NP和VP的結(jié)構(gòu)簡述

1、第一章NP 和 VP 的結(jié)構(gòu)簡述1.1句的靜態(tài)構(gòu)件前文已提出，任何現(xiàn)代英語簡單句的靜態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)均如下圖所示：SNPVPDet (M) Head (M) (NPa)PronC (Aux) Head (NPi)(NPd)(C)(A)ADiagram (2)圖中符號表示的分句構(gòu)件：S = 簡單句 Simple sentenceNP = 名詞短語Noun phraseVP = 動詞短語Verb phraseDet = 限定詞DeterminerM = 修飾語 ModifierHead = 短語中心詞NPa = 同位語 AppositivePron = 代詞 PronounC = 分句 Clause Aux

2、 = 助動詞 AuxiliaryNPi = 間接賓語 Indirect object NPd = 直接賓語 Direct object C = 補語 ComplementA = 狀語 Adverbial （構(gòu)成基本句型成分）A = 狀語 Adverbial （非基本句型成分） ( ) = 可能發(fā)生或謂語動詞后可構(gòu)成句型的選項 = 名詞短語的實現(xiàn)選項1.2NP 的結(jié)構(gòu)成分簡述及所在章節(jié)提示NP Det (M) Head (M) (NPa) PronCDiagram (3)圖(3)表示凡名詞短語就有也只有三種實現(xiàn)：NP = Det (M) Head (M) (NPa)= Pron= C1.2.1名

3、詞短語的第一實現(xiàn)： NP = Det (M) Head (M) (NPa)Det這一實現(xiàn)是最常見的名詞短語，此時限定詞Det 是不可或缺的短語構(gòu)件：a girl one room myfamily thisquestion1Tomsproblemno cityetc.限定詞的成員主要源于傳統(tǒng)詞類中的冠詞、 部分代詞、數(shù)詞、量詞和名詞屬格。限定詞的語法屬性， 限定詞與名詞中心詞搭配情形以及限定詞自身的相互關(guān)系共同構(gòu)成第二章的語法內(nèi)容；核心限定詞冠詞的討論見第三章。(M)名詞短語中心詞的修飾語 (M) 分別位于名詞中心詞前后，又有前位修飾語和后位修飾語之稱。修飾語理論上無限：delicateexp

4、ensiveupstairswell-coloredin my rooma smalltablewith a single legroundI bought yesterdayoakthat is really admirableFrench-stylea table 是完不同于限定詞， 修飾語的出現(xiàn)與否和多寡無礙短語的句法地位：美無缺的名詞短語， 然而人們不能接受 delicate well-colored small oaktable that is really admirable這樣沒有限定詞的情形！第五章對修飾語進行大致分析，第十三章及第十九章也會繼續(xù)這一話題。Head名詞短語中心詞

5、 Head 為名詞?，F(xiàn)代英語留存著屈折詞素 -s 和-s，因此可確認的名詞語法范疇有二：數(shù) the Number 和格 the Case；人們大都不贊同性 the Gender 作為名詞范疇的說法，但我們?nèi)詴ζ湔Z法特征和相關(guān)語用表示關(guān)注。數(shù)的系統(tǒng)語法知識圍繞可變名詞和不可變名詞展開， 內(nèi)容依序包括： 規(guī)則可變，不規(guī)則本族語，外來語；單數(shù)不變名詞，復數(shù)不變名詞和單復數(shù)均可的不變名詞。格的系統(tǒng)語法知識表現(xiàn)于屬格 Genitive case的形態(tài)： -s屬格，of- 屬格，雙重屬格 Double genitive和獨立屬格 Independent genitive；屬格所表達短語成分間的各種意義關(guān)

6、系：所屬，類別，描寫，出處，主謂，動賓，同位等?，F(xiàn)代英語中還有些許標識性的屈折詞素如 -ess 但只是局部現(xiàn)象而無規(guī)律意義。不過由于代詞的緣故，英語名詞能分為五類：陽性如 father，陰性如 queen，中性如 house，雙性如 teacher以及通性如 baby。各范疇的具體內(nèi)容見第四章。(NPa)同位語 (NPa)和修飾語一樣，是名詞短語可能發(fā)生的構(gòu)件。同位語亦為名詞短語或名詞性分句：My friend Anna was here last night.(NPa)Mr. Parsons,the president of the company,gave a press conferen

7、ce after(NPa)the board meeting.The pretty girl, a girl so dear to him that he s sworn never to depart(NPa)2from, is none other than Mr. Brown s daughter.The questionwhether to confess or nottroubled the girl.（NPa）The explanation that he could not be seen by anybodywas disappointing.（NPa）同位語的討論見第二十二章

