新概念英語第一冊(cè)語法總結(jié)(1)13頁

1、一           時(shí)態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，一般過去時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，一般將來時(shí)，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，過去完成時(shí)，過去將來時(shí) 1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 表示一般性，經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作或一般性事實(shí)。u       含有be動(dòng)詞的句子 He is a teacher. The girl is very beautiful. Tim and Jack are students. 變疑問句將be動(dòng)詞移到句首Is he a teacher?Is the gir

2、l very beautiful?Are Tim and Jack students?變否定句在be動(dòng)詞后面加notHe is not a teacher.The girl is not very beautiful.Tim and Jack are not students.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, he is. No, he is not. Yes, she is. No, she is not.Yes, they are. No, they are not.u       不含有動(dòng)詞的句子，即含有一般動(dòng)詞的句子 第三人稱單數(shù)及

3、單數(shù)名詞 He likes books.She likes him.The dog likes bones.變疑問句在句首加does, 動(dòng)詞變?yōu)樵?Does he like books?Does she like him?Does the dog like bones?變否定句在主語及動(dòng)詞之間加doesnt, 動(dòng)詞變?yōu)樵虷e doesnt like books.She doesnt like him.The dog doesnt like bones.肯定回答及否定回答：Yes, he does. No, he doesnt.Yes, she does. No, she doesntYes

4、, it does. No, it doesnt.注意：第三人稱單數(shù)形式一般在動(dòng)詞后面加S，不要和名詞復(fù)數(shù)混淆，變否定句或疑問句時(shí)名詞復(fù)數(shù)沒有任何變化。 其他人稱及復(fù)數(shù)名詞 I want to have a bath. We have some meat.The students like smart teachers.變疑問句在句首加doDo you want to have a bath?Do we have any meat?Do the students like smart teachers?變否定句在主語和動(dòng)詞之間加dont.You dont want to have a bath

5、.We dont have any meat.The students dont like smart teachers. 肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I do. No, I dont. Yes, we do. No, we dontYes, they do. No, they dont. 2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。構(gòu)成： 主語be動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞其它成分（現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成見附錄）We are having lunch.He is reading a book.The dog is running after a cat.The boys are swimming across

6、the river.變疑問句將be動(dòng)詞移到句首Are we having lunch?Is he reading a book?Is the dog running after a cat?Are the boys swimming across the river?變否定句在be動(dòng)詞后面加 notWe are not having lunch.He is not reading a book.The dog is not running after a cat.The boys are swimming across the river.特殊疑問句：what, which, how, whe

7、re, who, etc.疑問詞動(dòng)詞主語現(xiàn)在分詞What are you doing?What is she doing?What is the dog doing? (必背)沒有進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞 表示狀態(tài)，思想，感情和感覺的動(dòng)詞不能表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作1. 表示感覺，感官的詞see, hear, like, love, want,2. have, has當(dāng)”擁有”講時(shí)沒有進(jìn)行時(shí)3. 一般過去時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事件， 常和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用，如yesterday, last night, the day before yesterday, 3 days ago,含有be動(dòng)詞的句子， 將動(dòng)詞變

8、為過去式，am, is的過去式為was，are的過去式為were I was at the butchers. You were a student a year ago. The teacher was very beautiful ten years ago. 變疑問句將be動(dòng)詞移動(dòng)到句首 Were you at the butchers? Were you a student a year ago? Was the teacher very beautiful ten years ago? 變否定句在be動(dòng)詞后面加not I was not at the butchers. You we

9、re not a student a year ago. The teacher was not very beautiful ten years ago. 肯定回答否定回答 Yes, I was. No, I was not. Yes, you were. No, you were not. Yes, he/she was. No, he/she was not. 特殊疑問句： What did you do? (必背) 不含有be動(dòng)詞的句子，將動(dòng)詞變?yōu)檫^去式，動(dòng)詞過去式構(gòu)成見附錄 I finished my homework yesterday.The boy went to a rest

