高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)名詞性從句

1、名詞性從句在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句(Noun Clauses)。名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組,它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語(yǔ)法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱為主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。根據(jù)從句在句子中的功能分根據(jù)從句的性質(zhì)分定語(yǔ)從句形容詞性從句主語(yǔ)從句名詞性從句賓語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句狀語(yǔ)從句副詞性從句第一節(jié)知識(shí)點(diǎn)講解【主語(yǔ)從句】顧名思義，主語(yǔ)從句在句子中作主語(yǔ)。有時(shí)本身出現(xiàn)在主語(yǔ)的位置上，也有時(shí)出于句子結(jié)構(gòu)的考慮退到句子的尾 部，前面用形式主語(yǔ)it代替。從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般為單數(shù)形式。如 ：What I saw

2、 was beyond any verbal description.That his hair was turning grey worried him a bit.Why the company denied the contract is still unknown.When and where the government will build a city square is under discussion.It is pretty annoying that a small part of the machine is missingIt remains to be seen w

3、hether the new novel will be well receivedTips:主語(yǔ)從句的that絕對(duì)不能省去。因?yàn)榫渥邮遣荒茏鲋髡Z(yǔ)的，故用 that引導(dǎo)。若去掉則沒有了主語(yǔ)，而賓語(yǔ)從句的 that可省。:That he is right is known to all of us.賓語(yǔ)從句： We all know (that) he is right.1. It作形式主語(yǔ)和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較為了防止句子，通常把it放在主語(yǔ)位置，真正主語(yǔ)擱置于句耒一It作形式主語(yǔ)代替主語(yǔ)從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對(duì)句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，無(wú)論

4、強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時(shí)也可用who/whom。例如：a) It is a pity that you didn' t go to seelhe看1那場(chǎng)電影真可惜。b) It doesn ' t interest me whether you succeed or我對(duì)你成功與否不感興趣。c) It is in the morning that the murder took place. 謀殺案是在早上發(fā)生的。(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)d) It is John that broke the window.是 John 打碎的窗戶。(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)2.用it作形式主

5、語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)It is +名詞+從句It is a fact that事實(shí)是 It is an honor that非常榮幸It is common knowledge that是常識(shí)(2) It is + 形容詞 + 從句It is natural that很自然 It is strange that奇怪的是It is +不及物動(dòng)詞+從句碰巧It seems that 似乎It happened thatIt appears that似乎4 4) It +過(guò)去分詞 + 從句It is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道 It has been proved that 已證實(shí) It i s sai

6、d that 據(jù)說(shuō) 5 .主語(yǔ)從句不可位于句首的五種情況：(1) if引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。(2) It is said /reported 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：正確表達(dá)：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)： That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.(3) It happens/occurs 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：正確表達(dá)：It occurred to him that he f

7、ailed in the examination.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)： That he failed in the examination occurred to him.(4) It doesn' t matter how/whether 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：正確表達(dá)：It doesn ' t matter whether he is wrong or not.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)： Whether he is wrong or not doesn' t matter.(5)含主語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句是疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：正確表達(dá)：Is it likely that it

8、 will rain in the evening?錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Is that will rain in the evening likely?4. what與that在引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別that則不然。例如:what引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)在句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，如主語(yǔ).賓語(yǔ).表語(yǔ)，而a) What you said yesterday is right.b) That she is still alive is a consolation二.【賓語(yǔ)從句1 賓語(yǔ)從句就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語(yǔ)的名詞性從句，通常放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(及物動(dòng)詞)或介詞之后。We assumed that there would

9、be more than 100 guests.He told the police in detail what he saw and heard.Nobody is sure what humans wi11100k like in a million years.That will depend on whether they can get the chance.Whether will have the time I am not sure at the moment.The conductor complained that we were not gifted in singin

10、g and that he would never come again.1 .作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)(1)由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句(that通?？梢允÷?，例如：I heard that be joined the army. 我聽說(shuō)他參軍了。(2)由what, whether (if)引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，例如：a) She did not know what had happened.她不知道發(fā)生了什么。b) I wonder whether you can change this note for me. 我想知道你是否能幫我改下筆記。(3)動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)從句。例如：She told me th

