托福獨(dú)立寫作技巧

1、學(xué)會(huì)中間段寫作中間段的寫作其實(shí)非常簡(jiǎn)單，只需要把提綱中的信息按照順序?qū)懗烧Z(yǔ)句就行了，只是中國(guó)考生要學(xué)會(huì)邏輯連接、句式連接并避免抽象地空談。比如：A company has announced that it wishes to build a large factory near your community. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this new influence on your community. Do you support or oppose the factory? Explain your position.假

2、設(shè)考生寫的第一層是建工廠的好處，第二層是建工廠的壞處（注意這是一道比較/反差類題目）。現(xiàn)在我們寫第二層：建工廠對(duì)社區(qū)不好，而想寫的是環(huán)境方面的內(nèi)容，提綱可以是：Harmful: pollution, not worth itAir: acid rain, ozone depletion ,greenhouseWater: drinking waterTrees: floods and droughts這個(gè)段落可以這樣寫：Building large factories would be harmful to the community because it will induce enviro

3、nmental pollution. Factories, especially those emoloying toxic chemicals, will definitely destroy the quality of air and water in town. They generate smog and other atmospheric emissions which contribute to the greenhouse effect, ozone depletion and acid rain; they dump industrial waste into rivers

4、which are supposed to be drinking water supply; they accelerate the deforestation which is proven to beresponsible for abnormal floods and regional drought. And peoples health is at stake. Having a few factories is not worth that risk.再比如：It is generally agreed that society benefits from the work of

5、 its members. Compare the contributions of artists to society with the contributions of scientists to society. Which type of contribution do you think is valued more by your society? Give specific reasons to support your answer.假設(shè)考生寫的第一層是關(guān)于藝術(shù)家對(duì)社會(huì)的貢獻(xiàn)，第二層寫科學(xué)家對(duì)社會(huì)的貢獻(xiàn)，而想寫的內(nèi)容是環(huán)境方面的，提綱可以寫成： Scientists: mor

6、e obviousAdvancement: Plane, computer, vacuum cleanerMake our lives easier, more secureHelp arts: CD, TV, movie, mp3這個(gè)段落可以這樣寫：The contributions scientists make to society are more obvious than those made by artists. Almost all the critical advancements that make our lives easier, such as the plane w

7、e take to travel abroad, the computers we use (whether for work or for entertainments, and the home appliances which help us cook our meals and clean our houses, come from the creative ideas and hard work of scientists. Those scientific discoveries and innovations make out work more efficient, our s

8、hopping more convenient, and our lives more secure. Plus, to some extent scientists even contribute a lot to the arts without technological progress, there wouldnt have been movie centers, television, and mp3 players which infuse art into ordinary peoples lives.最后還有一例：Some people believe that univer

9、sity students should be required to attend classes. Others believe that going to classes should be optional for students. Which point of view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.假設(shè)考生要寫第三層： 聽課使我們學(xué)會(huì)服從，聽課幫我們學(xué)會(huì)合作，聽課讓我們更深刻地理解肯本內(nèi)容?，F(xiàn)在寫第二層：聽課讓我們學(xué)會(huì)合作，提綱如下： CooperationGr

10、oup assignment: impossible for 1 person/ need different perspectivesCooperate: budget time, assign tasks, be perfect, express opinionsReady for challenges at work這個(gè)段落就可以這樣寫：Attending class teaches students how to cooperate with others. Different from students in primary or secondary school, universi

11、ty students are often given group assignments which are technically impossible for one person to finish in time or which have no universal answers and, therefore, need to be contemplated from various perspectives. As a result, boys and girls are forced to learn how to work with others for a common g

12、oal such as how to budget time and assign tasks according to each persons skills without causing “free-ride”, how to perfect your task without annoying other team mates, and how to express your opinion about other members work without triggering frictions or stupid fights. All of the above make coll

13、ege students mature and sensible, ready to meet the challenges they will soon face in the workplace. Therefore, attending classes is necessary for university students.通過(guò)以上三個(gè)例子，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)其實(shí)最重要的是在列提綱的時(shí)候組織事實(shí)，中間段只是用正確的語(yǔ)句和詞匯表達(dá)這些事實(shí)。建議練習(xí)：1、選出10個(gè)列過(guò)提綱的題目；2、為這些提綱的每一層設(shè)置2-3層細(xì)節(jié)；3、把這些層次寫成中間段。學(xué)會(huì)開頭和結(jié)尾段寫作：一個(gè)飽滿的開頭短包含三個(gè)層次：話

14、題引入層次抓住閱卷者的注意力，主題句層次清晰地展現(xiàn)觀點(diǎn)，結(jié)構(gòu)暗示層次提示中間段的層次結(jié)構(gòu)或視角。 話題引入：這一層次有很多種寫法，可以用“故事”開頭，用“名人名言或諺語(yǔ)”引出話題，用“語(yǔ)出驚人”的方式開頭，用“描述現(xiàn)狀”的方式開頭，用“問(wèn)句”開頭等。 主題句：這一層次的關(guān)鍵是把觀點(diǎn)寫清楚，可以加上“in my view”之類的信號(hào)詞，可以加上針對(duì)觀點(diǎn)的總的抽象理由，可以加上讓步層次。 結(jié)構(gòu)暗示：這一層次用一句話提示中間段將出現(xiàn)幾個(gè)層次，或者分析問(wèn)題的視角。請(qǐng)看下面一例中每個(gè)層次可以怎樣完成。Do you agree or disagree that progress is always goo

15、d? Use specific reasons and example to support your answer.開頭段可以這樣寫：Progress in technology, as an inevitable fact of life, has changed peoples lives dramatically. But is progress always for the best? While one considers the potentially dangerous impact of changes such asindustrialization and the adv

16、ent of nuclear technology, it is clear that progress, while inescapable, is not always for the best.Art, historians say, is a kind of culture.文章開始（Progress in technology, as an inevitable fact of life, has changed peoples lives dramatically. But is progress always for the best? 用一句話描述關(guān)鍵詞 “Progress”在

17、我們生活中的影響，然后用問(wèn)句引出話題【話題引入】，之后用“the potentially dangerous impact of changes such as undustrialization and the advent of nuclear technology提示讀者文章后面將從兩個(gè)角度入手談這個(gè)問(wèn)題【結(jié)構(gòu)暗示】，最后用it is clear that progress, while inescapable, is not always for the best清晰地闡明觀點(diǎn)【主題句】。請(qǐng)看下面一題：Do you agree or disagree with the followin

18、g statement?Playing games teaches us about life.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.開頭段可以這樣寫：Almost everyone,from like children to adults, loves games. The types of games may change and get more complex as we grow up, but our enjoyment never changes. I believe that playing games is both fun and useful, because it teaches us the skills we need in life. Games teach us there is a cause-effect relationship, teach us about teamwork, and teach us to follow rules.Transgress/violate文章開始（“Almost eve