10、aurant.The Sawyers lived at King Streeta year ago.King Streeta year ago. 變疑問句在句首加did， 動(dòng)詞變?yōu)樵虳id you finish your homework yesterday?Did the boy go to a restaurant?Did the Sawyers live at King Streeta year ago?King Streeta year ago? 變否定句在主語和動(dòng)詞之間加did notI did not finish my homework yesterday.The boy di

11、d not go to a restaurant.The Sawyers did not live at King Streeta year ago.King Streeta year ago. 肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I did. No, I didnt.Yes, he did. No, he didnt.Yes, they did. No, they did not.4. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 構(gòu)成：主語+助動(dòng)詞have, has+過去分詞用法：1)        表示過去發(fā)生的和現(xiàn)在有某種聯(lián)系的動(dòng)作，常和just, usua

12、lly, already, since等時(shí)間副詞連用 I have just had lunch. (飽了，不用再吃了)He has had a cup of tea.（不渴了，不用再喝）They have already had their holiday. （不能再度假了）The boy has already read the book. （已經(jīng)知道書的內(nèi)容了，不用再看了）2)        詢問別人是否做過某事一般用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)： Have you finished your homework?Have you bee

13、n to Beijing?Have he seen the film?3)        表示開始于過去并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作 I have lived in Beijing for twenty years.I have worked for this school for 1 year.4)        表示一種經(jīng)歷，經(jīng)驗(yàn)：去過地方，做過事情，經(jīng)歷過事情 I have never had a bath.I have never seen a film.

14、I have never been to cinema.I have ever been to Paris.Have been to表示去過，have gone to 表示去了 I have been to London.(人已經(jīng)回來)He has gone to London.（人還在那里）5)        表示一種結(jié)果， 一般不和時(shí)間副詞聯(lián)用 I have lost my pen. I have hurt myself.He has become a teacher.She has broken my heart.句型

15、變化： 變疑問句將助動(dòng)詞移到句首，變否定句在助動(dòng)詞后面加not.e.g. Have you lost your pen? I have not lost my pen. 肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I have. No, I have not.特殊疑問句：What have you done?What has he done?一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別： 凡是有明確的表示過去的時(shí)間狀語的句子為過去時(shí) 注意：有些動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作有一個(gè)終點(diǎn)，不能再延續(xù)，因此不能和表示一段時(shí)間狀語連用錯(cuò)：Ive left Beijing for 3 days. 對(duì)：I left Beijing 3 days ago

16、. I have been away from being for 3 days.5. 一般將來時(shí) 表示將來將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作， 經(jīng)常和tomorrow, next year, the day after tomorrow, the year after the next, in five hours time, etc. 表示將來的詞聯(lián)用結(jié)構(gòu)： 主語+助動(dòng)詞will+動(dòng)詞原形I will go to America tomorrow. The pilot will fly to Japan the month after the next.Jack will move into his new

17、house tomorrow morning.變疑問句將助動(dòng)詞移到句首Will you go to America tomorrow?Will the pilot fly to Japan the month after the next?Will Jack move into his new house tomorrow morning?變否定句在助動(dòng)詞后面加notI will not go to America tomorrow. The pilot will not fly to Japan the month after the next.Jack will not move into

18、 his new house tomorrow morning 肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I will. No, I will not.Yes, he/she will. No, he/she will not.Yes, he will. No, he will not.特殊疑問句：What will you do?6. 過去完成時(shí)： 用法：在過去的時(shí)間里，兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在前的哪個(gè)動(dòng)作要用過去完成時(shí)。結(jié)構(gòu)：had+過去分詞After she had finished her homework, she went shopping.They had sold the car before I

19、 asked the price.The train had left before I arrived at the station.After/before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句放在句首要在句子后面加逗號(hào)，如果放在主句后則不用加。     變疑問句將助動(dòng)詞移到句首Had she finished her homework?     變否定句在助動(dòng)詞后面加notShe hadnt finished her homework.     肯定回答及否定回答Yes, she had.

