沖壓類外文翻譯、中英文翻譯沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)

1、附件1:外文資料翻譯譯文沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)于汽車行業(yè)與電子行業(yè)，各種各樣的板料零件都是有各種不同的成型工藝所生產(chǎn)出來(lái)的，這些均可以列入一般種類“板料成形”的范疇。板料成形（也稱為沖 壓或壓力成形）經(jīng)常在廠區(qū)面積非常大的公司中進(jìn)行。如果自己沒有去這些大公司訪問(wèn)，沒有站在巨大的機(jī)器旁，沒有感受到地面的 震顫，沒有看巨大型的機(jī)器人的手臂吧零件從一個(gè)機(jī)器移動(dòng)到另一個(gè)機(jī)器，那么廠 區(qū)的范圍與價(jià)值真是難以想象的。當(dāng)然，一盤錄像帶或一部電視專題片不能反映出 汽車沖壓流水線的宏大規(guī)模。站在這樣的流水線旁觀看的另一個(gè)因素是觀看大量的 汽車板類零件被進(jìn)行不同類型的板料成形加工。落料是簡(jiǎn)單的剪切完成的，然后進(jìn) 行不同類

2、型的加工，諸如：彎曲、拉深、拉延、切斷、剪切等，每一種情況均要求 特殊的、專門的模具。而且還有大量后續(xù)的加工工藝，在每一種情況下，均可以通過(guò)諸如拉深、拉延 與彎曲等工藝不同的成形方法得到所希望的得到的形狀。根據(jù)板料平面的各種各樣的受應(yīng)力狀態(tài)的小板單元體所可以考慮到的變形情形描述三種成形，原理圖1描述的是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的從圓坯料拉深成一個(gè)圓柱水杯的成形過(guò)程。圖1板料成形一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的水杯拉深是從凸緣型坯料考慮的，即通過(guò)模具上沖頭的向下作用使材料被水平拉深。一個(gè)凸緣板料上的單元體在半徑方向上被限定，而板厚保持幾乎不變。板料成 形的原理如圖2所示。拉延通常是用來(lái)描述在板料平面上的兩個(gè)互相垂直的方向被拉長(zhǎng)的板料

3、的單 元體的變形原理的術(shù)語(yǔ)。拉延的一種特殊形式，可以在大多數(shù)成形加工中遇到，即平面張力拉延。在這種情況下，一個(gè)板料的單元體僅在一個(gè)方向上進(jìn)行拉延，在拉 長(zhǎng)的方向上寬度沒有發(fā)生變化，但是在厚度上有明確的變化，即變薄。圖2板料成形原理板忖帳力備延rr彎曲時(shí)當(dāng)板料經(jīng)過(guò)沖模，即沖頭半徑加工成形時(shí)所觀察到的變形原理，因此在定向的方向上受到改變，這種變形式一個(gè)平面張力拉長(zhǎng)與收縮的典型實(shí)例。在一個(gè)壓力機(jī)沖程中用于在一塊板料上沖出一個(gè)或多個(gè)孔的一個(gè)完整的沖壓3所示。模具可以歸類即制造商標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化為一個(gè)單工序沖孔模具，如圖fflfl圖3典型的單工序沖孔模具I?IJ|1>1 下模座2、5導(dǎo)套3 凹模4 導(dǎo)桿6彈

4、壓卸料板7 凸模8 托板9 凸模護(hù)套10 扇形塊11 固定板12 凸模固定板13 墊塊15 階梯螺釘16 上模座17 模柄任何一個(gè)完整的沖壓模具都是有一副（或多副的組合）用于沖制工作的（沖壓） 零件組成，包括：所有的支撐件部分與模具的工作部分零件，即構(gòu)成一副沖模。沖 壓（術(shù)語(yǔ)）通常將完整壓制工具的凹模（母模）部分定義為模具。導(dǎo)桿，或?qū)е前惭b在下模座上的。上模座則安裝有用于導(dǎo)桿滑動(dòng)的導(dǎo)套, 分別裝有導(dǎo)套與導(dǎo)桿的上模座與下模座組合成為木架。模架有許多規(guī)格與結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 用于商業(yè)銷售。安裝在上模座上的凸模固定裝置固定兩個(gè)凸模（模具中的突出部分），這兩個(gè) 圓形凸模則通過(guò)插入在卸料板上的導(dǎo)套進(jìn)行導(dǎo)向。套

