藥學(xué)英語(yǔ)(上冊(cè))_TextATranslation

1、精品文檔Unit 11. A full appreciation of the physiology of a living organism must be based on a sound kno wledgeof its an atomy. An atomy does not merely study the separati on of parts, but the accuratedescription of the morphologies and functions of differe nt orga ns.對(duì)生物生理學(xué)的全面了解必須基于解剖學(xué)的系統(tǒng)知識(shí)。解剖學(xué)不僅僅是研究 人

2、體各部分的分離，還要準(zhǔn)確的描述各個(gè)器官的形態(tài)和生理功能。2. Our daily food in take must match requireme nts and any excessmust be excreted for bala neeto be mai ntai ned.我們每天攝入的事物必須滿足需要，任何多余的東西必須排出體外才能維持 平衡。3. The process ofstabilization of the internal environment is called homeostasisand is essential ifthe cells of the body a

3、re to function normally.內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定的過(guò)程稱之為體內(nèi)平衡，體內(nèi)平衡也是機(jī)體的細(xì)胞正常發(fā)揮作用所必 不可少的。4. Human cells have the ability to break down large molecules to smaller ones to liberatesufficient energy for their activities.人類細(xì)胞有將大分子分解成小分子的能力， 從而為自身活動(dòng)釋放足夠的能量。5. As long as normal conditions are maintained in this internal environm

4、ent, the cells of the bodycontinue to live and function properly.只要這種內(nèi)環(huán)境正常的條件得以維持，機(jī)體的細(xì)胞就能繼續(xù)生存并發(fā)揮正常 功能。Unit 21.Biochemistry asks how the thousa nds of differe nt biomolecules in teract with each other to confer theremarkable properties of living orga ni sms.生物化學(xué)探尋的是數(shù)千種不同的生物分子如何相互作用，以賦予生物體具備顯著的特性。2.En

5、 zymes are catalysts that accelerate the rates of biological react ions. Each en zyme is very specific in itsfunction and acts only in a particular metabolic reaction.酶是能加速生物學(xué)反應(yīng)速率的催化劑。每一種酶都有專一的功能并且僅在特定代謝反應(yīng)中發(fā)揮作用。3.One of the most fruitful approaches to un dersta nd biological phe nomena has bee n to

6、purifyan in dividual chemical comp onent, such as a protei n, from a livi ng orga nism and to characterize its chemicalstructure or catalytic activity.用以了解生物學(xué)現(xiàn)象的最有效的方法之一是從生物體中純化出單一化學(xué)成分，例如蛋白質(zhì)，并對(duì)其化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)或催化活性進(jìn)行表征。4.The chemical principles that govern the properties of biological molecules include the cov

7、ale nt bonding of carbon with itself and with other eleme nts and the fun cti onal groups that appear in com mon biological molecules,etc.決定生物分子特性的化學(xué)原理包括碳與自身或其他元素的共價(jià)結(jié)合和一般生物分子中 出現(xiàn)的功能基團(tuán)等。5.The basic un it of DNA is a lin ear polymer of four differe nt mono meric sub un its, deoxyribonucleotides, arran

8、gedin a precise linear sequenee.脫氧核糖核酸的基本單位是由四種不同的脫氧核糖核苷酸單一亞單位以精確的線性序 列進(jìn)行排列而構(gòu)成的線性聚合物。Unit 31. Although the existenee of microbes was determined almost three hundred years ago, thestudy of microbiology is only getting started compared with zoology andbota ny.盡管三百年前人們就確定世界上存在微生物，但與動(dòng)物學(xué)和植物學(xué)相比，微 生物學(xué)研究還只是

9、剛剛開始。2. In ancient times, the existenee of microbes was hypothesized and they might be the resp on精品文檔sible age nt of diseases, which was pure speculation 推 斷）as there was no microscope at thetime.在古代，人們認(rèn)為有微生物存在而且微生物可能是傳染病的致病原，但當(dāng)時(shí) 沒(méi)有顯微鏡，所以這一切純屬猜測(cè)。3. The first one who suggested taxonomic classificati

10、on 份類法）of bacteria and discoveredspores is Ferdinand Cohn, a botanist who studied algae and photos yn thetic bacteria. Heestablished bacteriology.第一位提出對(duì)細(xì)菌分類和發(fā)現(xiàn)抱子的人是植物學(xué)家費(fèi)南科恩，他對(duì)藻類和 光合細(xì)菌進(jìn)行了研究，創(chuàng)建了細(xì)菌學(xué)。4. Microbes may be tiny, but the field of microbiology is relatively huge, whichencompasses many subdisc

