四級(jí)?？颊Z(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)講解

1、四級(jí)常考語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)講解Be about to do sth  be about to-V - be on the point of doing sth；just going to do sth"即將，就要"：Her father is about to retire她即即將退休。As was about to say when you interrupted me我正要張口說(shuō)話時(shí)你打斷了我。（注：about to后面跟不定式，而且常與when從句搭配使用） all but all but - 1." all but十形容詞（或用在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)

2、詞前）"= very nearly；almost幾乎，差不多；2."all but+名詞"= all except "除外都"：Crows all but destroyed a farmer's field of corn.群鴉幾乎吃光了一位農(nóng)夫的玉米地。The hikers were exhausted and all but frozen when they were found那些徒步旅行者疲憊不堪，被人們發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)都幾乎凍僵了。all but John were present除約翰外，其他人都到了。（注：all but作&quo

3、t;幾乎"解時(shí)可修飾作表語(yǔ)的形容詞或過(guò)去分詞；也可作狀語(yǔ)修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。） for all for all- in spite of "盡管"：He did not do well in the race，for all his training.盡管他進(jìn)行了很多訓(xùn)練，但他的賽跑成績(jī)并不很理想。For all his money，he was very unhappy盡管他有不少錢，但他并不很幸福。  alternative alternative n-"選擇，替代辦法"，注意下面成語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣用法："

4、;have no alternative but to do""沒(méi)有別的選擇，只好"：There's no alternative but to fight"除了戰(zhàn)斗以外，沒(méi)有別的選擇"。 I had no alternative but to walk out我沒(méi)有別的辦法，只有走出去。and and -用在省略if的特殊條件句中：Five minutes earlier，we could have caught the last trainaand bbut cor dso（答案aCET4'936譯文：再早5分鐘，

5、我們就可能趕上最后一趟火車了。）Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _ advertisements showing happy, balanced families. a. are often seeing b. will often see c. often see d. have often seen（答案 bCET4'956譯文：只要打開(kāi)電視機(jī)或翻開(kāi)一本雜志，你常?？梢钥吹脚帕姓R的全家福廣告照片。） anything but anything but - not at all；far from

6、"根本不，一點(diǎn)不"，作表語(yǔ)，but后面可以跟名詞、形容詞或過(guò)去分詞：He's anything but lazy/a hero. 他一點(diǎn)不懶/根本不是個(gè)英雄。The bridge is anything but safe/finished.這座橋一點(diǎn)不安全離完工還差得很遠(yuǎn)。 Alone in a deserted house，he was so busy with his research work that he felt _ lonelyanothing but banything but call but deverything but（ 答案 b考研'

7、;90譯文：他一個(gè)人在一所房子里搞研究工作，一點(diǎn)也不感到寂寞。）as（四級(jí)考試頻度很大的幾個(gè)用法）    1.引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句（通常可以用though替換），使用下面句型：1）"形容詞副詞十a(chǎn)s主語(yǔ)十謂語(yǔ)：Young as I am，I know some of the family secrets盡管我還很小，但我了解一些家庭秘密。Much as like her，I will not marry her雖然我很喜歡她，但我并不想與她結(jié)婚。Some members of the staff couldn't handle the ca

8、se，hard as they tried一些職員不管怎么想辦法也解決不了這個(gè)問(wèn)題。2）"原形動(dòng)詞十a(chǎn)s十主語(yǔ)十maymightwillwould"：Try as he would，he could not lift the rock不管他用多大勁也舉不起那塊石頭。There was not a soul to be found in the house，search as they would不管他們?cè)趺磳ふ?，房子里也找不到一個(gè)人。 2.作關(guān)系代詞，使用下面句型：1）"suchas"（as在此接近于who/that/which）：Such women

9、as Tom knew thought he was charming.湯姆認(rèn)識(shí)的那些婦女都認(rèn)為他長(zhǎng)得很迷人。I never heard such stories as he tells.我從未聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)他講的那些故事。He never hesitates to make such criticisms as are considered helpful to others只要對(duì)別人有幫助，他從不猶豫提出這類批評(píng)。It wasn't such a good dinner she had promised us athat bwhich cas dwhat（答案cCET4'901譯文