20、 No, she hadnt.     特殊疑問句：What had she done? 7. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 表示過去正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,經(jīng)常用在when, while, as引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中。 結(jié)構(gòu)：was/were+doingWhen my husband was going into the dining room this morning, he dropped some coins on the floor.While we were having dinner, my father was watching TV.8 過去將來時(shí) 結(jié)構(gòu)：would

21、doShe said she would go here the next morning.一           特殊句型：there be 句型，be going to 結(jié)構(gòu) 1. Be going to 結(jié)構(gòu) 表示打算，準(zhǔn)備，計(jì)劃做某事結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+be動(dòng)詞+going to +動(dòng)詞原型I am going to make a bookcase.They are going to paint it. The father is going to give the bookcase to hi

22、s daughter.變疑問句將be動(dòng)詞移到句首Are you going to make a bookcase?Are they going to paint it?Is the father going to give the bookcase to his daughter?變否定句在be動(dòng)詞后面加not I am not going to make a bookcase.They are going to paint it.The father is not going to give the bookcase to his daughter.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I am. N

23、o, I am not.Yes, they are. No, they are not.Yes, he is. No, he is not.特殊疑問句What are you going to do?What are they going to do?What is the father going to do?(必背)2. There be 句型 表示哪里有什么東西(某處有某物)u       There is單數(shù)名詞表示場所的詞（一般為介詞詞組） There is a book in this room. There is a p

24、en on the tableu       There are復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示場所的詞（一般為介詞詞組） There are two pens on the table.There are three schools there. 變疑問句將be動(dòng)詞移到句首Is there a book in this room?Are there two pens on the table?變否定句在動(dòng)詞后面加notThere is not a book in this room. There are not two pens on the tabl

25、e. 肯定回答及否定回答Yes, there is. No, there is not. Yes, there are. No, there are not.一           問句： 一般疑問句，特殊疑問句，選擇疑問句，反意疑問句，選擇疑問句，否定疑問句 ²        一般疑問句: 助動(dòng)詞/be動(dòng)詞+主語Are you a teacher? Do you want to have a cup of tea?

26、²        特殊疑問句: 特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句What is your name?²        選擇疑問句: orDo you want beef or lamb?²        反意疑問句: 肯定陳述句+否定疑問部分， 否定陳述部分+肯定疑問部分You dont need that pen, do you?²  

27、      否定疑問句: 一般疑問句+否定詞Arent you lucky? Dont you want have a rest?二           冠詞用法：a/an/the的一般用法 詳細(xì)見筆記 三           限定詞：some, any, many, much ²     

28、;   some, any 修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑問句，注意，當(dāng)期待對(duì)方的答案為肯定回答時(shí)用some²        many修飾可數(shù)名詞，much修飾不可數(shù)名詞，在口語中表示很多一般不用many, much, 而用a lot of, 在否定句中表示很多用many, much.I have a lot of money. I dont have much money. 四       

29、;    名詞：種類，復(fù)數(shù)，名詞所有格 1名詞分為不可數(shù)名詞和可數(shù)名詞 ²        不可數(shù)名詞 無法分開的東西：water, tea, bread, milk, rice（米）抽象的東西：love, beauty, coldness（寒冷）不可數(shù)名詞有以下特點(diǎn)：l         不能用a, an修飾l         不

30、能加sl         和單數(shù)be動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞搭配²        可數(shù)名詞： 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞要用冠詞修飾，復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞要在名詞后面加s,名詞復(fù)數(shù)共有以下幾種變化：規(guī)則變化的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式規(guī)則1一般情況+se.g. shellshells bookbooks規(guī)則2以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾+ese.g. foxfoxes churchchurches, busbuses, watchwatches規(guī)則3以o結(jié)尾+s或+ese.g. po

