英語被動語態(tài)語法講解.

1、初中被動語態(tài)語法講解(一)語態(tài)分類英語動詞有兩種語態(tài) .，主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。如： They will build a new bridge over the river. (主動 )A new bridge will be built over the river. ( 被動 )漢語中常用 “被 ”、 “給”、“由”、“受”等詞用來表示被動，而英語用：助動詞 be + 及物動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。(二) 被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化主要體現(xiàn)在 be 的變化上，其形式與系動詞be 的變化形式完全一樣。以give 為例，列表如下：一般

2、現(xiàn)在時： am / is / are + done一般過去時： was / were + done一般將來時： shall / will + be done一般過去將來時： should / would + be done現(xiàn)在進行時： am / is / are + being + done過去進行時： was / were + being + done現(xiàn)在完成時： have / has + been + done過去完成時： had + been + done將來完成時： shall / will + have been + done過去將來完成時： should / would + hav

3、e been + done注被動語態(tài)沒有將來進行時和過去將來進行時。(三)常見的八種時態(tài)中的被動語態(tài)1. 一般現(xiàn)在時：(1)People grow rice in the south of the country.Rice is grown in the south of the country.(2)The school doesn't allow us to enter lab without a teacher.We are not allowed to enter lab without a teacher.2.一般過去時：(1)They agreed on building

4、a new car factory last month.a new car building factory was agreedon last month.(2)The students didn't forget his lessons easily.His lessonswere not easily forgotten3.一般將來時：(1)They will send cars abroad by sea.Cars will be sent abroad by sea.(2)They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers.Ple

5、nty of jobs will be given to school-leavers.5.現(xiàn)在進行時：(1)The radio is broadcasting English lessons.English lessonsare being broadcastedon the radio.(2) We are painting the rooms.The rooms are being painted.6.過去進行時：(1)The workers were mending the road.The road was being mended.(2)This time last year we

6、 were planting trees here. Trees were being planted here this time last year.7.現(xiàn)在完成時：(1)Someone has told methe meeting might be put off.I have been toldthe meeting might be put off.(2)He has brought his book here.His book has been broughthere.(四）含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)：含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)是由“情態(tài)動詞 + be+ 及物動詞的過去分詞 ”構(gòu)成。(1)

7、You must hand in your homework after class.(2)He can write a letter with the computer.Your homework must be handed in after class.A letter can be written with the computer by him.(五)被動語態(tài)的使用1.當(dāng)不知道或沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者時，常用被動語態(tài)，這時往往不用by 短語?！?Mr. White, the cup was broken after class.”2.突出或強調(diào)動作的承受者，如果需要說出動作的執(zhí)行者

8、，用by 短語。These records were made by John Denver.The cup was broken by Paul.3.當(dāng)主語既不是動作的執(zhí)行者，也不是動作的承受者時，這時常用in + 名詞作狀語，而代替by 短語。These cars were made in China.(六)主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)的方法（ 1） My aunt invitedmeto her dinner party.主語謂語賓語Iwas invited (by my aunt ) to her dinner party.主語謂語賓語（ 2） The school set up a speci

9、al class to help poor readers. A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school. 1.把主動語態(tài)的賓語變成被動語態(tài)的主語。2.把主動語態(tài)的謂語變成被動語態(tài)的be + 過去分詞，時態(tài)要與原句保持一致。3.把主動語態(tài)的主語變?yōu)榻樵~by 的賓語，放在被動語態(tài)里謂語動詞之后，by 短語可以省略。如果原句主語是地點名詞，在被動語態(tài)中用in + 地點名詞作狀語。rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。(七)語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換時所注意的問題1. 把主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)， 其謂語動詞

10、的時態(tài)要與原句時態(tài)保持一致， 其謂語動詞的數(shù)要與新主語保持一致。 We have bought a new computer.A new computer has been bought. A new computer have been bought錯.誤( )2. 含有雙賓語的主動句變被動句時，可分別將其中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個不動，一般變間接賓語為主語時比較多 My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.I was given a present on my birthday.如果把直接賓語 (指物 )改為主語，則在間接賓語(指人 )前加適當(dāng)?shù)?/p>

11、介詞，如上句還可以說：A present was given to me yesterday.注意：1.一般在下列動詞后， 常在間接賓語前用介詞 to，如：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell等。(1) The book was showed to the class.(2) My bike was lent to her.2.一般在下列動詞后，間接賓語前用介詞 for, 如： build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find

12、, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing等。(1) A new skirt was made for me.(2) The meat was cooked for us.(3) Some country music was played for us. 3. 由動詞 + 介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語動詞，要把它們作為整體看，即把它們看成一個及物動詞，介詞或副詞不可拆開或漏掉。這類動詞有：不及物動詞 + 介詞，如 : agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, lookafter, th

13、ink of, talk about 等。The patient is being operated on.The problem is solved. It needn't be talked about.及物動詞 + 副詞：如：bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out等。His request was turned down.The spor

14、ts meet will be put off because of the bad weather4. 帶復(fù)合賓語 (賓語 + 賓補 )的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，一般把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語改為主語，而賓語補足語保留在謂語動詞后面。如：(1) We always keep the classroom clean. The classroom is always kept clean.(2) She told us to follow her instructions. We were told to follow her instructions.注意：在 see, watch, hear, noti

15、ce, listen to, look at, make, feel等動詞后作賓語補足語的動詞不定式都不帶to，但改成被動語態(tài)后都帶to，這時不定式為主語補足語，也就是說不定式作主語補足語不存在省略to 的問題。We often hear him play the guitar. He is often heard toguitplary. t5. 當(dāng)主動句的主語是 nobody, no one等含有否定意義的不定代詞時，被動句中將其變?yōu)?anybody,作 by 的賓語，并將謂語動詞變?yōu)榉穸ǖ谋粍诱Z態(tài)。如： Nobody can answer this question.誤： The que

16、stion can be answered by nobody. 正： The question can not be answered by anybody.6. 當(dāng)否定句中的賓語是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代詞時，在被動句中應(yīng)將其分別變?yōu)閚othing,nobody, no one作主語，并將謂語動詞變?yōu)榭隙ǖ谋粍诱Z態(tài)。如：They haven't done anything to make the riverclean.誤： Anything hasn't been done to make the river clean正.： Nothin

17、g has been done to make the river clean.7. 以 who 為主語開頭的疑問句，變被動時，用by whom 放在句首：Who wrote the story?誤： Who was the story written?正： By whom was the story written?8. 有些動詞既是及物又是不及物，當(dāng)它們和 well, badly, easily等副詞連用時，表示主語內(nèi)在品質(zhì)或性能，是不及物動詞，用主動表示被動，這時不用被動語態(tài)，常見的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook等。如：(1)The clot

18、h washes easily. 這布很好洗。 (2)The new product sells well. 這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。對比： The books sell well. (主動句 )The books were sold out. (被動句 )The meat didn t cook well主.動(句 )The meat was cooked for a long time. 被(動句 )9. 下列情況主動句不能改為被動句：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。第一，感官系動詞一般用主動形式表示被動意義，如：(1) Do you like the

19、 material? Yes, it feels very soft.誤： It is felt very soft.(2)The food tastes delicious.(3)The pop music sounds beautiful.誤： The food is tasted delicious.誤： The pop music is sounded beautiful.第二，謂語是及物動詞leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如：He entered the room and got his book.She had her hand burned.誤： The room was entered and his book was got.誤： Her hand was had burned.第三，一些不及物動詞短語沒有被動語態(tài)： take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to 等。 The fire broke out in the capital building. 誤： The fire was broke out in the capital building. 第四，不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)，如