11、at she would accept my invitation.她對(duì)我說(shuō)她會(huì)接受我的邀請(qǐng)。2 .作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，例如：Our success dependsupon how well we can cooperate with one another. 我們的成功取決于我們之間的合作。3 .作形容詞的賓語(yǔ)，例如:I am afraid （that） I ' ve madistake.我恐怕我已經(jīng)犯了一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。注意：that 弓I導(dǎo)的從句常跟在下歹U形容詞后作賓語(yǔ)：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, gl

12、ad, proud,surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以將此類詞后的 that從句的看作原因狀語(yǔ)從句。4 . it可以作為形式賓語(yǔ)it不僅可以作為形式主語(yǔ)，還可以作為形式賓語(yǔ)而真正的賓語(yǔ)that從句則放在句尾，特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的句子中。例如：We heard it that she would get married next month.我聽說(shuō)她下個(gè)朋就會(huì)結(jié)婚了。5 .后邊不能直接跟that從句的動(dòng)詞這類動(dòng)詞有

13、allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive 等。這類 詞后可以用不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，但不可以用that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：正確表達(dá)：I admire their winning the match.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：I admire that they won the match.6 .不可用that從句作直接賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有些動(dòng)詞不可用于動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+ that從句 結(jié)構(gòu)中，常見的有 envy, order（命令），accuse, refu

14、se, impress, forgive,blame, denounce （公開才旨責(zé)）,advise, congratulate 等。 例如：正確表達(dá)： He impressed the manager as an honest man.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)： He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.7 .否定的轉(zhuǎn)移若主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為 think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy （想象）,guess, imagine 等， 其后的賓語(yǔ)從句若含 有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語(yǔ)上，從句

15、謂語(yǔ)用肯定式。例如：I don ' t think this dress fits you well我認(rèn)為這件衣服不適合你穿?！颈碚Z(yǔ)從句】表語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作表語(yǔ)的名詞性從句，放在系動(dòng)詞之后，一般結(jié)構(gòu)是主語(yǔ)+連系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)從句可以接表語(yǔ)從句的連系動(dòng)詞有 be, look, remain (留下、保持、依然),seem等。引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的that?？墒÷?。另外，常用的還 有 the reason is that 和 It is because 等結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a s

16、hort time.2) This is why we can ' t get the support of the people.3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四.【同位語(yǔ)從句】同位語(yǔ)從句就是在復(fù)合句中作名詞的同位語(yǔ)的名詞性從句。1 .同位語(yǔ)從句的功能同位語(yǔ)從句 對(duì)于名詞進(jìn)一步解釋，說(shuō)明名詞的具體內(nèi)容，一般由that引導(dǎo)，例如：1) The king '

17、; s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2 .同位語(yǔ)在句子中的位置同位語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)可以不緊跟在它所說(shuō)明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開。例如：He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3 .同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別(1) .同位語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句相似，二者都有先

18、行詞。同位語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)先行詞的進(jìn)一步陳述，和先行詞是同等的關(guān)系，含義相同。定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)先行詞的修飾或限制。(2) .同位語(yǔ)從句表示先行詞的內(nèi)容是什么，進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞之間是所屬關(guān)系，表示“的起修飾作用。(3) .同位語(yǔ)從句的“that不能省略。定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞“that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略。(4)同位語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是一個(gè)含有概念的抽象名詞，從句對(duì)這一概念進(jìn)行展開或說(shuō)明。同位語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句的異同與辨析。1 .正確使用同位語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)連詞；2.正確運(yùn)用同位語(yǔ)從句的先行詞；3.能正確認(rèn)識(shí)并正確翻譯同位語(yǔ)從句。同位語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句比較練習(xí)1. I heard about the