11、iplines affecting people s life and health a lot.微生物體積雖小，但微生物學(xué)領(lǐng)域卻很大，其中包括很多分支學(xué)科，對(duì)人類 生活和健康產(chǎn)生了重大影響。5. Some of microbes may cause diseases but not all microbes are detriment, such as some ofthem used in in dustrial ferme ntatio n（發(fā)酵）to make wi ne and vin egar（醋）.有些微生物能引發(fā)疾病，但不是所有的微生物都是有害的，如一些微生物可 用于工業(yè)發(fā)酵，

12、制作酒和醋等。Unit 41.The scienee of the effects of drugs on the body is called pharmacology, and the scientists who study it arepharmacologists. Pharmacology is not a scie nee that can be studied on its own, but that closely related to otherbranches of scienee. Pharmacologists should not onlyun dersta nd

13、the no rmal process that take place in the body, but know how the functions of the body are affectedby disease.研究藥物作用于人體的科學(xué)叫藥理學(xué)，研究這門學(xué)問(wèn)的科學(xué)家便是藥理學(xué)家。藥理學(xué)不 是一門能夠獨(dú)立研究的科學(xué)，而是與其它學(xué)科緊密相關(guān)的。藥理學(xué)家不僅要了解人體內(nèi) 進(jìn)行的正常反應(yīng)過(guò)程，還應(yīng)懂得機(jī)體功能是怎樣受疾病影響的。2.For physicians and medical students, the scope of pharmacology is not so expansiv

14、e as its com mon defi niti on.The cli nician is in terested primarily in drugs that are useful in the preve nti on, diag no sis, and treatme nt ofhuma n disease, or in the preve nti on of preg nan cy.醫(yī)生和醫(yī)學(xué)生對(duì)藥理學(xué)的理解和要求沒(méi)有其定義范疇那么廣泛。臨床醫(yī)生的主要興趣在于藥物對(duì)人類疾病的預(yù)防、診斷及治療，或者在避孕方面所起的作用。3.All physicia ns should share

15、the resp on sibility to resolve kinds of sociological problems caused by the abuse ofdrugs, properly used, drugs are great bless ing to mankind; improperly used, they could destroy human race.When a patient, particularly the elderly is prescribed freque ntly to take more tha n one therapeutic age nt

16、, drug interact ions result ing in toxicity will occur.所有醫(yī)生都應(yīng)該負(fù)起責(zé)任解決藥品濫用所引起的各種社會(huì)問(wèn)題。藥物用得恰當(dāng)，將是人 類的一大福音，用得不當(dāng)，則可能毀了人類。病人（特別是老年病人）經(jīng)常性使用一種 以上治療藥物的話，往往會(huì)發(fā)生產(chǎn)生毒性藥物的相互作用。4.At one time, it was essential for the physician to have broad botanical knowledge, because they had to possessthe ability and skill to sele

17、ct proper pla nts from which to prepare his own crude medici nal preparati ons.以前，醫(yī)師必須具備很廣泛的植物學(xué)知識(shí)，因?yàn)樗锰暨x適當(dāng)?shù)闹参锏哪芰图记桑⑺鼈冎苽涑珊?jiǎn)單的藥物制劑。5.The study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mecha ni sms of action is termed aspharmacody namics, whose uniquen ess lies mainly in that its

18、 atte nti on is focused on the characteristics of thedrug. As a broader scienee, it borrows freely from both the theories and experimental techniques of the drug. Asa broader scienee, it borrows freely from both the theories and experimental techniques of physiology, biochemistry, immuno logy, and p

19、athology.對(duì)藥物的生化生理作用及其活性機(jī)制的研究叫做藥效學(xué)，該學(xué)科的獨(dú)到之處主要在于其精品文檔關(guān)注的要點(diǎn)是藥物的特征。藥效學(xué)作為一門邊緣學(xué)科，大量借鑒了生理學(xué)、生物化學(xué)、 免疫學(xué)、病理學(xué)等學(xué)科的理論和實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)。Unit 51.To fight aga inst disease, the immune system gen erates prote ins known as an tibodies that bind to in vadi ngorga ni sms. But the real case is that the immune system is not to develo

20、p a specialized antibody each time it isfaced with a new pathogen. In fact, the immune system select the most effective one by mass scree ning of its antibody repertoire, thus ide ntify ingthe ones that work best.為了對(duì)抗疾病，免疫系統(tǒng)生成了被稱為抗體的蛋白質(zhì)，它們附著于入侵細(xì)菌。但實(shí)際情 況是免疫系統(tǒng)并不能在每次面對(duì)一個(gè)新的病原體時(shí)都制造出一種特殊的抗體；實(shí)際上， 免疫系統(tǒng)是通過(guò)對(duì)其

