高中英語語法講解與練習(xí)之動名詞

1、高中英語語法之動名詞定義:動名詞是一種兼有動詞和名詞特征的非限定動詞。它可以支配賓語,也能被副詞修飾。動名詞有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。解釋:動詞的ing形式如果是名詞,這個詞稱動名詞。特征:動詞原形+ing構(gòu)成,具有名詞,動詞一些特征一、動名詞的作用動名詞具有名詞的性質(zhì),因此在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語等。1、作主語Reading is an art. 讀書是一種藝術(shù)。Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山真是有趣Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer. 在這種工作條件下工作不是一件

2、愉快的事而是一件痛苦的事。動名詞作主語,有時先用it作形式主語,把動名詞置于句末。這種用法在習(xí)慣句型中常用。如:It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 覆水難收It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 勸說這樣的人加入真是浪費(fèi)時間。It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上這種擁擠的車真難。It is fun playing with children. 和孩子們一起玩真好。There is no joking ab

3、out such matters. 對這種事情不是開玩笑。動名詞作主語的幾種類型動名詞可以在句子中充當(dāng)名詞所能充當(dāng)?shù)亩喾N句子成分。在這里僅就動名詞在句子中作主語的情況進(jìn)行討論。動名詞作主語有如下幾種常見情況:1. 直接位于句首做主語。例如:Swimming is a good sport in summer.2. 用it 作形式主語,把動名詞(真實主語置于句尾作后置主語。動名詞做主語時,不太常用it 作先行主語,多見于某些形容詞及名詞之后。例如:It is no use telling him not to worry.常見的能用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞還有:better,wonderful,enj

4、oyable,interesting,foolish,difficult, useless,senseless,worthwhile,等。注意:important,essential,necessary 等形容詞不能用于上述結(jié)構(gòu)。3. 用于“There be”結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如:There is no saying when he'll come.很難說他何時回來。4. 用于布告形式的省略結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如:No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here . (禁止吸煙No parking. (禁止停車5. 動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語當(dāng)動名詞有自己的邏輯主語時,?？?/p>

5、以在前面加上一個名詞或代詞的所有格,構(gòu)成動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)(這時,名詞或代詞的所有格做動名詞的邏輯主語。動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)也可以在句中作主語。例如:Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.6.例詞shopping fishing cycling這些都是很常見的動名詞二、動名詞作主語與動詞不定式作主語的比較動詞不定式和動名詞都可以用作主語。在意義上相近。但動名詞多用來表示泛指或抽象動作,不定式多用來表示特指或具體動作。比較:Smoking is not good for health. It is not good for you t

6、o smoke so much.注意:1在口語中,用動名詞作主語位于句首的較不定式多見。2在“It is no use.”,“It is no good.”,“It is fun.”,“It is a waste of time.”等句型中,通常用動名詞作真實主語:It is no use/good/a waste of time talking about that.*It is no use/good/a waste of time to talk about that.3在疑問句中,通常用動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),而不用不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語:Does your saying that mean

7、 anything to him? *Does for you to say that mean anything to him?4在“There be”句型中,只能用動名詞,而不能用不定式作主語:There is no telling what will happen. It is impossible to tell what will happen.5當(dāng)句子中的主語和表語都是非限定動詞時,要遵循前后一致的原則,主語和表語在形式上要求統(tǒng)一:Seeing is believing. *To see is to believe.2、作賓語(1作動詞的賓語某些動詞后出現(xiàn)非限定性動詞時只能用動名詞

8、作賓語,不能用不定式。常見的此類動詞有: advise, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, give up, cannot help, imagine, include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, put off, delay, practise, resist, suggest, depend on, think about, set about, succeed in, worry about, burst out, insist on, cant stand, be used to, get used

9、 to, devoteto, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to,escape 等。如:They went on walking and never stopped talking. 他們繼續(xù)走,說個不停。I found it pleasant walking along the seashore. 在海灘上走真是樂事。Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations.每當(dāng)馬克違反交通規(guī)則時,他常常企圖逃避罰款的處分。(2作介

10、詞的賓語We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我們正考慮為下學(xué)期制定新的計劃。Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我們休息呢還是開始干活?(3作形容詞的賓語The music is well worth listening to more than once. 這種曲子很值得多聽幾遍。We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我們正為馬上到來的運(yùn)動會忙著做準(zhǔn)備。3、作表語動名詞作表語時句子主語常是

