獨立主格結構講解及練習

1、獨立主格結構的用法一、獨立主格結構的概念獨立主格結構（Absolute Structure）是由名詞或代詞加上分詞等構成的一 種獨立結構，用于修飾整個句子。獨立主格結構中的名詞或代詞與其后的分詞 等構成邏輯上的主謂關系。這種結構與主句不發(fā)生句法上的聯(lián)系，它的位置相 當靈活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗號將其與主句分開。在句中 作狀語，相當于一個狀語從句。需特別注意的是，獨立主格結構與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。二、獨立主格結構基本構成形式名詞（代詞）+現(xiàn)在分詞；過去分詞；形容詞；副詞；不定式；名詞；介詞 短語）1. 名詞（代詞）+現(xiàn)在分詞例句： The storm drawing ne

2、ar, the navvy decided to call it a dayThe storm draw ing n ear在句中作：原因狀語=Since the storm was drawing nea，the navvy decided to call it a day由于暴風雨即將來臨，那個挖土小工決定收工。（call it a day今天到此為止）例句： Win ter comin g, it gets colder and colder.Win ter comi ng 在句中作：伴隨狀語=The win ter comes, and it gets colder and colde

3、r.冬天來了，天氣越來越冷了。造句：時間允許的話，我就和你一起走。Time permitt in g, I will go with you.獨立主格作：條件狀語=改寫： ftime permits, I will go with you.造句：那個姑娘望著他，他不知道說什么好。The girl stari ng at him, he did n 'know what to say.獨立主格作：時間狀語=改寫： As the girl stared at him, he did n 'know what to say.2. 名詞（代詞）+過去分詞例句： He was liste

4、ning attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上課專心聽講，眼睛緊盯著黑板。例句： The meet ing gone over, every one tired to go home earlier.會議結束后，每個人都想早點回家。造句：工作完成后，他回家了。The work done, he went back home.=Whe n the work was done, he went back home.3. 名詞（代詞）+不定式在 名詞/代詞+動詞不定式”結構中，動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞如 果存在著邏

5、輯上的主謂關系，動詞不定式則用主動的形式；如果是動賓關系， 則用被動形式。例句：The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.我們四人同意分工干，每人翻譯全書的四分之一。例句： Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our school will look even more beautiful.種上許多的樹、花和草后，我們新建的學?？瓷先⒏?。造句：還有很多作業(yè)要做，我不能和你走。A lot of home wo

6、rk to do, I can ' go with you.4. 名詞（代詞）+形容詞Computers very small, we can use them widely.電腦雖小，我們卻能廣泛地利用它們。he stood sile nt in the noon sun light, its door ope n.5. 名詞（代詞）+副詞The meeti ng over, our headmaster soon left the meet ing room.散會了，校長很快就離開了會議室。燈熄了，我們不能繼續(xù)工作了。造句：The lights off, we could not

7、go on with the work.6. 名詞（代詞）+名詞His first shot failure，he fired again.他第一槍沒擊中，又打了一槍。Two hun dred people died in the accide nt, many of them childre n.兩百人死于事故，其中有許多兒童。7. 名詞（代詞）+介詞短語The hun tsma n en tered the forest, gun in hand.那位獵人手里提著槍走進了樹林。三、with，without引導的獨立主格結構with （ without）+賓語（名詞/代詞）+賓語補足語，賓語

8、通常由名詞或代詞 充當，但代詞一定要用賓格。上文的獨立主格結構的幾種情況都適用于此結構。The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起來，沒有人知道它在哪里。（without + 名詞/代詞 +動詞的-ing 形式）Without a word more spoke n, she left the meeti ng room.她沒再說什么話就離開了會議室。（ without+名詞/代詞+動詞的-ed形式）The kid feels excited with so many places of interest

9、 to visit.有這么多的名勝可參觀，小孩很激動。（with+名詞/代詞+動詞不定式）The boy was walk ing, with his father ahead.父親在前，小孩在后走著。（with+名詞/代詞+副詞）He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或 He stood at the door, computer in hand.他站在門口，手里拿著一部電腦。（with+名詞/代詞+介詞短語）With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.由于兒子

10、如此令人失望，老人感到很不快樂。（with+名詞/代詞+形容詞）在with （without）的復合結構中，多數(shù)情況下with能省略，但without不 能省略。造句：老師走進教室，胳膊下面夾了一本書。The teacher walked into the classroom, with a book under his arm.造句：老師坐在椅子上，周圍一群學生圍著他。The teacher is sitting in the chair, with a group of students around him造句：工作完成了，他回家了。With the work done, he went

