初中名詞講解與練習(xí)

1、初中語法一一名詞教學(xué)內(nèi)容；名詞的構(gòu)成，復(fù)數(shù)及所有格。教學(xué)目標(biāo)：掌握名詞的的復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)則及不規(guī)則變化，名詞所有格的構(gòu)成。教學(xué)重難點(diǎn)：名詞的復(fù)數(shù)不規(guī)則變化，名詞所有格的構(gòu)成，及主謂一致。教學(xué)過程：一名詞：（一）、英語名詞可分專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類：1、專有名詞是個別的人、地、物、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等的專用名稱。專有名詞中實(shí)詞的第一個字母要大寫。如：Beijing, Tom, the People ' s Republic of China（中華人民共和國）專有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語，則必須使用定冠詞the。如：the Great Wall（長城） 姓氏名如果采用復(fù)數(shù)形式，則表示該姓氏一家人（復(fù)

2、數(shù)含義），如：the Greens（格林一家人）。2、普通名詞是許多人或事物的共有名稱。如： pupil, family, man, foot.普通名詞又分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞?？蓴?shù)名詞可分為個體名詞和集體名詞，是可以用簡單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計數(shù)的名詞，如：box,child, orange ;不可數(shù)名詞可分為物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞，是不可以用簡單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計數(shù)的名詞。如： water, news, oil, population, information .（二）、英語可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)：英語可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。1、名詞由單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的基本方法如下：在單數(shù)名詞詞尾力口 So 如： map f m

3、aps,boyf boys,horse f horses, table f tables.s,o,x,sh,ch 結(jié) 尾 的 詞 力口 es.如：class fclasses, boxf boxes, herofheroes,dish fdishes, bench fbenches.注:少數(shù)以o結(jié)尾的詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時只加So如：photo - photos, piano - pianos.以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i,再加es。如：family -families, cityfcities,party fparties.以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞，變f或fe為v,再加es。如：shelf -she

4、lves, wolf -wolves, life flives, knifefknives.2、不規(guī)則變化：1）元音發(fā)生變化如man-men（男人），woman-women心女）tooth-teeth（牙齒），foot-feet（ 腳）mouse-mice（老鼠）policeman-policemen（警察）policewoman-policewomen（ 女警察）2）詞尾發(fā)生變化。如 child-children（ 小孩），ox-oxen（公牛）3）單、復(fù)數(shù)形式相同。如 fish-fish（ 魚）,sheep-sheep（綿羊）,deer-deer（鹿）,chinese-chinese（ 中

5、國人）,yuan-yuan（元）,jinn-jinn（ 斤）注意 不說 an english ,要說 an englishman.不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，說明其數(shù)量時，要用有關(guān)計量名詞。如：a bag of rice -two bags of rice, a piece of paperfthree pieces of paper, a bottle of milk -five bottles of milk.4）形似單數(shù)，實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)意義。如 people（人，人們）these people （ 不說 a people，可說 a person）police（ 公安，警察）ten police

6、（ 不說 a police ，可說 a policeman）5）由manffi womarf勾成的合成名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)將名詞及manE womarWB變成復(fù)數(shù)。如 a man driver-men drivers（ 男司機(jī) ）a woman doctor-women doctors （ 女醫(yī)生 ）6） 合成名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時，通常只將里面所含的主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。如 passer-by-passers-by（ 過路人 ）bus driver-bus drivers（ 汽車司機(jī) ）注意如果沒有主體名詞，就在最后一詞上加 -s 。如：grown-up-grown-ups（ 成年人）letter-box-le

7、tter-boxes （信箱 ）注意 hair 和 fruit 通常作單數(shù)， 表示總體。 若表示若干根頭發(fā)或若干種水果， 則需用這兩個詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。如 would you like some more fruit你要不要再吃點(diǎn)水果we bought a lot of fruit from the market.我們從市場上買了許多水果，china has some good frits. 中國有一些好的水果。 （ 指種類 ）she has a few white hairs. 她有幾要白頭發(fā)。his black hair is going white.他的黑發(fā)逐漸變成灰白色。注意wind ,s