19、news that he got a full mark in this examination. （同位語(yǔ)從句）2. This is good news that I heard from Mary.（定語(yǔ)從句）3. He can ' t answer the question how he got the money同位語(yǔ)從句）4. This is an easy question that he answered in class.（定語(yǔ)從句）五.【連接代詞、連接副詞和連接詞】通過(guò)以上介紹，我們可以看出，四種名詞性從句都需要有一個(gè)連接性詞在從句的開頭。這個(gè)詞是什么性質(zhì)，要看它 在

20、從句中作作的成分，如果作的是主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)的話，這個(gè)詞就是連接代詞；如果作的是各種狀語(yǔ)，就叫連接副詞； 如果不作任何成分，就叫連接詞。引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞：連接詞 that, if, whether連接代詞： who, whom, what, whose, which, whichever, whatever, whoever連接副詞 when, where, how, why第二節(jié)考點(diǎn)分類解析【考點(diǎn)一：語(yǔ)序問(wèn)題】名詞性從句的語(yǔ)序：永遠(yuǎn)陳述語(yǔ)氣。即名詞性從句中不會(huì)出現(xiàn)助動(dòng)詞提前的現(xiàn)象。如：Who he is doesn ' t matter much.When and where

21、we shall have the sports meet is a question.t know what is the matter with him.I don ' t know what his name is.I don ' t know what is wrong with him. = I donYou can ' t imagine how excited I was at that time.Can you tell me what size shoes you wear?No one can be sure in a million years.

22、( MET1991 )A. what will man look likeB. what man will look likeC. man will look like whatD. what look will man like【考點(diǎn)二：that和what的區(qū)別問(wèn)題】能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的關(guān)系代詞有who, whom, what, whose, which, whichever, whatever, whoever八個(gè)。為何單獨(dú)講what的用法呢？重要！在考試中出現(xiàn)的頻率高！在本書第一章定語(yǔ)從句中，我們提到過(guò)，what是不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的。定語(yǔ)從句中如果缺少的成分是主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)，我們選擇的是

23、關(guān)系代詞that或其他?，F(xiàn)在山頭換了，到了名詞性從句的知識(shí)范圍了。What在名詞性從句中 就很有用武之地了。還是分析成分，what在從句中作的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)。而that只是一個(gè) 連接詞”，既不作什么成分，也沒有什么意義。如:What you did doesn ' t agree with whapyomised.What he couldn ' t understand was why his teacher was never satisfied with him.The matter of salary is what I care most if I decide t

24、o change my profession.What we can ' t get always seems better than what we have already got.I think that your composition is no better than his.That you don ' t love her is not my business.What we have seen is different from.A. we heardB. we have heard C. what we heard D. what we have heard

25、答案：D。我們應(yīng)該可以看出這是個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。從句中hear是個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，缺少賓語(yǔ)。所以，應(yīng)該選有what引導(dǎo)的從句。而不能是that或者省略了 that的情況。I couldn ' t agree with at the meeting.A. that you saidB. which you saidC. all what you saidD. what you said答案：D。與上一題相同，這也是一個(gè)考查賓語(yǔ)從句的題目。從句中的say是個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，缺少賓語(yǔ)。所以，應(yīng)該選擇what引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。但是，這個(gè)題目最容易錯(cuò)的選項(xiàng)是C。因?yàn)橛行┩瑢W(xué)會(huì)認(rèn)為all是先行詞，而后面時(shí) what引

26、導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。但是，what是不引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的。所以，C根本就是不存在的?！究键c(diǎn)三：that和whether的區(qū)別問(wèn)題】有時(shí)候，它們兩個(gè)比較難以區(qū)別，因?yàn)?，它們都是連接詞，都在從句中不作成分。但是，它們之間最大的區(qū)別在 于 意義"。即that在從句中既不作成分，也沒有自己的意義；而 whether就不同了。它雖然不在從句中作什么成分，但 是它又意義，即 是否”。這就能夠左右從句的意思，使從句所表達(dá)的意思變成一個(gè)還沒有確定的因素。如：I don t'know whether he can join us or not.I ' m sure that he can joi