10、：它并不是像她承諾我們的那樣一頓美餐。）2）用在"the sameas"句型中：He doesn't believe the same things as you do他不相信你相信的那些東西。（注：as的這一用法在OALD詞典中被當(dāng)作連詞，但在張道真教授編的現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)用法詞典（重排本）P70中被當(dāng)作關(guān)系代詞，似乎后者更合理、更好理解些。）3用在"asbe動(dòng)詞十表語(yǔ)"從句中，表不"正如"：He is absent，as is often the case他正如通常那樣又缺席了。Freddie，as might be expect

11、ed，was attending the conference正如可能預(yù)料的那樣，弗雷迪當(dāng)時(shí)正在出席會(huì)議。As was expected，he performed the task with success正如預(yù)料的那樣，他成功地完成了任務(wù)。 _ is known to the world，Mark Twain is a great American writer. aThat bWhich cAs dIt（答案 cCET4'936譯文：正如世人所知，馬克·吐溫是一位偉大的美國(guó)作家。 _ is generally accepted，economical growth is d

12、etermined by the smooth development of productionaWhat bThat cIt dAs（答案d考研'95譯文：正如所公認(rèn)的那樣，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)是由生產(chǎn)的平 穩(wěn)發(fā)展所決定的。）（注：as在這一句型中是連詞還是關(guān)系代詞也存在著爭(zhēng)議，它在結(jié)構(gòu)上更接近關(guān)系代詞，但as與thatwhich不同，thatwhich引導(dǎo)的關(guān)系從句只能放在先行詞后面，而as引導(dǎo)的從句不但可以放在主句的后面，還可以放在主句的前面。）4as用于省略句，為避免重復(fù)，as代替表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)部分：David is tall，as are my brothers像我的幾個(gè)弟兄們一樣，戴維也

13、是個(gè)高個(gè)兒。（as are my brothers用的是倒裝語(yǔ)序，正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)是 as my brothers are。）The Second World War，as did the earlier one of 1914，prompted public concern about a physical and Intellectual wellbeing of the country's human resources第二次世界大戰(zhàn)，正如早些時(shí)候1914年的那次一樣，立即引起了公眾對(duì)這個(gè)國(guó)家人力資源的身心健康的關(guān)注。5as用于省略句，引起分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)：As expected，the

14、 afforestation movement rapidly spread正如預(yù)料的那樣，植樹(shù)造林運(yùn)動(dòng)迅速擴(kuò)展開(kāi)來(lái)。It usually happens as described above它的發(fā)生通常如上面所描寫(xiě)的那樣。He had failed to visit her as promised他沒(méi)有像他允諾的那樣去看望她。His first novel"Night" was an account of the Nazi crimes _ through the eyes of a teenaged boyaas seen bwhich saw cbut was see

15、n dand were seen（答案a選自六級(jí)樣題譯文：他的第一部小說(shuō)夜通過(guò)一個(gè)十幾歲的男孩的眼睛描述了納粹的罪行。）6用于as muchas；not so much as"或"not soas十形容詞十a(chǎn)s"句式中：He said the situation there was not so bad as had been painted他說(shuō)，那里的局勢(shì)并不像所描繪的那樣糟。The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things as to teach the art of

16、learning學(xué)校教育的偉大作用與其說(shuō)是教給你東西，還不如說(shuō)是教給你如何學(xué)習(xí)的技能。He is not so much a writer as a reporter與其說(shuō)他是位作家，還不如說(shuō)他是個(gè)記者。They were expected to be models of virtue，honoured as much for their character as for their learning人們期望他們成為美德的典范，不但因?yàn)樗麄兊膶W(xué)識(shí)，而且因?yàn)樗麄兊钠返露艿骄粗亍?用于 as if/as though引導(dǎo)的省略句中：He paused as if expecting Lenny

17、to speak（as if后面跟現(xiàn)在分詞）他停了一下，好象是在等待拉尼講話一樣。The boy turned， as if awakened from some dream。（后面跟過(guò)去分詞）那男孩翻了翻身，好像從夢(mèng)中醒來(lái)一樣。He opened his mouth as if to speak something（后面跟不定式）他張張口，好像要說(shuō)些什么。He glanced as if in search of something（后面跟介詞短語(yǔ)）他瞟了一眼，好像在尋找什么東西一樣。8用在"just as，so"結(jié)構(gòu)中：Just as the soil is a par