5、筒，或凸模護(hù)套，是用來(lái)保護(hù) 沖頭，以免在沖壓過(guò)程中被卡住。在沖穿工件材料后，兩個(gè)沖頭便進(jìn)入到凹模一定 距離。凹模（母模）部分，即凹模，通常是由插入模具體內(nèi)的兩個(gè)模具導(dǎo)套組成的。因?yàn)闆_頭的直徑是被沖孔的直徑所要求的，所以有一定間隙的凹模直徑是大于沖頭 直徑的。由于工件材料坯料或工件在沖制回程時(shí)與沖頭附連在一起，所以把材料從沖頭上剝離是必需的。彈壓卸料板則保持沖頭在沖制工件回程時(shí)縮回，使工件與工件剝 離。一個(gè)沖制的工件通常是留在漏料槽內(nèi)的，漏料槽是由包含整個(gè)零件外輪廓的平板組成。模座是由銷釘支撐板以及其他的滑塊下行程時(shí)定位的擋料塊等定位的。彎曲時(shí)一種最常見的成形工序。當(dāng)我們僅將目光移至汽車或電器上

6、的部件，或一個(gè)剪紙機(jī)或檔案柜上時(shí)，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)許多零件都是由彎曲成形的。彎曲不僅可以用 來(lái)成形法蘭、接頭、波紋，也可以提高零件的強(qiáng)度（通過(guò)增加零件的慣性矩）疔曲L彎曲容許范國(guó)材料縮進(jìn)1歹二7彎陸半已斤圖4彎曲術(shù)語(yǔ)彎曲中所用的術(shù)語(yǔ)，如圖4所示，應(yīng)該注意的是，在彎曲中材料的外纖維是處 于拉應(yīng)力狀態(tài)，而材料的內(nèi)纖維則處于壓應(yīng)力狀態(tài)。由于泊松比原因，在外部區(qū)域 的零件（彎曲長(zhǎng)度L ）是小于原始寬度，處于內(nèi)部區(qū)域的則比原始寬度大。這種現(xiàn) 象可在彎曲一個(gè)矩形的橡膠板擦?xí)r容易觀察到的。最小彎曲半徑對(duì)于不同的金屬是變化的。一般而言，各種退火的金屬板在沒有 斷裂或變?nèi)醯那疤嵯拢梢詮澢梢粋€(gè)等同金屬板厚的半徑。隨著

7、R/T比值的減少（彎曲半徑對(duì)厚度的比值變?。饫w維的拉應(yīng)力增加，材料最終斷裂（參見圖 5）。圖5泊松效應(yīng)不同材料的最小彎曲半徑參考表 1,他通常是按照不同板厚來(lái)表示的，諸如:2T, 3T, 4T 等。表1在室溫狀態(tài)下各種材料的最小彎曲半徑材料狀態(tài)軟硬鋁合金06T釹青銅合金，釹合金04T黃銅，低鉛02T鎂5T13T鋼奧氏體不銹鋼0.5T6T低碳鋼，低合金鋼，高強(qiáng)度鉛合金0.5T4T鈦0.7T3T鈦合金2.6T4T注：T材料厚度。彎曲容許范圍，是指彎曲中的中性線（層）的長(zhǎng)度，用來(lái)確定彎曲零件的坯料長(zhǎng)度。然而，中性線（層）的位置是喲彎曲角度（正如在材料力學(xué)課本中所描述）來(lái)決定的。彎曲容許范圍（Lb

8、）的近似的公式為:Lb= aR+kT)式中：Lb彎曲容許范圍，毫米;a彎曲角度（弧度），度;T金屬板厚，毫米;R彎曲內(nèi)層半徑，毫米;k當(dāng)半徑RV 2T時(shí)為0.33,當(dāng)半徑R>2T時(shí)為0.50。彎曲方式通常用于沖壓模具。金屬鋼板或帶料，由V形支撐，參見圖6 （a）在楔形沖頭的沖壓力作用下進(jìn)入 V形模具內(nèi)彈簧加載壓花銷和零件之間的摩擦將會(huì)防止或減少零件在彎曲期間的邊緣滑移。棱邊彎曲，參見圖6 （b）是懸臂橫梁式加載方式，彎曲沖頭對(duì)相對(duì)支撐的凹模上的金屬施加彎曲力。彎曲軸線是與彎曲模具的棱邊相平行的。在沖頭接觸工件之前，為了防止沖頭向下行程的位移，工件則被一個(gè)彈性加載墊片加緊模具體上。沖模X/