31、tatopotatoes, NegroNegroes, heroheroes, tomatotomatoes，（口訣：黑人英雄愛吃土豆和西紅柿），剩下一般加s, radioradios規(guī)則4以f, fe結(jié)尾的，變f, fe為vese.g. lifelives halfhalves, shelfshelves, citycities, wifewives規(guī)則5以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾, 變y為i+ese.g. skyskies flyflies不規(guī)則變化的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式單數(shù)manwomanfootgoosetooth復(fù)數(shù)menwomenfeetgeese teeth單數(shù)childsheep deer m

32、ousefish復(fù)數(shù)children sheepdeermicefish五           介詞( 注意總結(jié)書上詞組) 六副詞：用法及形容詞變副詞的變化u       副詞可以修飾形容詞，動(dòng)詞，副詞或整個(gè)句子。如：The book is very good.He runs fast.She came here quite early.Certainly I will go with you.u   &#

33、160;   變化：1  直接在形容詞后加-ly,careful-carefully, slow-slowly,2  以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的形容詞，把y變I, 加-ly,happy-happily, lucky-luckily3  有些詞形容詞和副詞的形式相同，不需要做任何變化fast, hard, late4  有些詞加上-ly后意思與原詞相差很遠(yuǎn)：neary-nearly, high-highly, late-lately, 一         

34、;  情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的使用：can, must, may, might, need, 1情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can（能夠）, must（必須）, may（可以） 結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+can/must/may+動(dòng)詞原型He can make the tea.Sally can air the room.We can speak English.變疑問句將情態(tài)動(dòng)詞移到句首Can he make the tea?Can Sally air the room?Can we speak English?變否定句在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面加notHe cannot make the tea.Sally cannot air the

35、room.We cannot speak English.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, he can. No, he cannot.Yes, she can. No, she cannot.Yes, we can. No, we cannot.特殊疑問句：What can you do?(必背)注意：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的句子沒有第三人稱單數(shù)的變化，不要在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞后面加S。 2Must/have to的區(qū)別 must 表示必須，是主觀上覺得應(yīng)該做，have to是不得不，是由于客觀條件逼迫的必要要做must 只能用在表示現(xiàn)在和將來的句子里，而have to do可以用在任何時(shí)態(tài)3must, may,

36、might表示猜測： u       must do 表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在事實(shí)的猜測u       must have done表示對(duì)過去事實(shí)的猜測u       must have been doing 表示對(duì)過去正在進(jìn)行的事實(shí)的猜測u       may/might do, may/might have done表示沒有任何事實(shí)依據(jù)的猜測，might的可能性更小。

37、u       cant/couldnt 表示不可能4need 用法： u       表示“需要”時(shí)為實(shí)意動(dòng)詞，后面可以加名詞，也可以加不定式：I need a pen. Do you need any beer? No, I dont.I need to have a rest.u       Need doing=need to be done，表示被動(dòng)The flowers need watering.u&#

38、160;      Need在否定時(shí)做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用You neednt go so early. =You dont need to go so early.Must I clean the desk right now? No, you neednt.一           不定代詞及不定副詞：Some any no every thing somethinganythingnothingeverythingone someoneanyonea

39、nythingeveryonewhere somewhereanywhereanywhereeverywherebody somebodyanybodynobodyeverybodyI looked for my book everywhere, but I cant find it anywhere.If you want go somewhere, if you want to be someone, you must wake up.Help! Somebody? Anybody?You are really something.Since everybody is here, lets

40、 begin our class.Where did you go? I went nowhere.Nobody is at home.I have nothing left.二感嘆句：u       What +名詞+主語+謂語What a beautiful girl she is!u       How + 形容詞+主語+謂語How beautiful the girl is!三       

41、0;   祈使句： l         第二人稱：l         let+其他人稱代詞l         祈使句的否定，加dontl         反意疑問祈使句（第二人稱） 祈使句表示請(qǐng)求，命令，建議，邀請(qǐng)等，謂語動(dòng)詞一律用原型，句子中通常不用主語，句

