不定式用法歸納全PowerPoint 演示文稿

1、不定式的構(gòu)成及意義動(dòng)詞不定式是由“to+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成 (有時(shí)可以不帶to)。其否定形式是“not+動(dòng)詞不定式”.它是非謂語動(dòng)詞的形式的一種，在句子中不能充當(dāng)謂語，可作主語、賓語、補(bǔ)足語、表語、定語及狀語等成分。但它可以保留動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)，其本身可以帶賓語或狀語等附加成分（不定式和其附加成分稱為不定式短語）。動(dòng)詞不定式在句中不定式從時(shí)間上是前面謂語動(dòng)詞的目的、結(jié)果， 如，I hope to do (特殊時(shí)不表目的，但也要用to do，如happen to do(碰巧）;seem to do好像。 To do,do根據(jù)語境有各種時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)，時(shí)態(tài)就要與不定式前面的動(dòng)詞對(duì)比了，是在之前？后？還是正在或同

2、時(shí) 如，to do/to be done/ to have been done等（后面會(huì)具體講）1一、作主語 （1）動(dòng)詞不定式作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 To do morning exercises is useful for our health. 做早操有利于我們的健康。 （2）如果動(dòng)詞不定式太長(zhǎng)，常常用 it 作形式主語，而將真正的主語動(dòng)詞不定式后置。 It took me half an hour to walk there 2二、作賓語 （1）能夠接動(dòng)詞能夠接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語不定式作賓語的有的有（固定結(jié)構(gòu)） agree to do beg to do(請(qǐng)求做請(qǐng)求做) decide

3、to do determine to do fail to do hope to do manage to do(通過努力成功過了通過努力成功過了) offer to do plan to do prepare to do pretend（假裝（假裝) to do, promise to do refuse to do wish to do would like/love to do 但 finish, enjoy, miss, appreciate, mind, advise, suggest 等動(dòng)詞后面通常只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語。例如： She enjoys reading very much

4、她非常喜歡讀書。 The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司機(jī)沒能及時(shí)看見另一輛車。3（2）動(dòng)詞不定式做賓語，可此賓語后還有賓語補(bǔ)足語的，通常要用 it 作形式賓語，而將真正的賓語動(dòng)詞不定式后置。（前頁中無賓補(bǔ)）例如： we think it important to obey the laws. we think to obey the laws important. （3）不定式作介詞賓語 當(dāng)介詞but、except、besides前面有行為動(dòng)詞do及其各種形式時(shí)，介詞后面的不定式可以省略to，否則不省略。 What do（助動(dòng)詞不算

5、） you like to do besides play football？ We have no choice but to wait. The boy has him own idea of how to finish it.4（1）能帶賓語補(bǔ)足語動(dòng)詞有， （一感） feel sb do/doing （二聽） listen to sb do/doing hear sb do/doing （三讓） let sb do/doing make sb do/doing have sb do/doing （四看） look at，see，watch，notice 不帶to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，強(qiáng)調(diào)

6、動(dòng)作的完成過程. (變成被動(dòng)時(shí)，to要補(bǔ)上，如： I heard her sing today=She was heard to sing today(強(qiáng)調(diào)整個(gè)過程） I heard her singing at that time.（我聽到她正在唱歌）三、作賓語補(bǔ)足語三、作賓語補(bǔ)足語（注：不是做賓語喲）（注：不是做賓語喲） 5（2）能帶賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞還有 consider sth/sb to be（賓補(bǔ)）, expect sb to do, tell sb to do, want sb to do, warn sb not to do, wish sb to do， invite sb to d

7、o等。 區(qū)別 I have some work to do（定語，后講）.（去掉不定式對(duì)句義影響不大）The manager get him to finish the task on time（賓補(bǔ)).（去掉不定式，句義不完整）（區(qū)別以下例子）consider doing (只有賓語）expect to do (只有賓語）want to do (只有賓語）wish to do （只有賓語）區(qū)別I go to see my teacher(目的狀語）.總之：能帶不定式作賓語或賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞，只是一些固定的動(dòng)詞（再把以上兩頁復(fù)習(xí)）。因?yàn)槠渌麆?dòng)詞的意思不一樣，雖有時(shí)形式是一樣，但分析句子成分是，就不一

