船舶管理課件第一章

1、船舶安全與管理船舶安全與管理Maritime Safety Management 航海學(xué)院船藝教研室講授內(nèi)容、計劃學(xué)時講授內(nèi)容、計劃學(xué)時l第一章 船舶營運(yùn)安全概論l第二章 現(xiàn)代安全管理理論及應(yīng)用l第三章 認(rèn)為因素控制和國際安全管理規(guī)則l第四章 船員管理l第五章 船舶安全與出入境管理l第六章 海洋船舶防污管理l第七章 海上船舶應(yīng)急和醫(yī)療急救l第八章 海事和海事預(yù)防 學(xué)時數(shù)：28第一章第一章 船舶營運(yùn)安全概論船舶營運(yùn)安全概論Introduction to Ship Operation SafetyIntroduction to Ship Operation Safety 主要內(nèi)容content:l

2、第一節(jié) 安全科學(xué)概論(Introduction to safety science)l第二節(jié) 船舶營運(yùn)系統(tǒng)(ship operation system)l第三節(jié) 船舶安全管理的途徑和方法(Approaches and techniques of Maritime Safety Management )第一節(jié)第一節(jié) 安全科學(xué)概論安全科學(xué)概論( (Introduction to safety science)Introduction to safety science)l安全科學(xué)概述(Summarization of Safety Science)l事故致因理論(Accident-causing

3、Theories)l事故控制觀(Accident-countermeasure Concept)安全科學(xué)起源安全科學(xué)起源安全的概念definition of safetyl字典：與危險相對，沒有事故、傷害發(fā)生。l安全工作學(xué)者定義：系統(tǒng)本身決定遠(yuǎn)離危險的程度的性質(zhì)lDifference of Safety & security:lSecurity: to prevent espionage, sabotage, attack or crime such as burglary or assault.lMaritime security is now an integral part of

4、 IMOs responsibilities. 安全科學(xué)概述安全科學(xué)概述( (Summarization of Safety Science)Summarization of Safety Science)l安全科學(xué)起源(safety science origination)l安全科學(xué)的基本要素結(jié)構(gòu)(basic element of safety science)一切事故，都是人、機(jī)、環(huán)境相互作用下發(fā)生的破壞性事件Personal opinions Personal opinions l危險在一定條件下表現(xiàn)為事故和災(zāi)難，能否預(yù)測或避免取決于人的能力，并不是其本身性質(zhì)。l安全是與危險相對的概念，

5、是危險處于可接受水平的狀態(tài)因此與人的心理狀態(tài)有關(guān)。l人的心理狀態(tài)與社會背景有關(guān)，因此，安全與否的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)因時因地而存在差異。l安全與經(jīng)濟(jì)對立統(tǒng)一安全科學(xué)起源安全科學(xué)起源安全工作的發(fā)展development of safety sciencel隨社會生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展，安全工作由感性向理性發(fā)展，由事故學(xué)習(xí)和事故控制轉(zhuǎn)變成為以預(yù)控和過程控制為主的跨學(xué)科系統(tǒng)化的科學(xué)安全系統(tǒng)工程(safety system engineering)l即：亡羊補(bǔ)牢 未亡羊先補(bǔ)牢l安全科學(xué)八五期間成為國家一級學(xué)科l預(yù)測、預(yù)防、監(jiān)測、應(yīng)急科學(xué)的事故控制觀basic element frame of safety basic eleme

6、nt frame of safety sciencescienceMan-Machine-Environment-Control,MMECS船員船員船舶貨物船舶貨物航道港口航道港口船公司船公司事故致因理論事故致因理論( (Accident-causing Accident-causing Theories)Theories)l事故因果連鎖論(Dominos Accident Model or Casual Theory of Accident )l能量意外釋放理論(Accidental Energy Release Theory)l軌跡交叉理論(Orbit Intersecting Theor