8、now 和 rain 這類詞，有時也可以有復(fù)數(shù)形式，表示多次的風(fēng)、雪或雨。注意以boy 和 girl 開頭的復(fù)合名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)時，一般只把后一名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)。如 boy student-boy students（男學(xué)生）girlfriend-girlfriends（ 女朋友）7） 有些名詞只有作復(fù)數(shù)。如 scissors（ 剪刀 ）a pair of scissors（ 一把剪刀 ）trousers（ 褲子 ）shorts（ 短褲 ）jeans（ 工裝褲 ）compasses（ 兩腳規(guī) ）scales（ 天平 ）sunglasses（ 太陽鏡 ）surroundings（ 環(huán)境 ）savings（

9、 儲 蓄 ）writings（ 作品 ）名詞+man（womanJ成的復(fù)合名詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式通常與簡單名詞一樣，即把man（woman收成men（women。）如 englishman-englishmen（ 英國人 ）frenchwoman-frenchwomen（ 法國婦女 ）注意 german不是復(fù)合詞，它的復(fù)數(shù)是 germans。（ 三 ） 、名詞所有格：名詞所有格表示所屬關(guān)系 , 相當(dāng)于物主代詞, 在句中作定語、賓語或主語。其構(gòu)成法如下：（1）表示人或其它有生命的東西的名詞常在詞尾加So如：Childern ' s Day（兒童節(jié)）,mysister s book（ 我姐姐的書

10、 ）（2） 以 s 或 es 結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。只在詞尾加。如： Teachers Day（ 教師節(jié) ）（3） 有些表示時間、距離以及世界、國家、城鎮(zhèn)等無生命的名詞 , 也可在詞尾加 s. 如：today s newspaper（ 今天的報紙）, ten minutes break（ 十分鐘的課間休息 ）,China s population（ 中國的人口 ）.（4） 無論表示有生命還是無生命的東西的名詞 , 一般均可用介詞 of 短語來表示所有關(guān)系。 如：a fine daughter of the Party（ 黨的好女兒）.不規(guī)則變化（ 四） 、 注解 ：s還可以表示某人的家或者某個店鋪，

11、如：my aunt' s（我阿姨家）,the doctor ' s（診 所） 兩人共有某物時，可以采用 A and B' s的形式，如：Lucy and Lily ' s bedroom（露西和 麗麗合住的臥室）“of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”，稱為雙重所有格，如：a friend of myfather ' s（我父親的一位朋友）, a friend of mine（ 我的一位朋友）4、名詞或代詞作主語時和謂語之間的單復(fù)數(shù)的一致問題：1、謂語和謂語基本保持單復(fù)數(shù)的一致, 即：主語是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式： 如： The c

12、omputer wasa great invention.（ 計算機(jī)是個了不起的發(fā)明 ）The water in the glass is very cold.（ 玻璃杯里的水很冷）2、集體名詞（ 如 family, class, team, group, row, police, school等） 做句子主語時 ,如果表示整體概念, 則謂語用單數(shù)形式 , 如： Class Three is a very good class.（ 三班是好班）如果表示其中的所有成員時, 則謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式 , 如： Class Three have a map of China.（ 三班有張中國地圖 ）3、 C

13、hinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people 等表示單個時謂語用單數(shù), 表示許多時, 謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。如： There is a sheep in the yard.（ 院子里有只綿羊） / There are some sheepin the yard.（ 院子里有一些綿羊）4、maths, news等雖然有s結(jié)尾，但不是復(fù)數(shù)，因此謂語仍用單數(shù)：The newsis very exciting.（ 這個消息令人興奮）5、 glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves 等名詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)形式, 故謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。如：The trousers

14、 are very cheap and I want to take them.（褲子很便宜 , 我想買 ）6、 a lot of 后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)時謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式 , 跟不可數(shù)名詞時謂語用單數(shù)形式。如： A lotof students are playing baseball now.（ 現(xiàn)在有許多學(xué)生在打壘球） A lot of time waswasted on that work.（ 大量的時間花在了那個工作上）（ 被動句 ）7、 and 連接兩個名詞做主語時 , 謂語原則上用復(fù)數(shù), 但是兩個名詞若構(gòu)成一個整體事物時, 謂語則用單數(shù)。如： The teacher and his son