8、樣了，常是動(dòng)+賓.+to do/doing作定語；或動(dòng)詞+to do作目的/結(jié)果狀語。技巧：即把特殊的幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞記住即可，有時(shí)若覺分析句子成分很難，但知道怎么用即可。6四、作定語（1）不定式作定語用來修飾名詞或代詞，置于它所修飾的名詞后; 若該名詞還有其他后置定語，不定式就放在其他后置定語的后（如下例子）。 同時(shí)與它所修飾的名詞或代詞形成邏輯上的主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)關(guān)系。 如， He always has a lot of meetings to attend. 不定式to attend 和名詞meetings 是主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)，表示attend這個(gè)詞是句子主語he發(fā)出的，若用to be done,表動(dòng)作是除

9、主語外的其他人發(fā)出的。如，I have a letter to be typed. The next train to arrive was from Seattle. (To arrive 和train是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,都不存在需用被動(dòng)了 ). Do you have anything interesting to read? (to read與anything是主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)，因?yàn)槭蔷渥又髡Zyou發(fā)出的； 且放在anything的后置定語之一“interesting”之后）.7（2）如果作定語用的不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，就要加上介詞，使被修飾的這個(gè)詞成為這個(gè)介詞的邏輯賓語。 He is looking

10、for a room to live in. Please pass me some paper to write on. (對(duì)比下上一頁的） (3)上述不定式后加介詞時(shí)，不能省略介詞， 但當(dāng)修飾place，time，way時(shí)，介詞可以省略。 He has no money and no place to live (in). The time to arrive (at) is 8 oclock. I think the best way to travel (in) is on foot. 8補(bǔ)充（難點(diǎn)) to do在什么時(shí)候下用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng) （1）I have some work to

11、 do I have a letter to be typed. to do是前面一個(gè)名詞（常是人）發(fā)出的動(dòng)作； to be done不是前面名詞（人） 發(fā)出的動(dòng)作，是句子外的其他人發(fā)出的動(dòng)作。 試比較: Have you anything to do this afternoon? 今天下午你有事要做嗎?（to do是由you發(fā)出的） Have you anything to be taken to your parents? 你有要帶給你父母的東西嗎? （take這個(gè)詞不是you發(fā)出的） 再如: Please get me something to read. (read的發(fā)出者是me,已

12、提到) Hell show you the right path to take. （take的發(fā)出者是you，已提到） 9（2）（不定式前有性質(zhì)形容詞：難易(easy、difficult),輕重(light,heavy)、興趣(interesting)、可能(possible)、安危(safe,dangerous) 例如: This is a difficult question to answer. to answer可改為 for me to answer。 再如: It is an easy sentence to translate. 這個(gè)句子很容易翻譯。 10(3) There b

13、e n. to do/ be done 用主動(dòng)式作定語, 重點(diǎn)在人, 用被動(dòng)式作定語, 重點(diǎn)在物。例如: 沒有時(shí)間可以耽誤?？勺g成:A,There is no time to lose( to lose之前可加for sb(us) to lose,強(qiáng)調(diào)人); to be lost. (強(qiáng)調(diào)物）（誰 lost time不明確）。 B ,There is nothing to do now. （We have nothing to do now. ） 現(xiàn)在沒事干（強(qiáng)調(diào)人）。 There is nothing to be done. （We can do nothing now. ） 現(xiàn)在沒辦法了（

14、強(qiáng)調(diào)物）。 另外： There is no time to lose/to be lost. There are some apples to choose from/ to be chosen from. （以上兩句是there be 結(jié)構(gòu)，to do/to be done是前面名詞的定語） There is no need to tell him. It is no use to do.這個(gè)句子中，to do不能做定語，所以是真正主語，it 是形式主語，不能用there 替換）11 四、作狀語 動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語可表示目的、原因及結(jié)果等，例如： Come to see me again so

15、on. (表目的）。 You couldnt do that to save your life. （表目的） (2) only to do sth. only doing sth. 都可作表示結(jié)果的狀語， 區(qū)別： only to do sth. 表示一個(gè)與主語愿望相反的或出乎主語意料的結(jié)果, only doing sth. 表示謂語動(dòng)詞本身的動(dòng)作造成的結(jié)果(沒有出乎預(yù)料的意思）。例如： I worked hard, only to fail at last. 我努力工作,結(jié)果最后卻是失?。ǔ龊躅A(yù)料）。 He died, only leaving nothing but debts. 他死了,