7、y)l事故損失偶發(fā)性法則(Contingency Law of Accident Loss)事故因果連鎖論事故因果連鎖論 Accident-causing Accident-causing Theories- Casual Theory of Accident Theories- Casual Theory of Accident l代表人物海因里希(W.H.Heinrich)l主要觀點(diǎn):事故發(fā)生是一系列事件相繼發(fā)生的結(jié)果安全要點(diǎn)在于中斷事故連鎖進(jìn)程能量意外釋放理論能量意外釋放理論 Accident-causing Theories- Accident-causing Theories- Ac

8、cidental Energy Release TheoryAccidental Energy Release Theoryl主要觀點(diǎn)：事故是不正常、不希望的能量釋放l安全工作要點(diǎn)：控制能量釋放的量、途徑l應(yīng)用舉例：安全帽、靜電釋放、人造雪崩等軌跡交叉理論軌跡交叉理論 Accident-causing Accident-causing Theories- Orbit Intersecting TheoryTheories- Orbit Intersecting Theoryl主要觀點(diǎn)：人因與物因的軌跡交叉點(diǎn)就是事故發(fā)生的時間與空間。l安全工作要點(diǎn)：避免人不安全行為與物不安全狀態(tài)同時同地出現(xiàn)l應(yīng)

9、用舉例：沖壓機(jī)保護(hù)開關(guān)事故損失偶發(fā)性法則事故損失偶發(fā)性法則 Accident-causing Accident-causing Theories- Contingency Law of Accident LossTheories- Contingency Law of Accident Lossl代表人物： W.H.Heinrichl主要觀點(diǎn)：事故與傷害程度之間存在偶然性的概率關(guān)系同一人的同種330起違章事件中，嚴(yán)重傷害、輕微傷害、沒有傷害的事件數(shù)比為：1：29：300事故控制觀事故控制觀( (Accident-Accident-countermeasure Concept)counterme

10、asure Concept)l傳統(tǒng)(conventional)的事故控制觀：事后分析，得出事故原因和責(zé)任方，教育有關(guān)人員，落實(shí)整改措施,“三不放過”l較先進(jìn)(advanced)的事故控制觀：控制或消除事故原點(diǎn)(Accident Origin)、觸發(fā)能量l科學(xué)的(scientific)事故控制觀：將安全工作分為：預(yù)測、預(yù)防、監(jiān)測、應(yīng)急4個階段Predetermination- Prevention-Inspection-Emergency第二節(jié)第二節(jié) 船舶營運(yùn)系統(tǒng)船舶營運(yùn)系統(tǒng)( (ship ship operation system)operation system)lbasic element

11、 frame of safety science(Man-Machine-Environment-Control)lSafety element frame of ship operation system :船員、船舶及貨物、環(huán)境、公司（管理）Seafarers-Ship&Cargo-Environment-Company(Management) 船舶營運(yùn)系統(tǒng)船舶營運(yùn)系統(tǒng)( (ship operation ship operation system)system)海上船舶運(yùn)輸?shù)闹饕攸c(diǎn)：l運(yùn)量大，低成本l高風(fēng)險l國際性 Ship Operation System- Ship Oper

12、ation System- Ship&Cargo ElementShip&Cargo ElementlShipcomplicated systemAccident：collision,grounding,capsizing,fire&explosion,etc.lCargo種類繁多，涉及人、船舶、環(huán)境安全Ship Operation SystemShip Operation Systemgeneral situationlWorld Tonnage : approx 400，000，000(1990)lShip amount： about 80，000lAccident

13、 frequency： approx 1,000 per yearlTotal loss rate：approx100300 ships or 0.20.4 per yearlLoss of life：approx 1000 lives were lost in accidents at sea each year 1、大?。喊春４瑔T考試發(fā)證辦法分三類：l 500總噸或750KW以下。l 500總噸3000總噸或750KW3000KW。l 3000總噸或3000KW以上。 證書上有記錄，我校的畢業(yè)生拿最高級。證書上有記錄，我校的畢業(yè)生拿最高級。船舶分類船舶分類l大型船：8萬載重噸以上或LOA