18、t of the earth，_ the atmosphere aas it is bthe same is cso is dand so is（答案 c考研'95譯文：正如土壤是地球的一部分一樣，大氣層也是地球的一部分。）（so is the atmosphere是倒裝句。在"just as，so"句式中，so引導(dǎo)的主句常用倒裝語(yǔ)序，尤其在主語(yǔ)特別長(zhǎng)時(shí)更是如此，so代替被省略了的表語(yǔ)部分。）Just as the builder is skilled in the handling of his bricks， _ the experienced writer i

19、s skilled in the handling of his wordsaso bas cthus dlike（答案 aCET6'936譯文：正如建筑工人砌磚郁閑熟的技藝一樣，有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的作家在用詞做文章上也有高超的技藝。） beforebefore一特別要注意before在下面幾個(gè)例句中的用法，在這些例句中，before相當(dāng)于and then，漢語(yǔ)常譯為"然后；才"：I must finish my work before go home我必須先把工作做完再回家。He had to be called two or three times before he wo

20、uld come to his dinner往往要叫他兩三遍，他才肯過(guò)來(lái)吃飯。The farmer decided to drive the cows away before they made more damage to the crops那個(gè)農(nóng)夫決定把那些牛趕走，以免對(duì)莊稼造成更大的損害。It was several years before we met again又過(guò)了好幾年我們才又見(jiàn)了面。A man escaped from the prison last nightIt was a long time the guards discovered what had happened

21、 abefore buntil csince dwhen（答案 aCET4'936譯文：昨晚一個(gè)犯人從監(jiān)獄逃跑了，過(guò)了好久警衛(wèi)才發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)生了什么事。）Scientists say it may be five or ten years _ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients. A. since b. before c. after d. when (答案 bCET4'956譯文：科學(xué)家們說(shuō)，可能還需要 5到 10年才能將這種藥在病人身上作實(shí)驗(yàn)。（注：before的這一用法經(jīng)常考試）busybusy -bus

22、y作表語(yǔ)時(shí)僅面可跟如下結(jié)構(gòu)：busy withatover/-ing"忙于"：Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy for her examination ato prepare bto be prepared cpreparing dbeing prepared（答案 cCET4'936 譯文：瓊昨天晚上沒(méi)有時(shí)間去聽(tīng)音樂(lè)會(huì)，因?yàn)樗诿τ跍?zhǔn)備考試。）We were busy （get）things ready for the trial producti

23、on when he phoned us（考研'80答案：將get變?yōu)間etting譯文：我們正為試生產(chǎn)而忙著做準(zhǔn)備時(shí)，他打來(lái)了電話）but forbut for -用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣中，表示"若非"，相當(dāng)于if not，后面跟名詞；還可用 but that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)從句，陳述具體事實(shí)：_ bed its destination on time. aIn case of bIn spite of cBecause of dBut for（答案 dCET6'901譯文：若不是由于洪水，輪船就可以按時(shí)抵達(dá)目的地了）。He might have been killed _

24、 the arrival of the policeaexcept for bbut for cwith dfor（答案 bCET6'956譯文： 若不是警察趕到，他可能就被殺害了。） _ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday. a. In spite of b. But for c. Because of d. As for（答案 b考研'91譯文：要不是有英語(yǔ)考試，我上個(gè)星期天就去聽(tīng)音樂(lè)會(huì)了。）but thatbut that - 用在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中，but that從句謂語(yǔ)用陳

25、述語(yǔ)氣，陳述具體事實(shí)，表示"倘沒(méi)有，若不是"： He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time.他本來(lái)會(huì)幫助我們的， 但當(dāng)時(shí)他沒(méi)有錢。 but that 還用在"（It is） not thatbut that"句式中,表示"不是因?yàn)槎且驗(yàn)?quot;：Not that John doesn't want to help you, but that it's beyond his power.不是約翰不想幫助你，而是因?yàn)樗麩o(wú)能為力。canco