21、抗體庫(kù)的大規(guī)模篩選而確定最有效的抗體。2.In a process called comb in atorial chemistry, chemists gen erate a large nu mber of related compo unds and then scree n the collect ion for the ones that could have medici nal value.在一種被稱為“組合化學(xué)”的過(guò)程中，化學(xué)家們首先生成很多相關(guān)化合物，然后對(duì)它們 進(jìn)行篩選，來(lái)找到那些可能具有藥用價(jià)值的化合物。3.In a parallel synthesis, chemist

22、s often use a so-called microtiter plate to assemble all the products separately intheir own react ion vessels.在平行合成中，化學(xué)家們常常利用所謂的微量滴定盤將所有的產(chǎn)物都在其各自的反應(yīng)容 器中結(jié)集。4.A parallel syn thesis and a split-a nd-mix syn thesis are differe nt with that in a parallel syn thesis, all the productsare assembled separate

23、ly in their own reaction containers, while in a split-a nd-mix syn thesis, the related compounds are mixed up in the same react ion vessel, which reduces the nu mber of containers required.平行合成和分裂一混合合成的不同在于，在平行合成中每個(gè)化合物都留在自己的反應(yīng)器中，而在分裂一混合合成中，相關(guān)化合物都混合在同一容器中，這種方法極大地減少了 所需容器的數(shù)量。5.At the end of a split-an

24、d-mix synthesis, all the molecules attached to a single bead are foundto be of the same structure. Chemists pull out from the mixture the beads that bear biologically active moleculesand the n, use sen sitive detecti on tech niq ues to determ ine the molecular makeup of the compo und attached.在分裂一混合

25、合成過(guò)程結(jié)束時(shí)，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)所有附著于一個(gè)小珠上的分子結(jié)構(gòu)都一樣?；?學(xué)家們從混合物中分離出具有生物活性分子的小珠，然后利用靈敏的探測(cè)技術(shù)來(lái)確定附著的化合物的分子結(jié)構(gòu)。Un its 61.Plant n atural products have had, and con ti nue to have, an importa nt role as medici nal and pharmaceuticalagents, not only as purified isolates and extractives, but also as lead compo unds for syn thetic o

26、ptimizatio n.植物天然產(chǎn)物已經(jīng)并繼續(xù)擁有作為醫(yī)藥和藥劑的重要作用，不僅是純化的分離物提取 物，而且作為合成優(yōu)化的先導(dǎo)化合物。2.Pla nt sec on dary metabolites also show promise for cancer chemopreve nti on, which has bee n defined as“theuse of non-cytotoxic nutrients for pharmacological agents to enhance in tri nsic physiological mecha ni smsthat protect t

27、he orga nism aga inst muta nt clones of malig nant cells ”.植物次生代謝產(chǎn)物也有希望用于腫瘤化學(xué)預(yù)防， 即“利用無(wú)細(xì)胞毒營(yíng)養(yǎng)物或藥物增強(qiáng)內(nèi) 在生理機(jī)制以保護(hù)有機(jī)體，防止惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞的突變復(fù)制。3.Nevertheless, the vast majority of the world s quarter of a million plant species has not beenevaluated in pharmaceutical scree ns, and the small perce ntage that has bee n

28、tested hasgen erally bee n scree ned for activity aga inst only a few therapeutic targets.然而，世界上 25 萬(wàn)種植物的絕大部分還沒(méi)有進(jìn)行藥物篩選評(píng)價(jià)，一小部分已經(jīng)進(jìn)行測(cè) 試的也只是對(duì)很少幾種治療靶標(biāo)進(jìn)行了活性篩選。4.Although many sampli ng programs desig ned to gen erate large nu mbers of samples for high-throughput screening programs have bee n characterized

29、 as ran dom, it has bee n show n that they are neither truly random norhaphazard, but that sampling occurs without prec onceived select ion of species.盡管許多產(chǎn)生大量用于高通量篩選的樣品的采樣程序已經(jīng)具有隨機(jī)的特征，但是已有結(jié)果表明他們并不是隨機(jī)的， 也不是任意的，除非采樣是在沒(méi)有先入為主的種類選擇下進(jìn)行的。精品文檔5.Three main research approaches are used in drug discovery and d