11、 back home.造句：由那個男孩帶路，我們很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。With the boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.四、獨立主格結構的句法功能獨立主格結構在句中一般作狀語，表示時間、條件、原因、伴隨狀況等， 還可以作定語。1. 作時間狀語My shoes removed, I entered a low-ceilinged room，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting .我脫掉鞋子后，走進一間屋頂很低的房間，小心翼翼地踩在柔軟的塌塌米

12、 墊子上。The governor pondering the matter，more strikers gathered across his path 總督思考問題時，更多的罷工工人聚集在他要通過的路上。2. 作條件狀語Weather permitting，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow .如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱郊游。Such being the case you have no grounds for dismissing him如果情況如此的話，你沒有理由解聘他。3. 作原因狀語The boy lead

13、i ng the way, we had no trouble finding the stra nge cave.由那個男孩帶路，我們很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。There being no further bus in ess to discuss, we all went home.沒有別的事可討論，我們都回家了。4. 作伴隨狀語或補充說明I took my ticket， and marched proudly up the platform，with my cheeses, the people falli ng back respectfully on either side.我拿著

14、車票還有我的奶酪， 雄赳赳氣昂昂地跨步走向月臺。 人們似乎很尊 敬我，紛紛向兩邊退去。Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12. 十個學生報名參加了這次競賽，年紀最小的是個 12 歲的男孩。 比較： 動詞不定式表示動作沒有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生，動詞 -ed 形式表示動作 已經結束，動詞 -ing 形式往往表示動作正在進行。The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 經理看上去很著 急, 有這么多的事情要處理。 （事情還沒有處理，而且是由經理本 人來處理，用

15、不定式 to settle ）The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 許多事情已經處理 好了， 經理看上去很輕松。 （事情已經處理好了，用動詞 -ed 形式 settled 表示動作已經結束）The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一邊做飯，一 邊看電視。（兩個動作同時進行）The food cooked, the boy went to bed飯做好了，小孩去睡了。（兩個 動作有先后，飯已做好，小孩才去睡覺的）五、 獨立主格結構的特殊用法1、有些分詞短語可以獨立存在 ,在句子中

16、沒有邏輯上的主語 ,實際上已經變成了 習慣用法。這些短語有 :Generally speaking 總的說來 , Frankly speaking 坦率地說 ,Judg ing from 從判斷,Suppos ing假設，等等。 Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.總的說來 ,這條規(guī)則很容易懂。 Judg ing from what he said, he must be an honest man.由他所說的來判斷 ,他一定是一個誠實的人。2、有些固定短語是帶 to 的不定式 ,表明說話人的立場或態(tài)度 ,在句中作獨立

17、成 分。這些短語有：to be honest老實說,to be sure確實,to tell you the truth 說實 話,to cut a long story short 長話短說,to be frank 坦率地說,to make matters / things worse 更糟糕的是 ,等等。 To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling. 說實話,我犯了一個拼寫錯誤。單項填空1. The lecture , he left his seat so quietly that no one complai

18、ned that his leavingdisturbed the speaker.A. beganB. beginningC. having begun D. being beginning2. Such the case, I have no other choices.A. beingB. isC. wasD. to be3. Darkness in, the young people strolled on the streets.A. setB. settingC. has set D. was set4. With all factors ,we think this progra

19、m may be better than all the others inachieving the goal.A. being considered B. considering C. considered D. are considered5. A new technique , the production increased by 20 percent.A. to have been worked outB. having worked outC. working out D. having been worked out6. On the top was the clear out

20、line of a great wolf sitting still, ears , alert, listening.A. pointed B. pointing C. are pointed D. are pointing7. Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work , we didn ' taccept the offer.A. not being finishedB. not having finishedC. had not been finishedD. was not fi

21、nished8. There are various kinds of metals, each its own properties （ 特性 ）.A. hasB. hadC. to haveD. having9. The old man stood under a big tree, .A. a pipe in mouthB. with a pipe in mouthC. pipe in mouthD. pipe in his mouth10. The production steadily, the factory needs an ever-increasing supply of rawmaterial （ 原料 ）.A. has gone upB. is going up C. having gone up D. being gone up11 The lecture，he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that hisleaving disturbed the speakerA began Bbeginning Chaving begun Dbeing beginning 12Such_the case ，there are