9、ii5）淆觸式模具彎曲方式彎曲力的大小是可以通過(guò)對(duì)一根矩形橫梁的簡(jiǎn)單彎曲的工藝過(guò)程的確定來(lái)估 算。在此情況下的彎曲力是材料強(qiáng)度的函數(shù)，此彎曲力的計(jì)算式為:P 水lsT/w式中：P彎曲力，噸（對(duì)于米制使用單位，噸乘以8.896數(shù)值以得到千牛頓單位）；K模具開啟系數(shù)：16倍材料厚度（16T）時(shí)的開啟系數(shù)為1.20，8倍材料厚度（8T）時(shí)的開啟系數(shù)為1.33;L零件長(zhǎng)度，英寸；S極限張力強(qiáng)度，噸/平方英寸;WV或U形模具的寬度，英寸;T材料厚度，英寸。對(duì)于U形彎曲（槽形彎曲），彎曲力大約是V形彎曲所需要的彎曲壓力的兩倍, 棱邊彎曲則大約是V形彎曲所需要的彎曲壓力的1/2。回彈。所有金屬材料均有一個(gè)固

10、定的彈性模量，隨之而來(lái)的是塑性變形，當(dāng)施加在材料上的彎曲力消除時(shí)就會(huì)有一些彈性恢復(fù)（見圖7）。在彎曲過(guò)程中這種恢復(fù) 稱為回彈。一般而言，這樣的回彈在0.5。5°之間變化，取決于固定的彈性模量、 彎曲方式、模具間隙等。磷青銅的回彈則在 10°15°之間。圖7彎曲中的回彈減少或消除在彎曲工序中回彈方法可以根據(jù)下列工藝方法進(jìn)行，如圖8所示,在彎曲模具中產(chǎn)生的零件也可以通過(guò)等同回彈角度彎曲模上挖凹?；驈椥跃彌_式彎曲模而被過(guò)度彎曲來(lái)減少或消除回彈。Ij)圖8減少或消除回彈的方法從應(yīng)用角度來(lái)說(shuō)，有許多類型的壓力機(jī)，諸如：閉式雙點(diǎn)偏心軸單動(dòng)機(jī)械壓力 機(jī)，沖壓成形機(jī)，液壓成形壓力

11、機(jī)，液壓機(jī)，彎板機(jī)，三動(dòng)式壓力機(jī)，沖模回轉(zhuǎn)壓 力機(jī)，雙點(diǎn)壓力機(jī)，雙邊齒輪驅(qū)動(dòng)壓力機(jī)，雙點(diǎn)單動(dòng)壓力機(jī)，臺(tái)式壓力機(jī)，切邊壓 力機(jī)，閉式單動(dòng)（曲柄）壓力機(jī)，肘桿式壓力機(jī)，單點(diǎn)單動(dòng)壓力機(jī)，開式雙柱可傾 壓力機(jī)，開式壓力機(jī)，四點(diǎn)式壓力機(jī)，四曲柄壓力機(jī)，飛輪式螺旋壓力機(jī)，摩擦傳 動(dòng)螺旋壓力機(jī)，閉式雙點(diǎn)單動(dòng)雙曲柄壓力機(jī)，搖臂式壓力機(jī)螺旋式壓力機(jī)和上傳動(dòng) 板料沖壓自動(dòng)壓力機(jī)等。附件2:外文原文Sta mping Die Desig nThe wide variety of sheet metal parts for both the automobile and electronic in dustries

12、is p roduced by nu merous forming p rocesses that fall into the gen eric category of "sheet-metal forming". Sheet-metal forming ( also called stamping or pressing )is ofte n carried out in large facilities hun dreds of yards long.It is hard to imagine the scope and cost of these facilities

13、 without visiting an automobile factory, sta nding n ext to the giga ntic mach in es, feeli ng the floor vibrate, and watch ing heavy duty robotic manipu lators move the p arts from one machi ne to ano ther.Certa inly, a videota pe or televisi on sp ecial cannot convey the scale of today's autom