27、n us.It is none of your business whether I love her.It is none of your business that I don' t love her.綜上所述，區(qū)分that還是whether,重要一點(diǎn)就是看主句需要從句表達(dá)一個(gè)什么意思，是確定的，還是不確定的；是 事實(shí)還是疑問(wèn)。前者選that,后者選whethero如：I have no doubt Mr. Johnson will make it here on time.A. that B. whetherC. why D. whenNo one can be sure the

28、 board will accept our conditions.A. that B. whetherC. why D. what【考點(diǎn)四：if和whether的區(qū)別問(wèn)題】二者在引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)都有是否”之意。但并不是永遠(yuǎn)可以互換。一般認(rèn)為，二者可以互換的環(huán)境也只有在賓語(yǔ)從句中。如：He didn ' t give us explicit reply whether/if he will attend our wedding ceremony.而在介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句中，在主語(yǔ)從句中，在表語(yǔ)從句中，在同位語(yǔ)從句中，在和不定式搭配的結(jié)構(gòu)中等等，習(xí)慣上只 能用 whethero如：1. we &

29、#39; ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. 1996)A. IfB. Whether C. ThatD. Where2. The question of they are old or young is not important.A. which B. whether C. how D. if3. The question is the film is worth seeing.A. ifB. whatC. whether D. how4. He doesn ' t know to stay or not.A. ifB. w

30、henC. whetherD. how5. The news our team has won the match is unknown.A. whichB. ifC. whetherD. then值得注意的是：有些資料依然強(qiáng)調(diào)if不能與or not搭配的問(wèn)題。過(guò)去有過(guò)這樣的規(guī)定，只是在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中，已經(jīng)不再?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)了而已。現(xiàn)在認(rèn)為ifor not也可以接受。【考點(diǎn)五：wh-詞和wh-ever的區(qū)別問(wèn)題】一般認(rèn)為，wh-詞在引導(dǎo)從句時(shí)，依然保留了很大部分的疑問(wèn)詞的本色，所以，它們引導(dǎo)的從句在意思上應(yīng)該表達(dá) 的是一個(gè) 問(wèn)題”，如：誰(shuí)？什么？何時(shí)？何地？為何？怎么？ ”等。而wh-ever已經(jīng)沒有這層色

31、彩，不再關(guān)心這樣的問(wèn)題”，而是充滿了讓步的意味，多有無(wú)論.”之意。如：The police wanted to know who will benefit most from the old man' s death.警方想知道誰(shuí)將從老人的去世中受益最多。Whoever will benefit from the old man' s death will be questioned by the police.能從老人的去世之中受益的所有人都將受到警方的盤問(wèn)。Who will be sent to help the people in the flooded areas ha

32、sn' t been announced.誰(shuí)將被派往洪災(zāi)區(qū)去救援還沒有宣布。Whoever will be sent to work in the flooded areas will spare no effort to helpthe people in need.不管是誰(shuí)被派往災(zāi)區(qū)救援都會(huì)全力以赴地幫助災(zāi)民?！究键c(diǎn)六：no matter wh-和wh-ever的區(qū)另U問(wèn)題】二者都有 無(wú)論.”之意。在引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)確實(shí)可以互換，沒有什么區(qū)別。但是， no matter wh-只能引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句，不能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。Wh-ever則二者兼收，來(lái)去自由。由此包含與被包含的關(guān)系決定，二

33、者同時(shí)出現(xiàn)而必選其一時(shí)，答案肯定是wh-ever。如：Whoever breaks the rules will be punished.（主語(yǔ)從句 ）Whoever/ No matter who breaks the rules, he/she will be punished.（ 狀語(yǔ)從句 ）Don' t believe whatever he tells you.（賓語(yǔ)從句）Don' t believe him, whatever/ no matter what he tells you.（狀語(yǔ)從句 ）【考點(diǎn)七：名詞性從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣問(wèn)題】先看賓語(yǔ)從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。一般說(shuō)來(lái)