14、250米。（上大型船，船長、輪機(jī)長必須有相應(yīng)的證書）l巴拿馬型：是巴拿馬運(yùn)河容許通過的最大尺寸：LOA250米 B32.2 Dmax12.4米l VLCC：港監(jiān)沒有統(tǒng)一的規(guī)定，原先指原油輪，現(xiàn)在只以大小論，在此規(guī)定；10萬總噸以上。船舶分類船舶分類甲類：無限航區(qū)，任何可航水域。乙類：近洋航區(qū)，東南亞、俄羅斯遠(yuǎn)東地區(qū)、日、韓、朝。（港監(jiān)有明顯的界限，這里不作介紹）丙類：沿海航線，黃海+東海+南海水域。丁類：近岸航區(qū)，距岸小于50海里。（船長證書分為無限、近洋/沿海、近岸兩種。航區(qū)分類航區(qū)分類Ship Operation System-Seafarer Ship Operation System-

15、Seafarer elementelementl船員是船舶營運(yùn)系統(tǒng)中最能動的因素l船員編制特點(diǎn)：人數(shù)較少、各司其職lSTCW公約(International Convention on Standards of Training,Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers) 職能發(fā)證l船員分為：管理、操作、支持三個級別l管理級：CAPT、C/O、C/E、2/El配員：MSMC船舶實(shí)際配員救生設(shè)備定員Ship Operation System-Seafarer Ship Operation System-Seafarer elementelement

16、lStatistic study showed:80 percent marine accidents were caused by human factor 國際公認(rèn)的統(tǒng)計分析結(jié)論：80%的海事由人為因素造成的海事由人為因素造成grounding：90：Fire & explosion：70：Collision ：96：contact:70%。人為因素：人為因素：human factor, human element, human errorWho should be blamed?Ship Operation SystemShip Operation SystemCompany C

17、ompany ElementElementl人為因素責(zé)任主要在于船公司的船上和岸上管理l船公司是船舶安全管理的重要環(huán)節(jié)l重視公司的安全管理已成為國際海事界控制海事的重要途徑第三節(jié)第三節(jié) 船舶安全管理的途徑和方法船舶安全管理的途徑和方法lApproaches and techniques of Maritime Safety Management l主要內(nèi)容：船舶安全管理概述(Introduction of Maritime Safety Management )船舶安全管理的途徑(a safety net or system will be introduced)船舶安全管理的主要方法(App

18、roaches & techniques)船舶安全管理船舶安全管理( (Maritime Safety Maritime Safety Management )Management )概述概述l學(xué)科領(lǐng)域：安全科學(xué)(safety science)l具體問題：船舶安全(safety&security,pollution)l知識體系：現(xiàn)代管理理論船舶安全管理即對船舶安全的控制(control)Safety Management -ObjectivesSafety Management -Objectiveslto ensure safety at sea, prevention of

19、 human injury or loss of life, and avoidance of damage to the environment, in particular to the marine environment and to property.l保護(hù)海上人命財產(chǎn)安全，保護(hù)海洋環(huán)境，使“航行更安全，海洋更清潔l safer shipping and cleaner oceans船舶安全管理的途徑船舶安全管理的途徑: safety net lAn international Maritime Safety Management system:Asafety net IM O In

20、dustry Assoc iation(org.) Port State Flag State Class Soc iety Com pany Ship International Maritime Organizationlto provide an international standard for the safe management and operation of ships and for pollution prevention（在航海技術(shù)方面提供合作。在安全和防污方面采取統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。）lDocumentation: Convention; Protocol; Code; Re

21、solution; Circular.linstitution:Assembly:(held biyearly,adopt resolutions; amend conventions or codes, etc)Council:(MSC)maritime safety council; MEPC;LEG;TC;FAL;IMO Conventions-Maritime safetyInternational Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974International Convention on Load Lines (