26、uldcancould - 1"can'ttoo""怎么也不為過(guò)'：You can't be _ careful in making the decision as it is such a critical caseaquite bvery ctoo dso（答案 c選自六級(jí)樣題譯文：做這一決定時(shí)再細(xì)心也不為過(guò)，因?yàn)檫@是一件至關(guān)重要的事情。）2"can't/couldn't+比較級(jí)"表示"不可能再"，實(shí)際上等于"最"：The earthquake could no

27、t have come at a worse time for the wartorn country對(duì)于那個(gè)飽受戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之苦的國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō)， 地震發(fā)生的時(shí)間再糟糕不過(guò)了。3"can't/couldn't+完成式"用于推斷過(guò)去"不可能發(fā)生了某事"：Mary、my letter， otherwise she would have replied before nowahas received b. ought to have received c. couldn't have received d. shouldn't have r

28、eceived（答案 C考研'91譯文：瑪麗不可能收到了我的信，不然她一定會(huì)回信的。）Comrade Li _ be in Beijing because saw him in town only a few minutes agoamustn't bcan't cmay not disn't able to（答案b考研'80譯文：李同志不可能在北京，因?yàn)閮H在幾分鐘前我還在城里見(jiàn)到了他。）cannot help-ingcannot help-ing -"禁不住，忍不??；避免不了"：I couldn't help overhea

29、ring what he said.我禁不住偷聽(tīng)了他說(shuō)的話。We couldn't help their seeing us我們避免不了他們看見(jiàn)我們。cannot help but docannot help but do -"不由得，不能不"（與 cannot help-ing基本同義）：You can't help but respect them你不由的要尊敬他們。（注：在這個(gè)句式中，還可以把help省略掉，意思不變，如上面的句子也可改變?yōu)椋篩ou cannot but respect them）cannot choose but docannot c

30、hoose but do -注意ht后面習(xí)慣上跟不帶 to的不定式，表示"沒(méi)有別的辦法，只好"； He cannot choose but obey他沒(méi)有別的辦法，只好服從。choicechoice -注意choice在下面句型中的用法：1"have no choice but to do"或"There's no choice for sb but to do""沒(méi)有別的辦法，只好"（注意 but后面的不定式必須帶 to）：We had no choice but to do what we were a

31、sked我們不得不做要求我們做的工作。2"have no other choice than to do""沒(méi)有別的選擇，只好"：The beaten enemy had no other choice thanasurrender bsurrendering cto surrender dto be surrendered（答案c譯文：被打敗的敵人沒(méi)有別的選擇只好投降。）do more than dodo more than do -注意 than后面習(xí)慣上跟不帶to的不定式，表示"不僅僅，不單單，不只是"：In the cours

32、e of a day students do far more than Just classesaattend b attended c.to attend dattending（答案 aCET4'936譯文：在一天之內(nèi)，學(xué)生不只是上課（還要做許多別的事情）。Colleges and universities across the nation have decided to do more than talk about the use in student cheating除了談?wù)搶W(xué)生作弊的上升以外，全國(guó)各地的大學(xué)已決定采取一切措施。（摘自大學(xué)英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)第8課 Honesty：I

33、s It Going Out of Style？）do nothing but（do）do nothing but（do） -"僅僅（做），只（做），除外什么都不（做）"：Lots of empty bottles were found under the old man's bedHe must have done nothing but _ （drink）（答案：but后用原形動(dòng)詞 drink。考研'89）（注意下面的句式）So there was nothing for them to do _ their places at the end of I

34、taexcept take bbut take cbesides take d but to take（答案 d譯文：他們只好在盡頭自己的座位上坐下。）（注意這里的 but后面用不定式to take與前面的for them to do是并列的，處在相同的位置上，作nothing的定語(yǔ)： nothing to do but to take.)do nothing else than (do)do nothing else than (do) - 注意：do nothing后面用了else后就要用than而不再用but, 但than后面同樣用不帶to的不定式：He sat there, doing

35、 nothing else _. a. but to laugh b. than laughing c. than laugh d. but laughed （答案c. 譯文：他坐在那里一個(gè)勁地笑。）但注意下面這個(gè)句子：He had nothing else to do except to return/than to return to his hot room.他沒(méi)有別的辦法，只好回到自己酷熱的房間。（這個(gè)句子中的不定式 to do和to return做 nothing else的定語(yǔ)）eitheroreitheror -"或是或是；不是就是"。由選擇連詞eithero