15、are picking apples now.（ 老師和他的兒子在摘蘋果 ） / Fish and chips is very famous food. （魚和薯?xiàng)l是一種出名的食品 ）8、 there be 句型中 be 的單復(fù)數(shù)一般由靠近的名詞決定。如： There is a table and four chairs in the room.（ 房間里有一張桌子和四張椅子）9、用both and連接兩個事物做主語時，謂語一般用復(fù)數(shù)。如： Both you and I arerequired to be here tomorrow.（ 你和我明天要求都來）10、主語中含有 with 的短語時

16、 , 謂語單復(fù)數(shù)由 with 之前的人物決定。如： A woman with a7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. （一名婦女帶著一個七歲的孩子（當(dāng)時 ） 就站在路邊）11、either。廠或者neither門口廠連接兩個人物做句子主語時，謂語采用就近原則。如： Either you or he is right.（ 要么是你對, 要么是他對。 / 你和他有一個人是對的 ） / Neitheryou nor I am going there.（ 你和我都不打算去那里）12、 表示一段時間或長度概念的復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語時, 謂

17、語一般用單數(shù)。 如： Twomonths is nota short time.（ 兩個月不是個短時間 ）Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance（ 距 離 ）.（ 兩千千米是相當(dāng)長的一段距離）13、主語中含有half of/ （three quarters）of / all （of） the .等詞語時,謂語的 單復(fù)數(shù)由名詞確定, 如： Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is inEnglish.（ 因特網(wǎng)上四分之三以上的信息是用英語寫的 ） / A third

18、 of the students wereplaying near the lake.( 學(xué)生的三分之一( 當(dāng)時 ) 正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in theserivers has been polluted.( 這些河流中的水已經(jīng)被污染了 )( 被動句 )但是 ,population 一詞又有特殊情況：What s the population of China( 中國人口是多少 )( 句子用單數(shù)) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs( 阿拉伯人 ).( 這個城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯

19、人)( 句子用復(fù)數(shù))Step2: 練習(xí)初中英語名詞練習(xí)題一、選擇正確的答案()1. Are those - No, they aren t. They re .A. sheep ; cowsB. sheep ; cowC. sheeps ; cowD.sheeps ; cows(), I m quite thirsty. Please give me .A. two orange B. two bottles of orange C. two bottles orange D. two bottlesof oranges() have got _ news from my friend. Do

20、 you want to knowA. a very goodB. any C. a piece ofD. two pieces() room is on the 5th floor.( . Lucy and LilyB. Lucy and Lily sC. Lucy s and LilyD.Lucy s and Lily s( ) morning Mr. Smith takes a to his office.A. 20 minutes walk B. 20 minute s walkC. 20 -minutes walk D. 20-minute walk( ) is James Alla

21、n Green. We can call him .A. Mr. GreenB. Mr. AllanC. Mr. JamesD. James Green() and Tom are .A. good friendsB. good friend C. a good friendD. good a friend() s only about ten walk to the nearest post office.A. minutes B. minute s C. minutes D. minute() often has for breakfast.A. two breadsB. two piec

22、e of breadsC. two pieces of bread D. twopieces of breads(). Green has two . They re very bright.A. childsB. childC. childrens D. children() di d the headmaster say about Jim s .A. two months holiday B. two months holidayC. two- month holiday D. two month s holidays() won t go there with you, for I h

23、ave a lot of to do.A. works B. jobC. work D. working() Lei is a friend of _.A. I sisterB. mysister sC. mesisterD.my sister of() you read A. today sB. today paper C. the today s paper D.today s paper() many _ are there in the roomA. boxes B. box C. boxs D. boxxes() have been built in our city since 1

24、987.A. factorysB. factories C.factoryesD. factorys() are lots of _ in the basket on the table .A. tomatos B. tomato C. tomatoes D. tomatoss() cat caught two _ last night.A. mouses B. mice C. mouse D. mices() went to have two _ pulled out yesterday afternoon.A. tooths B. tooth C. teeth D. toothes() o

25、ur school there are fifty-five _.A. womenteachers B. womanteachers C. womenteacherD. woman steacher() three _ will be put into prison.A. thiefs B. thief C. thieves D. thiefs 二、基本型寫出下列名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：1. pencil-box 2. wife 3. Sunday4. city5. dress 6. Englishman 7. match 8. Chinese 9. zoo 10. exam11. German 12