8、1.2.2名詞短語的第二實現(xiàn)： Pron代詞 Pron 為名詞短語的第二實現(xiàn)：They say there is going to be a storm.NPSure enough,I ll informhim about it.NPNPNP英語有八 類代詞 ：人 稱代詞Personal Pronoun，物主代 詞 PossessivePronoun，指示代詞 Demonstrative Pronoun，疑問代詞 Interrogative Pronoun，不定代詞 Indefinite Pronoun，相互代詞 Reciprocal Pronoun，反身代詞 Reflexive Pronou

9、n 和關(guān)系代詞 Relative Pronoun。代詞的主要內(nèi)容將在第五章討論。1.2.3名詞短語的第三實現(xiàn)： C分句 C 為名詞短語的第三實現(xiàn)：That he will never admit itleaves no room for doubt.NPIt remains to be known when he will pay us a visit.NPThis is what she has described.NPTo live or not to liveis a question.NPNPTaking noteswhile readingis a good habit.NPNP分句

10、實現(xiàn)名詞短語是句法內(nèi)容，第十七章將討論這一實現(xiàn)的全部情形。1.3VP 的結(jié)構(gòu)成分簡述及所在章節(jié)提示VP(Aux) Head (NPi)(NPd)(C)(A)ADiagram (4)1.3.1(Aux)助動詞 (Aux)屬于功能詞，封閉詞類。無助動詞的動詞短語為簡單動詞短語 Simple VP，含助動詞的動詞短語為復雜動詞短語 Complex VP。助動 詞大 致分 為 三類 ：基 本助 動詞 Primary auxiliary ；半助 動詞 Semi-auxiliary 和情態(tài)助動詞 Modal auxiliary 。基本助動詞 do 完成否定、疑問、強調(diào)、倒裝和替代的句式轉(zhuǎn)換：He didn

11、tdo it.3Did he do it?He did do it.So did his brother.Yes, hedid.基本助動詞 have 實現(xiàn)完成體：He has readthe article several times.基本助動詞 be 實現(xiàn)進行體和被動態(tài)：He is sleepingthis moment.He was questionedabout the matter.半助動詞 get 等實現(xiàn)被動態(tài)或表達情態(tài)：He got beaten.He seems tobe sorrowful.He happened tobe present at the meeting.半助動詞

12、由于助動功能殘缺而得名：He didntgetbeaten.*He got not beaten.Did he get beaten.* Got he beaten?助動詞的合作依序為“情態(tài)完成 被動 進行”：He may have been beingquestioned.情態(tài)助動詞是現(xiàn)代英語語法重大難點之一，第十章將專章討論。1.3.2Head動詞短語中心詞Head 為實意動詞，屬開放詞類。動詞的語法范疇有四：時態(tài) the Tense，體 the Aspect，語態(tài) the Voice和語氣 the Mood。時態(tài)表示動詞和時間的關(guān)系， 英語動詞有現(xiàn)在時 the Present Tense

13、和過去時 the Past Tense兩個時態(tài)；體是表示行為狀態(tài)的動詞語法范疇，英語由助動詞和分詞共同實現(xiàn)進行體 the Progressive和完成體 the Perfective的意義表達；英語有主動語態(tài) the Active Voice與被動語態(tài) the Passive Voice之分，指示主語和謂語動詞之間施動或受動的關(guān)系， 主要語法內(nèi)容包括被動語態(tài)的形態(tài)， 語境和語態(tài)實現(xiàn)條件；英語有豐富的語氣表達方式， 也有兩型虛擬動詞形式； 現(xiàn)代英語只有兩個時態(tài)但具備豐富的將來時間表達方式。 這一切將依序分別在第六至第九章中討論。從形態(tài)上認識，英語動詞分為 單詞動詞 如 find，雙詞動詞 如 l

14、ook for，多詞動詞如 take care of；規(guī)則動詞 如 work，不規(guī)則動詞 如 set。雙詞動詞又分 介詞動詞 Prepositional verb如 depend on和短語動詞 Phrasal verb 如 give up，其區(qū)分意義可見于以下各例的比較：He hasgiven the idea up.*The girl totally dependsher grandfatheron.He hasgiven it up.The girl dependstotally on him.*He has given up it.It is on her grandfathertha