34、，如果從句作的是表示說(shuō)話人某種觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度或要求等語(yǔ)氣的動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句中要求用 should +動(dòng)詞原形的虛擬語(yǔ)氣 （should經(jīng)常可以省略）。這些動(dòng)詞常見的有：desire, demand, require, request, order, propose, command, advise, suggest等。如：例： He insisted that she （should） spend more time studying.He demanded that we （should） be on time.The boss required that all waiters （shoul

35、d） keep standing all day long.The publishing house suggested that I （should） type my book out.有兩個(gè)特例是suggest和insist o它們倆后面的賓語(yǔ)從句是否用虛擬語(yǔ)氣還要看具體語(yǔ)境來(lái)定。如：The doctor suggested that I had a cold。（這個(gè)suggest的意思是 解釋，說(shuō)明"。后面不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣）The big smiles on her face suggested that she had passed the test.（這個(gè) suggest 的意

36、思是 褰明“。后面不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣 ）The doctor suggested that I （should） stay in bed for a few day.（這個(gè) suggest 的意思是 建議“。后面用虛擬語(yǔ)氣 ）The young man insisted that he was well enough to serve in the army.（ 這個(gè) insist 堅(jiān)持的是個(gè)事實(shí)不是種觀點(diǎn)。 后面 不用虛寸語(yǔ)氣）That young man insisted that he should be sent to the front.（這個(gè) insist 堅(jiān)持的是一種觀點(diǎn)，即 池應(yīng)該被

37、派往前線 “。后面用虛寸語(yǔ)氣）以上是賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣現(xiàn)象。如果是其他三種名詞性從句，只要和上述動(dòng)詞有關(guān)，也享受同樣的待遇。如:The headquarters ' suggestion is that we (should) wait for another few days!(從句 )His order that all the soldiers (should) swim across the river was refused.( 同位語(yǔ)從句 )It is strongly recommended that you (should) take a taxi.( 主語(yǔ)從句)另外

38、，在下面這幾個(gè)特殊的句型中，后面的主語(yǔ)從句也用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。a. It is important/ necessary/ natural/ a wonder/ essential (必要的) /suggested that should do 如:It is important that you ( should) be on time.It is necessary that you (should) exercise regularly.b. I wish that did 如：I wish I were a bird.I wish one day I could live on the mo

39、on.c. I ' d rather that did I ' d rather you did it yourself.I ' d rather I hadn ' t lent you that bicycle yesterday.【考點(diǎn)八：賓語(yǔ)從句的反意疑問(wèn)句的問(wèn)題】眾所周知，反意疑問(wèn)句是由句子的謂語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)的代詞形式共同構(gòu)成。如：He is ignorant, isn ' t he?He isn ' t strong, is he?但是，如果前面的句子中含有賓語(yǔ)從句，怎么辦？答案是一定針對(duì)主句的主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)。如：You know he is i

40、gnorant, don' t you?I told you he isnt strong, didn有一種例外，當(dāng)主句的主語(yǔ)是I,且謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是表示觀點(diǎn)的動(dòng)詞如think, believe, suppose, expect, am afraid 等時(shí)，就只能針對(duì)從句反問(wèn)了。因?yàn)闆]有人會(huì)對(duì)自己的觀點(diǎn)嗎上進(jìn)行反詰。如：I think he is ignorant, isn' t he?I believe he isn ' t strong, is he?【考點(diǎn)九：it在名詞性從句中的作用問(wèn)題】代詞it的用法有很多。但近幾年的高考關(guān)注的卻比較集中，即it作為普通回指代詞的用法

41、和在名詞性從句中作形式賓語(yǔ)和形式主語(yǔ)的用法。如：作形式主語(yǔ)：It worried me a bit that he didn' t phone.It occurred to me that she might have forgotten the date.It doesn ' t matter when you arriveust come when you can.It wasn ' t clear to anyone why he didn' t come.It was surprising how many unhappy marriages there are.作形式賓語(yǔ)：I made it clear that I was determined to carry out the plan.I find it necessary that we should spend more time practising spoken English.I think it importa