22、LL), 1966Special Trade Passenger Ships Agreement (STP), 1971Protocol on Space Requirements for Special Trade Passenger Ships, 1973Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG), 1972International Convention for Safe Containers (CSC), 1972IMO Conventions-Maritim

23、e safetyConvention on the International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT), 1976 The Torremolinos International Convention for the Safety of Fishing Vessels (SFV), 1977 International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), 1978International C

24、onvention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Fishing Vessel Personnel (STCW-F), 1995International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR), 1979IMO Conventions-Marine pollutionInternational Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by th

25、e Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL 73/78)International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties (INTERVENTION), 1969Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (LDC), 1972IMO Conventions-Marine pollu

26、tionInternational Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation (OPRC), 1990Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Co-operation to pollution Incidents by Hazardous and Noxious Substances, 2000 (HNS Protocol)International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems

27、 on Ships (AFS), 2001International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments, 2004IMO Conventions-Liability and compensationInternational Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC), 1969International Convention on the Establishment of an Interna

28、tional Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (FUND), 1971Convention relating to Civil Liability in the Field of Maritime Carriage of Nuclear Material (NUCLEAR), 1971IMO Conventions-Liability and compensationAthens Convention relating to the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea (P

29、AL), 1974Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims (LLMC), 1976International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea (HNS), 1996International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution

30、Damage, 2001 IMO Conventions-Other subjectsConvention on Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic (FAL), 1965International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships (TONNAGE), 1969Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (SUA), 1988Internationa

31、l Convention on Salvage (SALVAGE), 1989 國際海事組織：國際海事組織：l宗旨與任務(wù)：就有關(guān)航運(yùn)貿(mào)易有關(guān)問題提供國際合作以及統(tǒng)一準(zhǔn)則。l文件：公約；議定書；規(guī)則；決議；通函。l機(jī)構(gòu)：IMO大會； 常設(shè)機(jī)構(gòu)：海安會等。船旗國（船旗國（Flag State)Flag State)l主管機(jī)關(guān)（Administration means the Government of the State whose flag the ship is entitled to fly. )l我國海事局(Bureau of Maritime Safety Administration

32、)(原港務(wù)監(jiān)督局Harbor Superintendence Administration ) 主管：船舶登記與檢驗(yàn)；船員培訓(xùn)與發(fā)證；船舶航行安全；交通環(huán)境安全等航運(yùn)有關(guān)事物。lFlag of ConveniencePort State Control(PSC)Port State Control(PSC)lPort State Control (PSC) is the inspection of foreign ships in national ports to verify that the condition of the ship and its equipment comply w

33、ith the requirements of international regulations and that the ship is manned and operated in compliance with these rules. l港口國監(jiān)控是：港口國政府對抵港外輪實(shí)施，以船員、船舶技術(shù)狀況及操作為檢查對象，以安全（保安）和防污染為目的一種監(jiān)督與控制。l船舶識別號l不優(yōu)惠條款Port State Control(PSC)Port State Control(PSC)lDetention always means a severe loss to the owner.lBeing

34、 listed on the black list means a disrepute.lShips Identification NumberlIMO NumberlCompany NAMEClassification SocietyClassification Societyl民間商業(yè)性質(zhì)l從事:船級檢驗(yàn)簽發(fā)船級證書(Certificate of Class)經(jīng)主管機(jī)關(guān)授權(quán)的強(qiáng)制檢驗(yàn)(Mandatory Survey)（主管機(jī)關(guān)簽發(fā)相應(yīng)證書Certificates)公證檢驗(yàn)(Notarization Survey)Classification Society-IACSClassification Society-IACSlInternational Association of Classification SocietylMembers:CCS(China Classification Society)；ABS(American bureau of Shipping)；BV; DNV; GL; KR; LR;NK; PRS; RINA;RS.Mar