英語閱讀練習(xí)2議論文閱讀

1、議論文的閱讀方法和技巧議論文也就是說理性的文章，一般由論點(diǎn)，論據(jù)和論證過程組成。議論文都要提出論題，觀點(diǎn)，提供充 分的證據(jù)（evidence）,使用一定的邏輯方法證明觀點(diǎn)或得出結(jié)論。閱讀議論文我們要抓住題，抓住作者提出的觀點(diǎn)，給出的例證及最后得出的結(jié)論。抓住了論題，抓住了 觀點(diǎn)，我們就把握住了文章的中心，再結(jié)合作為論據(jù)的諸多事例和理由之間以及他們和觀點(diǎn)、結(jié)論之間的 內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，我們就能理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。因此，閱讀議論文的關(guān)鍵是：抓論題，抓觀點(diǎn)。看看下面一篇例文1）The twentieth century saw greater changes than any century before ch

2、anges for the better, changes for the worse, changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger. Many things caused the changes, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science.Scientific research in physics and biology has vastly broadened our

3、views. It has given us a deeper knowledge of the structure of matter and of the universe, it has brought us a better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous development. Technology in the application of science has made big advances that have benefited us in nearly every part of li

4、fe.The continuation of such activities in the twenty-first century will result in even greater advantages to human beings: in pure science a wider and deeper knowledge in all fields of learning; in applied science a more reasonable sharing of material benefits, and better protection of the environme

5、nt.Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and production of weapons of mass destruction has created a real danger to the continued existence of the huma

6、n race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons. Although their actual use has so far occurred only in the Second World War, the number of nuclear weapons that were produced and made ready for use was so large that if the weapons had actually been used, the result coul

7、d have been the ruin of the human race, as well as of many kinds of animals.William Shakespeare said. "The web of our life is of a mingled yarn (紗線),good and ill together. "Theabove brief review of the application of only one part of human activities science seems to prove what Shakespeare

8、 said. But does it have to be so? Must the ill always go together with the good? Are we biologically programmed for war?72. Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?(=Paragraph 1, ®=Paragraph 2, (3)=Paragraph 3, =Paragraph 4, =Paragraph 5)73. From the fourth paragraph, we

9、can infer that .A. a great many nuclear weapons were actually used for warB. a large number of nuclear weapons should have been used for warC. the author is doubtful about the ruin of human beings by nuclear weaponsD. the author is anxious about the huge number of nuclear weapons on the earth74. The

10、 underlined word "mingled" in the last paragraph most probably means.A. simple B. mixed C. sad D. happy75. What do you think the author is most likely to suggest if he continues to write?A. Further application of science to war.B. More reading of William Shakespeare.C. Proper use of scienc

11、e in the new century.D. Effective ways to separate the good from the ill.2）Beauty has always been regarded as something praiseworthy. Almost everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable jobs. Personal advisors give them better advice fo

12、r finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants. But in the executive （主管的）circle, beauty can become a liability.While attractiveness is a positive factor for a man on his way up the executive ladder, it is harmful to a woman.Handsome male executives were considered having more hones

13、ty than plainer men; effort and ability were thought to lead to their success.Attractive female executives were considered to have less honesty than unattractive ones; their success was connected not with ability but with factors such as luck.All unattractive women executives were thought to have mo

14、re honesty and to be more capable than the attractive female executives. Interestingly, though, the rise of the unattractive overnight successes was connected more to personal relationships and less to ability than that of the attractive overnight successes.Why are attractive women not thought to be

15、 able? An attractive woman is considered to be more feminine has an advantage in traditionally female jobs, but an attractive woman in a traditionally manly position appears to lack the manlyw qualifies required.This is true even in politics, When the only clue is how he or she looks, people treat m

16、en and women differently, “ says Anne Bowman, who recently published a study on the effects of attractiveness on political candidates （候選人）.She asked 125 undergraduate students to rank two groups of photographs, one of men and one of women, in order of attractiveness. The students were told the phot

17、ographs were of candidates for political offices. They were asked to rank them again, in the order they would vote for them.The results showed that attractive males completely defeated unattractive men, but the women who had ranked most attractive unchangeably received the fewest votes.60. The word

18、liability " most probably means.A. disadvantage B. advantage C. misfortune D. trouble 69. In traditionally female jobs, attractiveness.A. makes women look more honest and capableB. strengthens the feminine qualities requiredC. is of great importance to womenD. often enables women to succeed qui

19、ckly61. Bowman 's experiment shows that when it comes to politics, attractivenessA. turns out to be a disadvantage to menB. is more of a disadvantage than an advantage to womenC. affects men and women alikeD. has as little effect on men as on women62. It can be inferred from the passage that peo

20、ple's views on beauty are often,A. practical B. supportive C. old ? fashioned D. one - sided63. The author writes this passage to.A. give advice to job - seekers who are attractiveB. discuss the disadvantages of being attractiveC. demand equal rights for womenD. state the importance of appearanc

