兩種形式,一種與形容詞同形,一種是形容詞加后綴“-ly”構(gòu)成的。這兩種形式的副詞有

31、時含義相同或略有不同,有時則意義完全不同。常見的有:clean (完全)- cleanly(順利地,清楚地)clear(一直,完全)- clearly(清楚,顯然)close(近)- closely(細心地,嚴密地)dead(突然地,完全地)- deadly(非常)deep(深)- deeply(深深地)easy(慢慢來)- easily(容易地,無疑)late(晚,遲)- lately(最近)most(最)-mostly(主要地)loud(指音量的大小)- loudly(大叫,指發(fā)音時用力的強度)near(接近,指時間和空間)-nearly(幾乎,差不多)pretty(幾乎,差不多)- pr

32、ettily(漂亮地)right(直接,完全地,恰好)- rightly(正確地)round(轉(zhuǎn)過來)- roundly(狠狠地)sharp(準(zhǔn)時)- sharply(急劇地)slow(怠工)- slowly(慢)sure(當(dāng)然可以,的確)- surely(一定)wide(寬闊地,很大地)- widely (遠離目標(biāo),廣泛地)等free(自由地,免費地)- freely(大量地, 慷慨地)fair(公正地,公平地,恰好)- fairly(相當(dāng)?shù)?,非常,不帶偏見?hard(努力地)- hardly(幾乎不),high (高) highly (高度地,頗受)just (正是) - justly

33、(公正地),large(說大話)- largely(主要地,基本上)2副詞在句中的位置: 原則上,副詞必須盡量靠近被修飾的詞。副詞修飾形容詞、副詞(短語或從句)時,通常放在其前面。副詞修飾名詞、代詞時,副詞的位置在被修飾的詞的前面或后面。a) 修飾動詞的副詞的位置比較復(fù)雜:修飾不及物動詞時,副詞在動詞之后,有補語時在補語之后;修飾及物動詞時,副詞在賓語之后;如果賓語是名詞從句或帶有較長的修飾語時,副詞可插在動詞與賓語之間;副詞飾被動語態(tài)的動詞時,在-ed分詞之前或之后均可。e.g. Everything went smoothly. She didnt do it intentionally.

34、 b) 由“動詞 + 介副詞”所組成的動詞短語,賓語是代詞時,副詞在代詞之后;賓語是名詞時,副詞在名詞前后皆可;賓語是短語或從句時,副詞在短語或從句之前。e.g. Money may not be the root of all evil, but if it keeps us up at night, it has become way too important in our lives. 錢也許并不是萬惡之源,但它如使我們夜不能寐,那它在我們生活中就顯得太過重要了。c) 表示確定時間的副詞(短語),通常放置在句首或句末,放在句首時的語氣較強。常用的此類副詞有:finally, yet,

35、still, now, lately, shortly, then, recently, today等。e.g. Finally, public speaking can help you play your role as a member of society. 最后,演說將有助于你扮演社會一員角色。d) often, sometimes, seldom, never, occasionally, always, usually等頻率副詞的位置一般應(yīng)在動詞之前,但應(yīng)在be動詞之后。句中有助動詞時,則常放在助動詞與其它動詞之間。若置于句首,則有強調(diào)含義。e.g. He is sometimes late. I make mistakes,and sometimes I do childish (幼稚的) things.1. The bread is _ than these cakes. A. very deliciousB. much delici

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