15、t the girl totally depends.* It is up the ideathat he hasgiven.4The little girl dependstotally on her grandfather,not on her grandmother.*He has given upsmoking, not updrinking.從語義上認識，英語動詞主要分靜態(tài)動詞 Stative verb如 belong to，動態(tài)動詞 Dynamic verb 如 cry（，短暫性動詞 Momentary verb 如 hit，持續(xù)性動詞Durative verb 如 stand（，

16、感官動詞 Perceptive verb 如 see, 使役動詞 Causative verb 如 make （18.2,1）。從句法上認識，英語動詞分 及物動詞 Transitive verb，如 release, 不及物動詞 Intransitive verb 如 live和系動詞 Link verb 如 be和反身動詞 Reflexive verb如 avail（5.23a）。及物動詞分 單及物 Mono-transitive 如 support, 雙及物 Di-transitive 如 show 和 復 雜 及 物 Complex-transitive 如 name 三 類 。 它 們

17、 的 句 法 特 征 決 定(NPi)(NPd)(C)(A) 的選項形成現(xiàn)代英語的全部基本句型：NP+V (intransitive)Someone waslaughing.NP+V +NP (mono-transitive)My mother enjoysparties.NP+V +NP+NP (di-transitive)Mary gave the visitor a glass of milk.NP+V +NP+C (complex-transitive)Most people considerthese books rather expensive.NP+V +(C) (link ve

18、rb)The country becamecompletely independent.NP+V +(A) (intransitive)She lived next to our house at that time.NP+V +NP+(A)She alwaystreatsme kindly. (transitive)1.3.3(NPi)(NPd)(C)(A)A(NPi) 間接賓語間接賓語通常為人稱代詞或名詞， 位于直接賓語前和雙及物動詞構(gòu)成 V(NPi) (NPd)基本句型；直接賓語是代詞時， 間接賓語在英國英語 (BrE) 中可見在直接賓語之后：Give it me.間接賓語可轉(zhuǎn)換成介詞短

19、語：She sentme a card.She sent cardto me.She left Tom a message.She left a messagefor Tom.to 和 for 為這種現(xiàn)象最常見的介詞，少數(shù)其它介詞也有此功能：She askedme a favor.She asked a favorof me.I bear him no grudge.I bear no grudgeagainst him.He played me an awful trick.5He played an awful trick on me.和其它 NP 不同， (NPi)不可擴大為分句。(NP

20、d) 直接賓語直接賓語和單及物動詞，雙及物動詞以及復雜及物動詞構(gòu)成四種基本句型：Bill opened the letter.V(NPd)I vefound youa nice place. V(NPi) (NPd)He pained the wall blue.V(NPd)(C)John put her purse on the TV set.V (NPd) (A)雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)中直接賓語可能由介詞引導：They robbed him of everything.It will cure you of your disease.直接賓語能和不及物動詞合作，稱同源賓語 Cognate object：

21、I dreameda strange dream.Then hesmiledthe mocking smileshe knew so well.The Courtney noddedand smiled a friendly greeting.He thanked God for bringing them together, and asked that they be allowedto live fruitful and useful lives together.Why was shethinking such thoughts?Instead, she said, “ Why not

22、? ”She smiled an invitation and savored Arista s surprise.Simone chose that time when both mama and her enceinte sister-in-law were sleepingthe hottesthour of the day away to explore several rooms that were seldom used.He breatheda deep breath.The girl dieda dreadful death.A: Have you heard hounds b

23、aying in the night?B: I think you were dreaming them.(NPd) 的分句擴大見第十七章。(C): 補語補語又分 主語補語 (Cs) 和賓語補語 (Co)，分別與系動詞和復雜及物動詞構(gòu)成 V(Cs) 和 V (NPd) (Co) 基本句型；補語由形容詞（短語） ，名詞，副詞（短語），介詞短語和分句實現(xiàn)：She s gotangry.He got his shoes and sockswet. Bob is a qualified engineer.I named the dogTressy. Time is up.The angry audie

24、nce shouted the speakerdown. Mary was in the garden.Finally she talked her husbandinto buying a new car for her. My idea is that we have to accept his offer.What she enjoys best isreading Hemingway s works. His suggestion isto go swimming this afternoon. We heard waterflowing under the ground.6We ca

25、n t let the matterrest here.She had her moneystolen.補語的分句擴大見第十八章。(A): 構(gòu)成句型的狀語(A) 與不及物動詞和復雜及物動詞分別構(gòu)成 V(A) 和 V(NP)(A) 基本句型 ,： He lives in Beijing.*He lives.Don t take ittoo seriously. =/= Don t take it.(A) 常為時間，地點和方式狀語：He lived long ago.She placed the book carefullyinto the drawer.She treated uslike a