16、只留下一身債（無出乎意料之義）12 五、作表語 (一） （1）動(dòng)詞不定式往往放在系動(dòng)詞be（，become, sound, taste 等系動(dòng)詞后面一般不接不定式）的后面作表語，表示將來的情況，說明主語的內(nèi)容。 例如： My wish is to become a teacher我的愿望是當(dāng)一名教師。 Your job today is to clean the playground. 你今天的工作是打掃操場(chǎng)。 （2）如果系動(dòng)詞后的動(dòng)詞說明主語的性質(zhì)，特征，相當(dāng)于形容詞。這時(shí)就要用現(xiàn)在分詞作表語，而不用不定式。 例如： He said that the story was interestin

17、g他說這則故事很有趣 Nurses responsibility is taking care of patients.13 （二）、在某些“形容詞不定式”的結(jié)構(gòu)中, 不定式要用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。 其句型有: 1）n. beadj. to do The question was very difficult to answer. 這問題很難回答。 The job is very easy to do. 這工作很容易做。 2）n. betooadj. to do The thing is too small to see. 這東西太小看不見。 I was too excited to say a

18、word. 我激動(dòng)得連一句話也說不出。 3）n. be adj. enough to do The box is light enough to carry. 這盒子輕得可帶走。 The book is cheap enough to buy. 這本書很便宜可以買。14(4)某些動(dòng)詞與be連用時(shí)，這類詞有， 如to let, to blame （責(zé)備）, to seek（尋找）用主動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)意義。 例如: The house is to let. 這房子要出租。 Who is to blame for it? The reason is not far to seek. 這理由不難找到。 當(dāng)不

19、定式在系動(dòng)詞be后作表語時(shí)，如果主語部分帶有行為動(dòng)詞do，不定式就可省略to。 The only thing I can do is lie in bed. What I want to do is have a good rest. 疑問詞why引導(dǎo)的省略 Why not do sth?（表建議：“為什么不做) 15 六、和疑問詞連用： 不定式前可用what，who，which，where，when，how，why等疑問詞構(gòu)成不定式短語，這種短語在句子中可作主語、賓語和表語等成分。 （1）作主語。例如： When to start has not been decided. 什么時(shí)候出發(fā)還沒

20、定下來。 （2）作表語。例如： The question is how to do the job well. 問題是怎樣做好這項(xiàng)工作。 （3）作賓語。例如： He told me where to find the book. 他告訴我了在哪找到這本書的。 Do you know how to play football? 你知道怎樣踢足球嗎？16補(bǔ)充 在下列句型中 Had better/had best + (not) do sth Youd better/best turn the bottle upside down to empty out the oil Had/would rat

21、her + (not) do sth Im tired, Id rather not go out this evening. Had/would rather/sooner + do sth. + than + do sth. 寧愿做某事而不愿做某事 Id rather stay at home tonight than go to the cinema. Prefer + to do sth + rather than + do sth Cannot but + do sth. Or cannot choose/help but + do sth I cant but think so.

22、I cant help but laugh on hearing his joke. Do nothing (= not do anything) but/except + do sth You can do nothing but wait = you cannot do anything but wait. 17 不定式省略動(dòng)詞原形 如果一個(gè)動(dòng)詞在前面已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過，為了避免重復(fù)，這個(gè)動(dòng)詞可以省略 Did you get the new stamps? No, I tried to, but there wasnt any left in that post office. 不定式的否定形式

23、Not/never + 不定式 （注：不定式否定，與不定式前動(dòng)詞的否定意思不同） my father told me never/not to see her again. My father didnt tell me to see her again. 18不定式的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài) 不定式都表發(fā)生在過去或現(xiàn)在的將來、目的或結(jié)果，有各種時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài) 一般式 to do /to be done 完成式 to have done /to have been done 進(jìn)行式 to be doing 完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing （根據(jù)語境來判斷該用何種時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)）19 （一）一般式表

24、示動(dòng)作通常與句子謂語所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生，或是在它之后發(fā)生。 I am glad to see you. 不定式動(dòng)作與句子的謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)進(jìn)行。 一般式被動(dòng) Its an honour for me to be invited.（與句子謂語同時(shí)發(fā)生） （這里為什么不用to invite,因?yàn)閠o invite不是修飾me的，不是定語，而是真正主語） （二）不定式的正在進(jìn)行時(shí)，表前一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式所表動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生 Some dogs were found to be looking for food around. 一些狗被發(fā)現(xiàn)正在四處尋找食物。 20（三）不定式的完成式（1）發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)前，常接不定式完成式的動(dòng)詞有 appear to have done seem to have done happen to(碰巧 have done be said to have done, be reported to have done be believed to have done be known to have done be thought to have done be sorry to have done be likely(可能） to have done等. 如They seemed to have known each oth