36、r引導(dǎo)的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要與or后面的名詞保持一致。eitheror還可以引導(dǎo)并列名詞或介詞短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)，引導(dǎo)并列謂語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，引導(dǎo)并列狀語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)，引導(dǎo)并列分句。該結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)鍵是由它們引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)部分必須并列處于同一層次上：Either Tim or his brothers have to shovel the snow要么蒂姆，要么他的兄弟們，必須鏟雪。The local hunters either shoot or trap them當(dāng)?shù)氐墨C人或者槍殺它們，或者設(shè)陷捕捉它們。Either you must improve your work or shall dismiss y

37、ou要么改進(jìn)你的工作，否則我就解雇你。I was advised _ for reservations ato either telephone or to write the hotel b. either to telephone or to write the hotel c. that I should telephone or to write the hotel d. I ought either to telephone or write the hotel（答案 b考研 '85譯文：他們建議我要么給旅館打電話，要么給旅館寫(xiě)封信預(yù)訂房間。）findfind - find后

38、面可以跟帶現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞、形容詞或不定式 to be的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)；如果是不定式本身作賓語(yǔ)，要把不定式后移，用形式賓語(yǔ) it填補(bǔ)其位置：He was found dyingdeadinjured人們發(fā)現(xiàn)他快死了已經(jīng)死了受了傷。We found（him to bethat he was）the right man for the job我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他是做這項(xiàng)工作的合適人選。I found to answer all the questions within the time given a. no possibility bthere was impossibility c. impossib

39、le d. it impossible（答案d考研'80譯文：我發(fā)現(xiàn)在限定的時(shí)間內(nèi)回答所有那些問(wèn)題是不可能的。）（find上面的用法考試頻度也很大）forfor - 1"for all""盡管"：all our kindness to help her，Sara refused to listen to us a. At b. For c. In d. On（答案b考研'92譯文：盡管我們好心要幫助她，但薩拉不肯聽(tīng)我們的。）There may be mistakes occasionally，but for all that，it is

40、the best book on the subject書(shū)中也許偶而有些錯(cuò)誤，但盡管如此它仍不失為論述這個(gè)問(wèn)題的最好的書(shū)。2"but for""if it weren't for""若不是，若沒(méi)有"（用在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中）：But for your help we should not have finished in time若沒(méi)有你的幫助，我們就不能按時(shí)完成。Had it not been for your laziness，you could have finished the assignment by now要不是你懶，你

41、現(xiàn)在可能會(huì)完成任務(wù)了。（注：在這個(gè)句式中，按正常語(yǔ)序謂語(yǔ)可以用縮合形式計(jì) it weren't for或 if it hadn't been for，但若使用倒裝語(yǔ)序時(shí)，不能將縮合的 weren'thadn't放在句首，如不能說(shuō) Weren't it forHadn't it been for，而必須說(shuō) Were it not forhad it not been for） 3for作連詞，表示"因?yàn)椋捎?quot;，多用于書(shū)面語(yǔ)中，引導(dǎo)的從句不能放在主句前面，它引導(dǎo)的 原因只是對(duì)主句所說(shuō)的情況作出解釋：Someone must ha

42、ve left the tap on，the water is running over and flooding the bathroomatherefore bfor cnevertheless d moreover（答案b考研'84譯文：一定是誰(shuí)忘記了關(guān)水龍頭，瞧，水溢了出來(lái)，洗澡間到處是水。）4for用在帶邏輯主語(yǔ)的不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)中一for there to befor it to be：It would be surprising for any objections to the proposal. anot to be bit not to be cthere to be

43、not dthere not to be（答案 d譯文：對(duì)這項(xiàng)建議若沒(méi)有任何反對(duì), 那反倒是奇怪的。）For there _ successful communication，here must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all presentais bto be cwill be d. being（答案 b考研'96譯文：為了進(jìn)行成功的思想交流，所有出席的人都必須聚精會(huì)神地參加討論。）（注：在there be句型中，雖然真正的主語(yǔ)是后面的名詞，但在語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)上習(xí)慣上把there看作結(jié)構(gòu)主語(yǔ)，