14、obile sta mping lin es. Ano ther factor that one sees sta nding n ext to such lines is the nu mber of differe nt sheet-formi ng op erati ons that automobile pan els go through. Bla nks are created by simple shearing, but from then on a wide variety of bending, drawing, stretching, cropping , and tri

15、m ming takes pl ace, each requiri ng a sp ecial, custom-made die.Despite this wide variety of sub-processes,in each case the desired shapes are achieved by the modes of deformati on known as draw ing, stretchi ng, and bending. The three modes can be illustrated by con sideri ng the deformati on of s

16、mall sheet eleme nts subjected to various states of stress in the plane of the sheet. Figure 1 con siders a simple formi ng p rocess in which a cyli ndrical cup is p roduced from a circular bla nk.Figure 1 Sheet forming a simple cupDraw ing is observed in the bla nk flange as it is being draw n hori

17、z on tally through the die by the dow nward action of the pun ch. A sheet eleme nt in the flange is made to elon gate in the radial directi on and con tract in the circumfere ntial direct ion, the sheet thick ness remai ning app roximately con sta nt Modes of sheet formi ng are show n in Figure2.Dra

18、winBenJnieJJ一疔rr(7r7| 去6Figure2 Modes of sheet formingPlane strain stTcichmtzjStretchi ng is the term usually used to describe the deformati on in which an eleme nt of sheet material is made to elon gate in two perpen dicular direct ions in the sheet plane. A special form of stretching, which is enc

19、ountered in most forming operations, is plane strain stretchi ng. In this case, a sheet eleme nt is made to stretch in one directi on only, with no cha nge in dime nsion in the direct ion no rmal to the direct ion of elon gati on but a defi nite cha nge in thick ness, that is, thi nning.Bending is t

20、he mode of deformati on observed whe n the sheet material is made to go over a die or punch radius, thus sufferi ng a cha nge in orie ntatio n. The deformati on is an exa mple of plane stra in elon gati on and con tract ionA comp lete p ress tool for cutt ing a hole or multi-holes in sheet material

21、at one stroke of the press as classified and standardized by a large manufacturer as a single-station p ierc ing die is show n in Figure3.Any comp lete p ress tool, con sisti ng of a p air( or a comb in ati on of pars ) of mat ing member for p roduc ing p ressworked (st mpedp arts, in cludi ng all s

22、upporting and actuat ing elements of the tool, is a die. P ressworki ng term ino logy com mon ly defi nes the female part of any comp lete p ress tool as a die.The guide pins, or po sts, are moun ted in the lower shoe. The upper shoe contains bush ings which slide on the guide pins. The assembly of

23、the lower and upper shoes with guide pins and bushi ngs is a die set. Die sets in many sizes and desig ns are commercially available. The guide pins are show n in Figure 3.Figure3 Typ ical sin gle-stati on die for piercing hole1 Lower shoe 2,5 Guide bushi ngs 3 Cavity pl ate 4 Guid pin 6 Sprin g-loa

24、ded stripper 7 Punch 8 Support pl ate 9 Punch bush ing 10 Fan-sha ped block 1 Fixedp late 12 Pun ch-holder plate 13- Backi ng plate 14 Spring 15 Ste pping bolts16 Upper shoe 17- ShankA punch holder moun ted to the upper shoe holds two round pun ches (male members of the die) which are guided by bush

25、ings inserted in the stripper. A sleeve, or quill, en closes one punch to p reve nt its buckli ng un der p ressure from the ram of the p ress.After pen etrati on of the work material, the two pun ches en ter the die bush ings for a slight dista nee.The female member, or die, con sists of two die bus

26、h ings in serted in the die block.Si nee this p ress tool pun ches holes to the diameters required, the diameters of the die bush ings are larger tha n those of the pun ches by the amount of cleara nee.Si nee the work material stock or work pi ece can cling to a punch on the up stroke, it may be n e

27、cessary to stri p the material from the pun ch. Sprin g-loaded stri ppers hold the work material aga inst the die block un til the pun ches are withdraw n from the pun ched holes. A work piece to be pi erced is common ly held and located in a nest (Figure 2-3) compo sed of flat p lates sha ped to en

28、 circle the outside part con tours. Stock is p ositi oned in dies by pins, blocks, or other types of stops for locat ing before the dow nstroke of the ram.Bending is one of the most com mon formi ng op erati ons. We merely have to look at the components in an automobile or an app lia nce-or at a pap