26、. I have a lot of （ 作業(yè) ） to do every day.13. His （ 褲子 ） are new, but mine are old.14. It is the best one of the （照片 ） in my family.15. Are they building any （ 圖書館 ） in the city16. Can you cut this big pear into two （半 ）17. At the end of （ 八月 ）, you must get ready for the new school year.18. Trees ar

27、e planted in most of the mountain v.19. I like a. It s neither hot nor cold.20. Tcomes after Monday.、提高型1st is Day all over the world.A. Child s B. Childs C. Children sD. Childrens 10th is _ Day in China, isn t itA. Teacher sB. Teachers C. TeacherD. Teacher of is made of .A. Glass; glassB. A glass;

28、glassC. Glasses; glasses D. A glass; glasses is news.A. such a good B. a very good C. so good a D. such good it is! Let s go swimming.A. a fine weatherB. fine dayC. a fine dayD. bad weather like Chinese .A. food and peoples B. foods and people C. foods and people D. food and people and I go to schoo

29、l every day.A. on feetB. on footC. by footsD. by buses8. 一 Are those- No, they aren ' t. They ' re.A. sheep; cowsB. sheep; cowC. sheeps; cow D. sheeps; cows9. What are you listening to, Jane or A. a music; a newsB. music; newsC. music; newsD. music; a news many and are there in your classA.

30、boy student; girl onesB. girls students; boys onesC. boys student; girl oneD. girl students; boy ones group of are talking with two _ over there.A. Frenchmen; GermansB. Frenchmen; GermenC. German; FrenchmenD. Germans; Frenchmans12. That bus driver drank two .A. glass of waterB. glasses of watersC. c

31、ups of teaD. cup of tea13. Mrs. Smith is an old friend of .A. Bob s motherB. Bob s mother sC. mother of BobD. Bob mother s14. The tall man with a big nose is teacher.A. Tom and CarlB. Tom s and Carl sC. Tom and Carl s15. There is tree in our school.A. a 8-metres-tallB. an-8-metre-tallC. an 8 metres

32、tall、綜合型time, those mountains will be covered with trees.B. a few years C. few years D. a few year s2. Did you hear the reportA. policeB. policemen s C. policemans D. policemens 3. We bo ught for my mother s birthday.A. some meatsB. some pieces meatC. a piece of meatD. pieces of meats4. 一 Whose is t

33、his new desk- It ' s.A. Sue and Jim sB. Sue and JimC. Sue s and Jim s5. - Would you like coffee- No, thanks. I ' ve drunk two _.; bottles of orangeB. little; bottle of orangesC. some; bottles of orangeD. a few; bottle of orange6. - How many do you want-Two, please.A. kilos of eggB. kilo of e

34、ggsC. kilos of eggsD. kilo of bread7. The railway station is two from our house.A. hour s drive B. hours driveC. hour -drive D. hours drive8. - Where are you going, Lucy-.A. To my uncleB. To my uncle sC. At my uncleD. At my uncle s9. Have you read A. a newspaper of today s B. today newspaperC. today

35、's newspaper10. There re a lot of _ down there, but hardly any _.A. horse; peopleB. horses; peoplesC. cow; peopleD. sheep; people11. Lucy put a lot of in of tea. （2000西安 ）A. sugar; the two cupB. sugars; the two cupsC. sugar; the two cupsD. sugars; two cups12. Mr. Lin often gives us by e-mail. （2

36、000上海 ）A. some good informationB. some good informationsC. good informationsD. a good information13. - Is this your room- No, it ' s room.（2000 廣州）A. box of appleB. boxes of applesC. box of apples D. boxes of apple17. - Help yourself to some.-Thank you. I really like them.（2001 汕頭 ）A. fishB. ora

37、ngeC. breadD. cakes18. This is an old photo of mine when I . （2001吉林 ）A. have short hairs B. had short hairsC. have short hair D. had short hair19. Where is sweater I can t see it.（2001 四川 ）A. LucyB. LucysC. Lucy s20. The little baby has two already.（2001天津 ）A. toothB. toothsC. teethD. teeths21. We

38、all had last month. Did you travel to anywhereA. seven days holidayB. seven day s holidayC. seven-days holidayD. a seven-days holiday22. Yesterday a few came to visit some in Shantou.A. German; places of interestB. Germans; places of interestsC. Germans; places of interestD. Germen; places of intere

39、st23. When autumn comes, of most trees turn yellow and then fall down.A. leafB. leafsC. leave D. leaves(四)鞏固練習(xí)() 1. She was very happy. She in the maths test.A. makes a few mistakeB. made a few mistakesC. made few mistakesD. makes few mistake() 2. We need some more. Can you go and get some, pleaseA.