44、所以用介詞 for引導(dǎo)帶邏輯主語(yǔ)的不定式時(shí)要把there看作邏輯主語(yǔ)，因此把there is變?yōu)閹н壿嬛髡Z(yǔ)的不定式時(shí)應(yīng)說(shuō) for there to be，這和把 I do sth變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ綍r(shí)應(yīng)說(shuō) for me to do sth的道理是一樣的。在這個(gè)句式中還要注意如何把 It is time變?yōu)橛?for引導(dǎo)的不定式。如果要說(shuō)"現(xiàn)在該吃藥了"，用英語(yǔ)應(yīng)說(shuō) It is time to take medicine。但如果要說(shuō)"他在等到該吃藥的時(shí)間再吃藥"，就應(yīng)說(shuō) He is waiting for it to be time to take medicine

45、。）given（that）given（that）一"在有的情況下；如果有；假定；考慮到"：Given good health，I hope to finish the work this year如果健康狀況良好，我希望今年完成這項(xiàng)工作。I'd come and see you in Austria，given the chance如果有機(jī)會(huì)，我就到奧地利來(lái)看你。Given their inexperiencethat they are inexperienced，they've done a good job考慮到他們?nèi)狈?jīng)驗(yàn)，他們的工作還是做得不錯(cuò)的。（

46、given的這一用法考試頻度也很大）good/point/sense/usegood/point/sense/use -注意這幾個(gè)名詞在下面句型中的用法："It is no good -ing"表示"沒(méi)有用處"：It's no good my arguing with you和你爭(zhēng)論沒(méi)有用。There is no good in -ing； What's the good of-ing？havehave十復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) - have sb do sth；have sbsthlug；have sth done（have的這種用法考試頻度也很大）：

47、They'11 have you if you don't pay your taxesato be arrested b arrest carrested dbeing arrested（答案 cCET6'916譯文：如果你不納稅，他們將要逮捕你。）I didn't understand what the teacher said，and had him explain it again to me我不懂老師說(shuō)的意思，我又讓他給我解釋了一遍。in thatin that -此為復(fù)合連詞，相當(dāng)于 because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句，考試頻度極大，在四六級(jí)和考研試題

48、中幾乎每年都有一題，如 1995年三個(gè)試題中均考了該題：Liquids are like solids _ they have a definite volumeawith that bfor that cin that dat that（答案。 CET4'956譯文：液體與固體一樣，它們也有確定的體積。）Britain's press is unusual _ it is divided into two very different types of newspaper：the quality press and the popular press ain how bin

49、what cin which din that（答案 dCET6'956譯文：英國(guó)報(bào)紙很不尋常，因?yàn)樗譃榻厝徊煌膬纱箢悾簢?yán)肅報(bào)紙和通俗報(bào)紙。）Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe _ it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.aso that bbut that cin that dprovided that（答案c考研'95譯文：氫是宇宙間最基本的元素，因?yàn)樗峁┥善渌氐慕ㄖK。）the in

50、stant/the momentthe instant/the moment+從句 -相當(dāng)于as soon as "一（就）"：She must have dashed out the instant I grabbed the phone.她必定是在我一把抓起電話時(shí)就奔了出去。You must behave like a guest the instant you set foot on a foreign soil你一踏上外國(guó)國(guó)土就得像個(gè)客人的樣子。just as，sojust as，so -"正如一樣，也"：Just as you hate Mr

51、Green, so I dislike his wife.就像你憎恨格林先生一樣我也不喜歡他的妻子。Just as the builder is skilled in the handling of his bricks, _ the experienced writer is skilled in the handing of his words. a. so b. as c. thus d. like（答案 aCET6'936譯文：正如建筑工人砌磚技術(shù)擁熟一樣，有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的作家在用詞作文章上也有高超的技藝。）Just as the soil is part of the earth，

52、the atmosphereaas it is bthe same is cso is dand so is（答案 c考研'95譯文：正如土壤是地球的一部分一樣，大氣層也是地球的一部分。）know better than（to do）know better than（to do） -be wise or experienced enough not to do sth很懂得不會(huì)不該（做某事）（根據(jù)張道真教授的（現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)用法詞典）的解釋，than后面的不定式多帶to，但有時(shí)可以省略）：You ought to know better than to stay away from scho