21、e3）It may help you to know that there is no such thing as a perfect speech . At some point in every speech, every speaker says something that is not understood exactly as he has planned . Fortunately, the moments are usually not obvious to the listeners. Why ? Because the listeners do not know what

22、the speaker plans to say. They hear only what the speaker does say. If you lose your place for a moment, wrongly change the order of a couple of sentences, or forget to pause at a certain point, no one will be any the wiser . When such moments occur, don 't worry about them, Just continue as if

23、nothing happened .Even if you do make an obvious mistake during a speech, that don't really matter. If you have everlistened to Martin Luther King 's famous speech “I have a dream ”, you may notice that he stumble （結(jié)巴） his words twice during the speech . Most likely, however, you don 't

24、remember . Why? Because you were fixing your attention on is message rather than on his way of speech-making. People care a lot about making mistakes in a speech because they regard speech-making as a kind of performance rather than as an act of communication. They feel the listeners are like judges

25、 in an ice-skating competition. But, in fact,the listeners are not looking for a perfect performer. They are looking for a well-thought-out speech that express the speaker's ideas clearly and directly . Sometimes a mistake or two can actually increase a speakers' attractiveness by making him

26、 more human .As you work on your speech, don 't worry about being imperfect . Once you free your mind of this, you will find it much easier to give your speech freely .46. The underlined part in the first paragraph means that no one willA. be smarter than youB. notice your mistakesC. do better t

27、han youD. know what you are talking about47. You don 't remember obvious mistakes in a speech because .A. your attention is on the contentB. you don 't fully understand the speechC. you don 't know what the speaker plans to sayD. you find the way of speech-making more important48. It can

28、 be inferred from the passage that .A. giving a speech is like giving a performanceB. one to two mistakes in a speech may not be badC. the listeners should pay more attention to how a speech is madeD. the more mistakes a speaker makes, the more attractive he will be49. What would be the best title o

29、f the passage?A. How to Be a Perfect SpeakerB. How to Make a Perfect SpeechC. Don't Expect a Perfect SpeechD. Don't Expect Mistakes in a Speech50. Which of the following statements is true?A. If you are careful enough, you can make a perfect speech .B. Speech-making is a kind of performance

30、.C. Martin Luther King is not a good speaker .D. Listeners are not judges and they pay more attention to the message .4)the way people hold to the belief that a fun-filled, pain free life equals happiness actually reduces their chances of ever attaining real happiness, if fun and pleasure are equal

31、to happiness then pain must be equal to unhappiness. but in fact, the opposite is true: more often than not things that lead to happiness involve some pain.as a result, many people avoid the very attempts that are the source of true happiness. they fear the pain inevitably brought by such things as

32、marriage, raising children, professional achievement, religious commitment (承擔(dān)的義務(wù)),self-improvement.ask a bachelor (單身漢)why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and less satisfying. if he is honest he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment. for commitment is in

33、fact quite painful. the single life is filled with fun, adventure, excitement. marriage has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features.couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night 's sleep or a three-day vacation. i don 't know any parent who would choose

34、the word fun to describe raising children. but couples who decide not to have children never know the joys of watching a child grow up or of playing with a grandchild.understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations. it liberates t

35、ime: now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. it liberates money: buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless. and it liberates us from envy: we now understand that all those who are always

36、 having so much fun actually may not be happy at all.31. according to the author, a bachelor resists marriage chiefly because.a) he is reluctant to take on family responsibilitiesb) he believes that life will be more cheerful if he remains singlec) he finds more fun in dating than in marriaged) he f

37、ears it will put an end to all his fun adventure and excitement32. raising children, in the author 's opinion, is.a) a moral dutyb) a thankless jobc) a rewarding taskd) a source of inevitable pain33. from the last paragraph, we learn that envy sometimes stems from.a) hatredb) miSUNderstandingc)

38、prejudiced) ignorance34. to understand what true happiness is one must.a) have as much run as possible during one 's lifetime b) make every effort to liberate oneself from pain c) put up with pain under all circumstancesd) be able to distinguish happiness from fun35. what is the author trying to

39、 tell us?a) happiness often goes hand in hand with pain.b) one must know how to attain happiness. c) it is important to make commitments.d) it is pain that leads to happiness.5)We are all interested in equality, but while some people try to protect the school and examination system in the name of eq

40、uality, other, still in the name of equality, want only to destroy it.Any society which is interested in equality of opportunity and standards of achievement must regularly test its pupils. The standards may be changed no examination is perfect but to have to tests or examinations would mean the end

41、 of equality and of standards. There are groups of people who oppose this view and who do not believe either in examinations or in any controls in school or on teachers. This would mean that everything would depend on luck since every pupil would depend on the efficiency, the values and the purpose