40、 potatoB. potatospotatoesD. potatoe() 3. are for cutting things.A. Knife/usedB. Knives/usedKnife/usingD. Knives/using() 4. What bigthe tiger has!A. toothB. teethtoothsD. toothes() 5. Please remember to give the horse some tree.A. leafsB. leavesleafD. leave() 6 .-Can we have some -Yes, please.A. bana

41、naB. orangesappleD. pear( ) 7. On the table there are five.A. tomatosB. piece of tomatoestomatoesD. tomato( ) 8. They got much from those new books.A.ideasphotosC. informationstories( ) 9. He gave uson how to keep fit.A. someadvices B. some adviceC. an advicea adviceC.C.C.C.C.C.B.D.D.() 10. When we

42、saw his face, we knewwas bad.A. some newsB. a newsC. thenewsD. news() 11 -Would you like tea-No, thanks. I have drunk two.A. any, bottles of orangebottles of orangeC. many, bottles of orangesB. some,D. few, bottle of oranges() 12. He is hungry. Give him to eat.A. two breadsB. twopiece of breadC. two

43、 pieces of breadD. two pieces ofbreads () 13. It really took him to draw the nice horse.A. sometimesB. hourC. longtimeD. some time() 14. I would like to have.A. two glasses of milkB. two glass of milkIC. two glasses of milksD. two glassof milks () 15. Can you give me A. a teaB. some cup of tea C. a

44、cupteaD. a cup of tea() 16. Please give me paper.A. oneB. a pieceC.aD. a piece of() 17. John bought for himself yesterday.A. two pairs of shoesB. two pairof shoeC. two pair of shoesD. two pairs shoes() 18. -How many have you got on your farm-I've got five.A. sheepsB. sheepC.pigD. chicken( ) 19.

45、Some came to our school for a visit that day.A. GermansB. GermenC.GermanyD. Germanies( ) 20. In the picture there are manyand two.A. sheep; foxesB.sheeps; foxesC. sheeps; foxD.sheep;foxs () 21. A group ofwill visit the museum tomorrow.A. HungarianB. AustralianC.JapaneseD. American() 22. This table i

46、s made of.A. many glassB. glassesC. someglasses D. glass () 23. -What would you like to have for lunch, sir-I'd like.A. chickenB. a chickenC.chickensD. the chicken() 24. Children should makefor old people in a bus.A. roomB. a roomroomsD. the room() 25. Tables are made of.A. woodB. some woodsC.C.

47、() 26. I wonder why are so interested in action (A. peopleB. peoplespeopleD. the peoples() 27. I have readof the young writer.A. worksB. workworksD. the works() 28. Let's meet at 7: 30 outside the gate ofA. the People's ParkC. the People Park () 29. If these trousers are too big, buy a small

48、erA. setB. onepieceD. pair() 30. Last week I bought a TV.A.pair.setC. pieceblock() 31. There is aof wood left on the ground.A. cupB. pieceboxD. pair() 32. There are sixty-sevenin our school.A. women's teacher武打片 ) films.C.C.B. the Peoples'D. People's ParkthethisParkC.B.D.C.B. women teach

49、erswoodenD. woodsC. woman teachersD. women teacher() 33. There are five in our factory.A. woman driver B. women driverC. woman drivers D. women drivers() 34. These were sent to the villages to help the farmers.A. women doctor B. women doctors C. woman doctors D. woman doctor() 35. They write most of

50、 theirin English.A. business letter B. business letters C. businessesD.businesses letters() 36. We came to a at last and went into it.A. watch shopB. watches shopC. watchingshopD. watchs shop() 37. This shop sells apples, bananas and things like these. It's a.A. food shopB. book shopC. fruitshopD. vegetable shop() 38. She broke a while she was washing up.A. glass of wineB. glass for wineC. glasswineD. wine glass() 39. I've forgotten both of the.A. room numbers B. rooms numberC. rooms numbers D. room number() 40. -Is the broom under desk-No,