26、mother.Tom stoodwhere she was not able to see him.A: 不構(gòu)成句型的狀語A 由詞，短語和分句實現(xiàn)，其存在與否不改變句型：It is fine today.It is fine.We went to the stationin a great hurry.We went to the station.What would you do if you were the boy?What would you do?A 在句中的位移性很強：The pupils were behaving well while the teacher was with

27、them,naturally.Naturally, the pupils were behaving well while the teacher was with them.The pupils, naturally, were behaving well while the teacher was with them.A 的句法功能和語義分類以及分句擴大詳見第十一，第十二章和第二十三章。Exercises:1. Write seven sentencesof your own to show you are familiar with the seven sentence patterns

28、（寫出各句型的句子） .2. Are the following two sentences of the same sentence pattern? Come up with your reasoning（以下二句句型是否同一？為什么？）Bill will make Mary a good wife.Bill will make Mary a good husband.3. Do you think there can be more sub-classifications of the head of VP? Whatare they then（動詞短語中心詞還可能有次分類嗎？）?4.

29、Tell the grammatical function of the italicized parts of the sentences below（說出以下句子中斜體部分的語法功能） :(1) He failed to pass the examination not because he was lazy but because the questions were too difficult.(2) The car hit the boy runningacross the stree.(3) Eighteen years later Dr Smith was released, c

30、hanged man.(4) They elected herchairman of the class.7(5) This is what he told us at the meeting.(6) He asked mewhether it would rain.(7) My original question, why he did not go to the teacher for advice,has not been answered.(8) Don t put off until tomorrowwhat you can do today.(9) It is essential

31、thatyou have someone as your company.(10) What snow conceals,the sun reveals.(11) Could you do mea favor?(12) Young as she is, the girl can be trusted.(13) Who do you thinkyou are?(14) Haven t they found itout yet?(15) I min terrible need of some money.(16) Early reports said all three planes used i

32、n the attacks were hijacked,one of them from Boston and one from Washington.(17) It is hard to show scientifically that TV and films influence the way people think and act.(18) In the air war against Saddam, targets are picked to minimizewhat is called:“ collateral damage. ”(19) It was here, in Spri

33、ngfield, where north, south, east, and west come together that I was reminded of the essentialdecencyof the American people - where I came to believe that through this decency, we can build a more hopeful America.(20) But this is the first full-length explanation from Mr. Clinton of how he felt to b

34、e at the center of so many storms.(21) The developmentof plastics is the direct result of the study of molecularstructure.(22) The meeting lastedthree hours.(23) Somedayjets will take men to other planets.(24) Arithmetic, the science of numbers,is the base of mathematics.(25) Please tell me how to c

35、alculate the unknowns,Bob.(26) Do you listen to the newsbroadcast everyday?(27) The article tells the studentshe special properties of semiconductors.(28) Light travels 300,000 kilometersper second.(29) We have our English lessonsfour timesa week.(30) The desk calculator costs3,000 Yuan.(31) The Gre

36、at Wall is world famous.(32) The seedlings aremachine planted.(33) The subject is namedbio-chemistry.(34) The Party has great concern for ustudents.(35) Each body of knowledgewe think of as a separate science is made up of facts and principles and theories.5. Identify (C) in each of the following se

37、ntences, paying special attention to their realization（辨識以下各句中的補語成分并注意它們的實現(xiàn)形式） :(1) We consider the test very important.(2) This type of motor is known as an induction motor.8(3) The heart serves as a pump to keep the blood in circulation.(4) Don t you think the work here much improved?(5) He was fo

38、und working in the workshop.(6) We shouldn t regard as impossible what is really possible.(7) Do you want to make acting your career?(8) They wouldn t let us through.(9) With a great weight taken off his mind, he went to bed.(10) These steps of process must not be thought of as having taken place in

39、 a short time.(11) Never have I known him speak English so fluently.(12) We have to make clear why the machine stopped all of a sudden.(13) We call isotopes atoms of the same element that have different atomicweight.(14) The experimenter had the results of his experiment checked and rechecked.(15) W

40、e know force to be the action of one body on another.(16) The scientific world has believed the discovery of radioactivity bringing(17) It was a scientific step nearer to the understanding of atomic structure.(18) The electric resistance of all substances is found to change more or less with changes of temperature.(19) These experiments depend on having atoms going with enormous speeds, speeds so great that a single one of these atoms has energy enough to produce observable effects.(