42、of each teacher.Without examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to them a form of favouritism will replace equality. At the moment, the bright child from an ill respected school can show certificates to prove he or she is suitable for

43、 a job, while the lake of certificate indicates the unsuitability of a dull child attending a well respected school. This defend of excellence and opportunity would disappear if examinations were taken away, and the bright child form a poor family would be a prisoner of his or her school s reputatio

44、n, unable to compete for employment with the child from the favoured school.The opponents of the examination system suggest that examinations are an evil force because they show differences between pupils. According to these people, there must be no special, different, academic class. They have even

45、 suggested that there should be no form of difference in sport or any other area: all jobs or posts should be filled by unsystematic selection. The selection would be made by people who themselves are probably selected by some computer.82. The word favouritism " in paragraph 3 is used to descri

46、be the phenomenon that.A. bright children also need certificates go get satisfying jobs.B. children from well respected schools tend to have good jobsC. poor children with certificates are favoured in job marketsD. children attending ordinary schools achieve great success83. What would happen if exa

47、minations were taken away according to the author?A. Schools for bright children would lose their reputation.B. There would be more opportunities and excellence.C. Children from poor families would be able to change their schools.D. Children's job opportunity would be affected by their school re

48、putation.84. The opponents of the examination system will agree that.A. jobs should not be assigned by systematic selectionB. computers should be selected to take over many jobsC. special classed are necessary to keep the school standardsD. schools with academic subjects should be done away with85.

49、The passage mainly focuses on.A. schools and certificatesB. examination and equalityC. opportunity and employmentD. standards and reputation5. The underlined word reputation " means.A. successful achievement B. good title C. strict management D. fame6）Can you imagine traveling to work in a one-

50、man submarine（潛水艇）? Some scientists believe that someday one-man submarines will be as many as automobiles（ 汽車）,One day soon, men will walk on the ocean floor as they do on the street! ” Perhaps during your lifetime people will travel, work and live in the sea.If human beings want to live in the oce

51、an, many human problems will need to be studied first. Some of these problem, similar to those of living in outer space, are pressure, lack of oxygen（氧氣）and weightlessness. Many questions are still unanswered. For example, can our blood make itself fit for underwater surroundings? What will happen t

52、o our muscle if we live in the water very long? Scientists are looking for answers.Perhaps in the future man will live in the sea, away from the crowded and noisy cities on land. Then sea has plenty of space, not only for floating living buildings and parks, but also for storing supplies and for und

53、erwater travel .Some scientists believe that ocean living will benefit man in more than physical ways. In the freedom and beauty of the deep sea, man may find new sources of joy.1. according to the passage, which of the following is true?A. human beings can now freely walk on the ocean floor just li

54、ke walking on the streetB. man will live in the sea just like living on the earth in timeC. there are as many submarines as automobiles in the oceanD. a famous French driver found a safe way to travel to the ocean floor 2. if human being want to live in the ocean,.A. problem such as pressure,lack of

55、 oxyen and weightlessness have to be solved.B. People have to answer many questions asked by scientistsC. Underwater surroundings must be improved to fit the human bodiesD. Human muscle must be exposed in the water for a long time3. which of the following might not be the reason for the people who w

56、ant to live in the ocean?A. the sea has plenty of spaceB. the cities on land are crowded, noisy and pollutedC. ocean living will do good to them in physical ways and spiritual waysD. there are communities and parks on the ocean floor4. what does the word adjust "in the second para mean? A. to g

57、et used toB. make it work betterC. admitD. assist in5. what's the best title of the passage?A. the use of one-man submarineB. living things in the oceanC. ocean livingD. beauty of ocean floor閱讀中該解決的一些問題一、長句、難句理解的突破近年來，高考英語閱讀材料的語言結(jié)構(gòu)趨于復(fù)雜化，主要表現(xiàn)在長、難句的增加，各種復(fù)雜句式、特殊句式的綜合使用（其中復(fù)合形式、同位形式、插入形式、并列轉(zhuǎn)折形式、省略形式較

58、為常見） 。下面的方法能幫助同學(xué)們快捷準(zhǔn)確地理解句子的中心意思：.找句子的主干（主語+謂語+ ）可通過分析句子成分、暫略修飾成分、跳過插入語等方式直接找到句子主謂結(jié)構(gòu)或主謂賓等結(jié)構(gòu)，達(dá)成對句子主要意思的理解。常見的修飾成分有介詞短語、分詞短語、動詞不定式和從句等。另外，要特別注意的是一定要讀完整句（到句號）。例子：1. The Olympic Games to take place in Beijing next month is certain to be a great success.主干： The Olympic Games is certain to be a success.2.

59、Nobel, who became rich by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday.（09廣東）主干:Nobel died yesterday.3. She wished that he was as easy to please as her mother , who was always delighted with perfume. （09廣東）主干： She wished that he was easy to please.4. But Jane knew from her past experience that her choice of t