30、evelopme nt processes: (1) bioactivity ormechanism of action-directed isolation and characterization of active compounds, (2) rational drug design-basedmodification and analog synthesis, and (3) mecha nism of action studies.在藥物發(fā)現(xiàn)和開發(fā)程序中應(yīng)用的三種主要思路是：生物活性或作用機(jī)制為導(dǎo)向的分離及活性化合物的鑒定，基于修飾或類似物合成的合理藥物設(shè)計(jì)，作用機(jī)制研究。Unit

31、 71. Absorption is the process of a drug entering systemic circulation from its site of administration.Except direct injection into the blood vessels, other routes of admi nistrati on invo Ive the transport of cell membra ne.吸收是藥物自用藥部位進(jìn)入血液循環(huán)的過(guò)程。除直接注入血管者外，一般的 給藥方法都要經(jīng)過(guò)細(xì)胞膜的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)。2. Drug absorption, especi

32、ally those orally administered drugs, depends on many factors, suchas the intrinsic characteristics of the drug, dosage form, food, patie nt age and the like.很多因素都可以影響藥物的吸收，特別是口服藥物的吸收，如藥物本身的性 質(zhì)，劑型，食物，患者年齡等。3. The distribution of a drug in the body is uneven and is in a state of dynamic equilibrium,

33、that is,it changes constantly with the absorption and elimination of the drug.藥物在體內(nèi)的分布多數(shù)是不均勻的，且處于動(dòng)態(tài)平衡狀態(tài)中，即隨藥物的吸 收與排泄不斷地變化著。4. After a drug enters the blood, it will more or less bind to plasma protein, but this binding isloose and reversible, and is always in a state of equilibrium.藥物進(jìn)入血液后或多或少地將與血漿蛋

34、白結(jié)合，但這種結(jié)合是疏松的，可逆 的，經(jīng)常處于動(dòng)態(tài)平衡。5. Bioavailability is the relative quantity and rate of drugs with different dosage forms which areabsorbed and reach the systemic circulati on; it is concerned with the inten sity and speed ofdrug acti on.生物利用度是指不同劑型的藥物能吸收進(jìn)入體循環(huán)的相對(duì)份量及速度。它與 藥物作用的強(qiáng)度與速度有關(guān)。Unit 81.Analytical

35、chemistry aims to resolve two questions: what it is and how much it is, that is qualitative an alysis andqua ntitative an alysis. Qualitative an alysis is to ide ntify the eleme nts, ions and compounds contained in asample while quantitative analysis is to determine the exact qua ntity.分析化學(xué)的核心任務(wù)在于解決

36、兩個(gè)問(wèn)題：一個(gè)是有什么；另一個(gè)是有多少，也就是定性 分析和定量分析。定性分析是指鑒別所含的物質(zhì)而定量分析是測(cè)定物質(zhì)的準(zhǔn)確含量。2.Analytical chemistry has expanded beyond the bounds of just chemistry, and many have advocated using thename analytical science to describe the field. Even this term falls shortof recog niti on of the role of in strume ntati on develop

37、me nt and applicati ons. One suggesti on is that we use theterm an alytical scie nce and tech no logy.分析化學(xué)的發(fā)展已經(jīng)超出了化學(xué)的邊界，因此有人提議用分析科學(xué)來(lái)描述這個(gè)領(lǐng)域。但 是，該名詞忽視了儀器發(fā)展和應(yīng)用的作用，有人建議使用“分析科學(xué)和技術(shù)”這一名詞。3.Analytical chemists work to improve the reliability of existing techniques to meet the dema nds for better chemicalmea

38、sureme nts which arise con sta ntly in our society. They adopt proven methodologies to new kinds ofmaterials or to answer new questions about their compositi on and their reactivity mecha ni sms.分析化學(xué)家致力于提高已有技術(shù)的可靠性以更好的滿足社會(huì)中頻繁出現(xiàn)的化學(xué)檢測(cè)的 需求。他們將已證實(shí)的方法學(xué)應(yīng)用于新型材料，或回答關(guān)于其組成及反應(yīng)機(jī)理的新問(wèn)題。精品文檔4.Qualitative tests may

39、be performed by selective chemical react ions or with the use of instrumentation. Forexample, the formation of a white precipitate when adding a solution of silver nitrate to a dissolved sampleindicates the presence of chloride. Infrared spectra willgive“ fin gerpri nts” of orga nic compohed surfcti