29、er clip or a file cab in et-to app reciate how many p arts are sha ped by bending. Bending is used not only to form flanges, seams, and corrugations but also to impart stiffness to the part ( by increasing its mome nt of in ertia ).The terminology used in bending is shown in Figure 4. Note that, in

30、bending, the outer fibers of the material are in tension, while the inner fibers are in comp ressi on.Because of the Po iss on's ratio, the width of the part (be nd len gth, L) in the outer regi on is smaller, and in the inner regi on is larger tha n the orig inal width. This phenomenon may easi

31、ly be observed by bending a recta ngular rubber eraser.Mi nimum bend radii vary for differe nt metals, gen erally, differe nt ann ealed metalscan be bent to a radius equal to the thickness of the metal without cracking or weakening. As R/T decreases(the ratio of the bend radius to the thickness beco

32、mes smaller), the ten sile strain at the outer fiber in creases, and the material eve ntually cracks (Figure 5).Bend anelcSelbackFigure 4 Bending term ino logyBend allowanceLengthofbend, La ； Bend radius,/?'、廣IV- .' . . .:，塗,八.K ： - r yRolling directionRolling directionNo cracksFlongatcd inc

33、lusions (stringers)(a) Parallel with bending direction (b) Vertical with bending directionFigure5 Po iss on effectThe minimum bend radius for various materials is give n in Table 1 and it is usuallyexp ressed in terms of the thick ness. such as 2 T, 3 T, 4T.Table 1 Minimum bend radius for various ma

34、terials at room temp eratureMaterialCon diti onSoftHardAlumi num alloys06TBeryllium copper04TBrass,low-leaded02TMagn esium5T13TSteelsAuste nitic sta nl ess0.5T6TLow-carbo n,lowalloy,HSLA0.5T4TTitan ium0.7T3TTitanium alloys2.6T4TNote :Tthick ness of materialBend allowa nee as show n in Figure 4 is th

35、e len gth of the n eutral axis in the bendand is used to determ ine the bla nk len gth for a bent p art. However, the p ositi on of then eutral axis depends on the radius and an gle of bend (as described in texts on mecha nicsof materials).A n app roximate formula for the bend allowa nee. Lb is give

36、 n byLb=a (町 kT)Where Lbbend allowa nee, in (mm).abend an gle, (radia ns) (deg).Tsheet thick ness, in (mm).Rin side radius of bend, in (mm).k0.33 whe n R is less than 2T and 0.50 whe n JR is more than 2T.Bend methods arc com monly used in p ress tool. Metal sheet or stri p, supp ortedby-V bockFigure

37、 6(a),is forced by a wedge-sha ped punch into the block. This method,termed V bending, p roduces a bend hav ing an in cluded an gle which may be acute, obtuse,or 90°.Fricti on betwee n a sprin g-loaded kn urled pin in the vee die and the part willp reve nt or reduce side cree p of the part duri

38、 ng its bending.Edge bending Figure 6(b) is can tilever load ing of a beam. The bending punchforces the metal aga inst the supporting die. The bend axis is p arallel to the edge of the die.The work piece is cla mped to the die block by a sprin g-loaded pad before the punchcon tacts the work pi ece t

39、o p reve nt its moveme nt duri ng dow nward travel of the punch.Punch(b) Wiping dief a) V dueFigure 6 Bending methods11DieBending Force can be estimated by assu ming the p rocess of simple bending of arectangular beam. The bending force in that case is a function of the strength of the material. The

40、 calculatio n of bending force is as follows:2P=KLST /WWhere P-be nding force, tons (for metric usage, mult ip ly nu mber of tons by 8.896 to obta in kil on ewt on s).Kdie opening factor: 1.20 for a die opening of 16 times metal thick ness,1.33 for an opening of 8 times metal thick ness.Llen gth of

41、p art, in.Sultimate ten sile stre ngth, tons per square in.Wwidth of V or U die, i n.Tmetal thick ness, in.For U bending (channel bending) pressureswill be approximately twice thoserequired for V bending, edge bending requires about one-half those needed for V bending.Springback in that all materials have a finite modulus of elasticity, plasticdeformati on is followed, whe n bending p ressure on metal is removed, by some elas