11、表示無生命的事物的名詞或what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。表語動名詞與主語通常是對等的關(guān)系,表示主語的內(nèi)容,主語、表語可互換位置。Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任務(wù)就是擦窗戶。(Cleaning the windows is your task. What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被別人嘲笑。(Being laughed at is what I hate most.4、作定語動名詞作定語往往表示被修飾詞的某種用途。如:a walking stick =a stick for walking=a sti

12、ck which is used for walkinga washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washinga reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for readinga measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuringsleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for s

13、leeping二、動名詞的邏輯主語帶有邏輯主語的動名詞稱為動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)動名詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致時,要在動名詞之前加上物主代詞或名詞所有格,這便構(gòu)成了動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。其中物主代詞(名詞所有格是邏輯上的主語,動名詞是邏輯上的謂語。動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,分別相當(dāng)于一個主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句。如:Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 他來幫忙鼓舞了我們所有人。(=That she came to helpencouraged all of us. Janes being careless caused so m

14、uch trouble. 簡的粗心惹來了不少麻煩。(=That Jane was careless caused so much trouble.Whats troubling them is their not having enough food. 煩擾他們的是食物不足。(=Whats troubling them is that they have not enough food.在口語中,如果動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語,其中的物主代詞常用人稱代詞賓格,名詞所有格常用名詞普通格來代替,但在句首作主語時不能這樣來代替。如:Would you mind my/me using your compu

15、ter? 用下你的電腦介意嗎?The father insisted on his sons/his son going to college. 爸爸堅決要求兒子上大學(xué)。Marys (不可用Mary being ill made her mother upset. 瑪麗病了,使她媽媽很著急。His (不可用Himsmoking made his family angry. 他抽煙使他一家人非常生氣。在下列情況下動名詞的邏輯主語必須用名詞的普通格或人稱代詞賓語:a.無命名詞The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting. 這個嬰兒被猛烈

16、的關(guān)門聲吵醒。b. 有生命名詞但表示泛指意義Have you ever heard of women practising boxing? 你聽說過婦女練拳擊嗎?c. 兩個以上的有生命名詞并列Do you remember your parents and me telling about this? 你記得你父母和我都告訴過你這事嗎?三、動名詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)動名詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)如下:主動語態(tài)、被動語態(tài)、一般式writing、being written、完成式having written、having been written 其否定形式是在doing前加上not1、動名詞一般式表示的動作通常是一

17、般性動作,即不是明確地發(fā)生在過去、現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼膭幼?或是與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生的動作。如:I hate talking with such people. 我討厭與這樣的人說話。Being careless is not a good habit. 粗心不是一個好習(xí)慣。2、動名詞的完成式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之前。如:I dont remember having met him before. 我記不得以前見過他。Thank you for having taking so much trouble to help. 謝謝你費(fèi)力幫忙。3、動名詞的邏輯主語同時也是動名詞動作的承受者

18、,動名詞用被動語態(tài)。(1它的一般式表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生,或在其前發(fā)生。如:I dont like being laughed at in public. 在公共場合下,我不喜歡被別人嘲笑。(2它的完成式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。如:I am very pleased at your having been honoured with a medal. 我很高興你能獲得這樣的獎牌。(3在某些動詞,我們常用動名詞的一般式表示完成式,盡管動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之前,這似乎是一種強(qiáng)大的習(xí)慣。如:Excuse me for being late. 我來晚了請你原諒。I dont reme

19、mber ever meeting somewhere. 我記不得原來在什么地方見過。Thank you for giving us so much help. 謝謝給我們這么大的幫助。(4在多數(shù)情況下都避免使用動名詞被動語態(tài)完成式,而用一般式代替,以免句子顯得累贅,尤其是在口語中。如:I forget once being taken (having been taken to the city zoo. 我曾被帶到過這個動物園,可我忘了。(5動名詞被動語態(tài)一般式與現(xiàn)在分詞被動語態(tài)一般式同形,但無進(jìn)行意義,being不可省略。如:She is afraid of being taken to