53、ol.你應(yīng)懂得不該逃學(xué)He knew better than to mention the subject to her他很明智而沒(méi)有向她提起這件事。Tom _ better than to ask Dick for helpashall know bshouldn't know chas known dshould have known（答案 dCET6'916譯文：湯姆應(yīng)懂得不該向迪克請(qǐng)求幫助。）lessless -用在下面成語(yǔ)中：evenmuchstill less"更不用說(shuō)，更別提"（用在否定的陳述句之后）：The baby can't ev

54、en walk，much less run那嬰兒連走路都不會(huì)，更別說(shuō)跑了。I can't run a hundred yards，even less a mile我連一百碼都跑不了，更別說(shuō)跑一英里了。He knows little of mathematics，and of chemistry aeven more bstill less cno less dstill more（答案b考研'91譯文：他對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)幾乎一竊不通，更別提化學(xué)了。）30、lest -"唯恐，免得"（從句謂語(yǔ)多用 should，有時(shí)可用動(dòng)詞原形）：They spoke in whisp

55、ers lest they should be heard他們低聲交談，生怕別人聽(tīng)見(jiàn)了。The driver looked over the engine carefully lest it should go wrong on the way司機(jī)認(rèn)真地檢查了一遍發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，免得半路上出毛病。let alonelet alone -"更別提"（多用于否定句之后，與 evenmuchstill less的用法基本相同）：I had never seen him, let alone spoken to him.我從未見(jiàn)過(guò)他，更談不上同他談話了。The baby can't

56、 even walk, let alone run.那嬰兒連走路都不會(huì)，更談不上跑了。（注：let alone后面可以跟名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式或分詞，這取決于它所要強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分與前一句中所要對(duì)比的那一部分的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，它們必須處于同一語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)層次。）mostmost -most可以直接修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，名詞前不用冠詞修飾，表示泛指，如 most students"大多數(shù)學(xué)生"；如果要特指某些學(xué)生中的大多數(shù)，就要用most of結(jié)構(gòu)，并且名詞前面一般要用定冠詞修飾，如most of the students in my class；注意這樣用時(shí)，most前面沒(méi)有冠詞，不說(shuō) the mo

57、st of the students。另外，most不能直接與代詞或由物主代詞修飾的名詞連用，不能說(shuō)most theymost their students或 their most students；而必須用，most of結(jié)構(gòu)，像 most of them，most of her arguments。some/anysome/any -與 most的用法類似，可以說(shuō) some advicestudents；some of the students；some of them；some of his arguments；但不說(shuō) some they，some his arguments或some

58、the students。any也適用于這種情況。alleachalleach -與 mostsomeany的用法有些區(qū)別：all可以直接修飾帶或不帶定冠詞的可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞以及由物主代詞修飾的名詞，如 all（the） work； all（the）students； all my heart；但不能直接放在代詞前面，如不能說(shuō) all they，all it；但可以用 all of結(jié)構(gòu)限定代詞，如 all ofthem; all雖不能放在代詞前面修飾代詞，但可以放在代詞后面作代詞的同位語(yǔ)，如We all did it; He helped us all;（但謂語(yǔ)是 be動(dòng)詞時(shí)，all要放在 b

59、e后面，如 We are all pleased。）each可以直接修飾不帶冠詞的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，如 each student；但不能直接修飾代詞、由物主代詞或定冠詞修飾的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，如不能說(shuō) each they，each his book，each the student；而必須用 each of結(jié)構(gòu)，如 each of them，each of his books，each of the students；但 each可以放在復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞后面，如 The students/They each took a share。much much -much多用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句中，如 There

60、is not much food in the house。Do you have much difficulty in finding the house？在肯定句中多用plenty of，a lot of，a large quantity of，a good deal of；但當(dāng) much作主語(yǔ)的一部分或與howtoosoas連用時(shí)常用在肯定句中，如 Much of what you say is true；You have given me too much。注意下面幾個(gè)與much相搭配的習(xí)慣說(shuō)法。1.not much of a 一 not a very good"不是一個(gè)很好的"：It wasn't much of a dinner 2"too much of a（to do sth）"一"太（而不）'：He is _ coward to speak the truthatoo much of a btoo much a co much a dso m