40、onal groups.定性鑒別可能通過(guò)選擇性的化學(xué)反應(yīng)或者儀器分析來(lái)完成。例如當(dāng)把硝酸銀溶液滴加到一份溶解樣品中， 生成白色沉淀就說(shuō)明了樣品中存在氯離子。 而紅外光譜可以給出有機(jī) 化合物或官能團(tuán)的“指紋”5.The first phase in the testing of banned substances is called fast-screening phase, in which qualitative analysissuch as GC or LC is adopted to test suspicious samples. In the second phase, GC-MS

41、 is employed for further testing of those suspicious samples. Fin ally, spectrophotometry or GC is applied for accurate qua ntificati on.違禁藥物檢查的第一階段稱作快速篩選階段，通常采用氣相色譜或液相色譜等定性分析方法檢查出可疑樣本；第二階段使用氣質(zhì)聯(lián)用對(duì)可疑樣本進(jìn)一步檢測(cè)；最后，應(yīng)用分光 光度法或氣相色譜進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確定量。Unit 91.The developme nt of a new therapeutic age nt in volves a multid

42、iscipli nary group in many years of work，and withthe developme nt of gen etic engin eeri ng and the product ion of monoclonal an tibodies, it is likely that evenmore age nts should be produced.新藥研發(fā)涉及多學(xué)科研究人員多年的共同研究成果，并且隨著遺傳工程學(xué)和單克隆抗體技術(shù)的發(fā)展，人們必將研制出更多新藥。2.The activity of biopharmaceuticals depends on the

43、ir complicated conformation based on sec on dary, tertiary andquater nary structures. These structures cannot be fully defi ned withour prese nt set of an alytical tech niq ues and approaches for pote ncy testi ng.生物藥劑的活性依賴于其二級(jí)、三級(jí)和四級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)上的復(fù)雜構(gòu)象，并且這些構(gòu)象采用目前的分析技術(shù)和方法還無(wú)法完全被確定并用于效能試驗(yàn)。3.Apart from the in tr

44、ave nous route of drug adm ini strati on, where a drug is in troduced directly in to the bloodcirculati on, all other routes of adm ini steri ng systemically acti ng drugs in volve the absorption of drug from theplace of administration into the blood.除了靜脈注射這一給藥途徑可以直接進(jìn)入血液循環(huán)外，所有其他全身性作用的藥物的給藥途徑都涉及藥物從給藥

45、地點(diǎn)吸收進(jìn)入血液的過(guò)程。4.Biopharmaceuticals are pharmaceutical products con sisti ng of (glyco) prote ins, and they have a nu mber ofcharacteristics that set them aside from low molecular weight drugs.生物藥劑是含有(糖)蛋白的藥物制劑，它們具有許多與小分子量藥物不同的特性。5.In safety testing and clinical test programs of biopharmaceuticals, que

46、stions have to be addressed regard ingspecies specific resp on ses, select ion of dos ing schedules and route of adm ini strati on, and the possibleoccurre nce of immunogen icity.在生物制劑安全性試驗(yàn)和臨床試驗(yàn)計(jì)劃中，必須將重點(diǎn)放在種屬特異性應(yīng)答、給藥途徑和給藥方案的選擇以及可能發(fā)生的免疫原性上。Unit 111.The information the package insert contains is derive

47、d from data supplied by investigators and submitted by thepharmaceutical firm to the FDA, including the chemical structure of the drug, a summary of its pharmacologicalthe toxicological action, its clinical indications and contrain dicati ons, precauti ons, reported adverse react ions,dosage recomme

48、 ndati ons, and available dosage forms.藥品說(shuō)明書中所包含的信息來(lái)自于調(diào)查人員提供的、由藥品生產(chǎn)廠家提交給FDA 的數(shù)據(jù)，包括藥品的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)、藥理/藥毒性能的概說(shuō)、臨床適應(yīng)癥和禁忌癥、注意事項(xiàng)，有報(bào)道的不良反應(yīng)、建議用量和可用劑型。2.The physicia n may exercise his professi onal judgme nt in the use of any drug. However, if he deviates from thein structi ons in the package in sert and adverse r

49、eact ions occur, he must be prepared to defe nd his positi on incourt if there is a malpractice suit.3.If a severe reacti on occurred and litigati on followed, how would a court react if a physicia nadmitted to the use of this drug for the treatment of some diseases in view of the prohibitions in th

50、e package insert?精品文檔Would the published clinical study, plus the physician sjudgme nt in prescrib ing the drug, suffice?4.The FDA cannot require a pharmaceutical firm to include a new use for the drug product in the insert even if it hasbeen clinically tested and found useful for a given problem. But, if a new use for a drug is not yet i