20、 the public. 她怕被領(lǐng)到大眾面前。四、常見題型:1動名詞做主語時,謂語動詞為單數(shù)2在動名詞和不定式中,作為介詞的賓語是動名詞3動名詞的否定直接在其前加否定詞,通過代詞的賓格或所有格形式給出邏輯主語例:I would appreciate_ back this afternoon.A.you to callB.you callC.you callingD.youre calling(Key:C;換成your calling也對4有些詞后只能接動名詞admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; de

21、lay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; cant help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; s

22、uggest; understand.5另外還有一些接-ing形式的常用說法its no good; its no/little/hardly any/ use; its not/hardly/scarcely use; its worthwhile; spend money/time; theres no; theres no point in; theres nothing worse than; whats the use/point.6有些詞后面加不定式和動名詞均可remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面均可用不定式和-ing形

23、式,但意義截然不容。例:remember to do/doing:I remembered to post the letters.(指未來/過去未來將要做的動作I remembered posting/having posted the letters.(我記得做過這個動作forget與remember的用法類似。regret的用法:I regret to inform you that(我很遺憾地通知你I regretted having left the firm after twenty years.(為了“二十年前的離開”而遺憾。try to(努力與try +ing(試驗:You r

24、eally must try to overcome your shyness.Try practicing five hours a day.五、動名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的同與不同動名詞它在形式上與現(xiàn)在分詞相同,都是在動詞原形的詞末加-ing。在現(xiàn)代語法中,這兩種形式同視為"-ing形式"。這兩種形式的另一個相同之處是:它們都是由動詞變化而成的,它們都保留了動詞的某些特征,它們都能帶自己的賓語、狀語,而構(gòu)成動名詞短語或是現(xiàn)在分詞短語去擔(dān)當(dāng)句子成分。例如:Speaking in the public , he will surely be very cheerful .(現(xiàn)在分詞短

25、語,作狀語他在公眾場所講話時總是興高采烈的。She hates speaking in the public.(動名詞短語,作賓語她不喜歡在公眾場所講話。區(qū)別:1動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都可以用于系動詞之后作表語,區(qū)別方法是:作表語的動名詞與主語指的是同一件事,此時系動詞相當(dāng)于“是”,通常把主語和表語的位置互換,語法和意思不變,例如:My hobby is swimming.可改為Swimming is my hobby.(可將原句中的主語與表語位置互換現(xiàn)在分詞作表語主要用以說明主語的性質(zhì),不能與主語互換位置,例如:The story is interesting .不可改為:Interesting

26、is the story.2動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都可以用作定語來修飾名詞,兩者的區(qū)別在于:動名詞修飾名詞時主要表示該名詞的用途,而現(xiàn)在分詞修飾名詞時性質(zhì)狀態(tài)或動作等試比較: a swimming boy和a swimming suit前者的意思是“一個正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming ,現(xiàn)在分詞swimming 表示被修飾名詞boy的動作;而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming , 動名詞swimming表示suit 的用途a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car前者的意思是“一個正在睡覺的孩子”,即a child

27、 who is sleeping ,現(xiàn)在分詞sleeping 表示被修飾名詞child 正處于的狀態(tài);而后者的意思是“臥車(被用來睡覺的車廂”,即a car which is used for sleeping ,動名詞sleeping 表示car 的用途練習(xí)1Mark often attempts to escape _ whenever he breaks traffic regulations。Ashavingsbeen fined Bto have been fined Cto be fined Dbeing fined2My wife said in her letter that

28、she would appreciate _ from you sometime。Ato have heard Bto hear Cfor hearing Dhearing3The thief took away the womans wallet without_。Abeing seen Bseeing Chim seeing Dseeing him4People appreciate _wit him because he has a good sense of humor。(CET-4 1998,1Ato work Bto have worked Cworking Dhave worki

29、ng5Ive enjoyed _ to talk with you。Ato be able Bbeing able Cto been able Dof being able6No one can avoid _ by advertisements。Ato be influenced Bbeing influenced Cinfluencing Dshavingsinfluence7They are considering _ before the prices go up。Aof buying the house Bwith buying the house Cbuying the house

30、 Dto buy the house8He thought that _。Athe effort doing the job was not worth Bthe effort was not worth in doing the jobCit was not worth the effort doing the job Dit was not worth the effort by doing the job9If I had remembered _ the door,the things would not have been stolen。Ato lock Blocking Cto h

31、ave locked Dshavingslocked10Your shirt needs _。Youd better have it done today。Airon Bto iron Cironing Dbeing ironed11You cant help _ commercials; every few minutes the program is interrupted to give you one advertisement or another。Ato hear Bto be heard Chearing Dwith hearing12My transistor radio is

32、nt working。It _。Aneed repairing Bneeds to repair Cneeds repairing Dneed to be repaired13It is no use _ me not to worry。Ayou tell Byour telling Cfor you to have told Dshavingstold14He is very busy _ his papers。He is far too busy _ callers。Ato write ;to receive Bwriting ;to receiveCwriting ;receiving

33、Dto write ;for receiving15The suspect at last admitted _ stolen goods but denied _ them。Areceiving。selling Bto receive。to sellCto receiving。to selling Dto have received。to have sold16She apologized for _ to come。Aher not being able Bher being not ableC） not being able D） that shes not able to 17）I r

34、eally appreciate _ to help me， but I am sure that I can manage by myself。 A） you to offer B） that you offer C） your offering D） that you are offering 18） Please stop _， boys， I have something important to _ you。 A） saying 。talk B） telling 。 sayC） talking 。speak D） talking 。 tell 。 。 。 。 19） Tony， wo

35、uld you go and see if Sam has any difficulty _ his tape recorder？ A） to fix B） fixing C） for fixing D） fix 20）“Why isnt Nancy going to meet us？”“Its my fault。 I forgot all about _ her?！?A） telephoning to B） to telephone C） to telephone to D） the telephoning to 21）“Why were you late？”“I had a hard ti

36、me _ up this morning?！?A） to get B） get C） got D） getting 22）I remember _ to help us if we ever gotsintostrouble。 A） once offering B） him once offering C） him to offer D） to offer him 23）John regretted _ to the meeting last week。 A） not going B） not to go C） notshavingsbeen going D） not to be going

37、24） It is difficult to get used _ in a tent aftershavingsa soft， comfortable bed to lie on。 A） sleep B） to sleeping C） slept D） to sleep 25） He gives people the impression _ many poems。 A） ofshavingswritten B） to have written C） of being written D） to write 26） Do you feel like _ out or would you ra

38、ther _ dinner at home？ A） going。to have B） to go。to have C） to go。having D） going。have 。 。 。 。 27） Prior to _ the formal speech， first he will introduce himself。 A） delivering B） deliver C） being delivering D） being delivered 28）I dont mind _ by bus， but I hate _ in queues。 A） to travel。standing 。 B

39、）shavingstraveled。standing 。 C） traveling。to stand 。 D） traveling。standing 。 29） What about _ double quantities of everything today？ We have hardly time to go_ next week。 A） buying。to shop 。 B） buy。shopping 。 C） buying。shopping 。 D） to buy。shopping 。 30） We had some trouble _ the house and nobody se

40、emed _swheresit was。 A） in finding。knowing 。 B） finding。to know 。 C） to find。knowing 。 D） to find。to know 。 31）We cant imagine _ in the entrance examination， for she has never been to school。 A） she succeeding B） her succeeding C） she succeed D） her to succeed 32）I dont like _ at me。 A） them laughin

41、g B） their laugh C） them laugh D） them to have laughed 33）We suggested _ in hotels but the children were anxious _ out。 A） sleeping。to camp 。 B） sleeping。camping 。 C） to sleep。to camp 。 D） to sleep。camping 。 34）I have no objection _ the evening with them。 A） to spend B） to spending C） of spending D）

42、 spending 35） After _ for the job， you will be required to take a language test。 A） being interviewed B） interviewed C） interviewing D）shavingsinterviewed 36）The match was cancelled because most of the members _ a match without a standard court。 A） objected toshavings B） were objected to have C） obj

43、ected to have D） were objected to having 37）Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy _ for her examination。 A） to prepare B） to be prepared C） preparing D） being prepared 38）It is no good _ remember grammatical rules。 You need to practise what you have learned。 A）

44、trying to B） to try to C） try to D） tried to 39）After _ him better， I regretted _ him unfairly。 A） getting to know。to judge 。 B） getting to know。to have judged 。 C） getting to have know。judging 。 D） getting to know。having judged 。 40）He is looking forward to _ his holiday in Britain。 A） spend B） have spent C） spending D）sh