42、末用驚嘆好或者句號(hào)，用降調(diào)。肯定句 動(dòng)詞原型例， Come here, please. Go downstairs, please. Stand up. Sit down. Be quiet. Be careful. 祈使句中如果有喚語，一定要用逗號(hào)隔開，放在句首或者句尾Come in, Amy.Sit down here, Tom. Mary, give me a book please.否定：Don't+動(dòng)詞原型Don't come here.Dont sit down.Dont stand up.Dont give me it.let sb. do Let me pass

43、.Let us have a rest. Lets have a rest.(反意疑問)：Lets have a walk along the river, shall we?Let us go out for a drink, will you? 四           倒裝句：so/neither的倒裝eg. He can swim. So can I.I didnt go to class. Neither did I.結(jié)構(gòu)： so/neither+be+ 主語so/neithe

44、r+助動(dòng)詞+ 主語so/neither+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ 主語一般現(xiàn)在時(shí), do, does/am, is, are現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí), am, is, are一般過去時(shí), did現(xiàn)在完成時(shí), have, has一般將來時(shí), will, shall,過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，was, were過去完成時(shí)，had過去將來時(shí), would 五           直接引語/間接引語 如果引語的主句所用動(dòng)詞為過去時(shí)，那么間接引語要做相應(yīng)變化：時(shí)態(tài)，人稱，時(shí)間地點(diǎn)及指示詞u   &

45、#160;   時(shí)態(tài)變化： 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過去時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)一般過去時(shí)過去完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)一般將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)be going towas/were going to/wouldcan-couldmay-mightu       時(shí)間地點(diǎn)及指示詞的變化： herethere, tomorrowthe next day, the following day, thisthatu       人稱變化：根據(jù)句意改變?nèi)朔Q。 六 

46、60;         直接賓語/間接賓語 主語及物動(dòng)詞間接賓語直接賓語 直接賓語是及物動(dòng)詞的直接對(duì)象，間接賓語是及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作所涉及的人或事務(wù)，也可以說間接賓語表示動(dòng)作是對(duì)誰做的，或者是為誰做的。所以間接賓語要用名詞或者賓格代詞來擔(dān)當(dāng)。 He gives me a book.me間接賓語, a book直接賓語直接賓語和間接賓語的位置調(diào)換時(shí)要加一個(gè)介詞to或for主語及物動(dòng)詞直接賓語介詞+間接賓語 Give me a book.Give the book to me.Send his a letter.Send

47、a letter to him.Show him the new dress.Show the new dress to him.一           從句： 賓語從句，定語從句（限定性），表語從句，狀語從句（if引導(dǎo)的真實(shí)條件句） u       賓語從句：如果賓語從句的主句中的動(dòng)詞為過去時(shí)，那么賓語從句中的時(shí)態(tài)要和主句統(tǒng)一；如果賓語從句為疑問詞引導(dǎo)，那么語序要用陳述語序，即主語在前，動(dòng)詞在后。u   

48、    定語從句： u       表語從句： u       狀語從句（if引導(dǎo)的真實(shí)條件句）：主句用一般將來時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)What will you do if you win a lot of money?If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.二           動(dòng)詞不定式做賓

49、語及賓語補(bǔ)語的用法(詳細(xì)用法請(qǐng)見NECII) 結(jié)構(gòu)： to do, 用法：可以做除謂語以外的所有成分，語法上稱之為非謂語動(dòng)詞。做賓語：在一些動(dòng)詞后常用不定式做賓語，例如：want, like, ask ,try做賓補(bǔ)：want sb. to do, ask sb. to do, like sb. to do附錄： 代詞及be動(dòng)詞 名詞復(fù)數(shù) 動(dòng)詞的第三人稱單數(shù)形式 動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞 動(dòng)詞過去式 過去式的讀音 形容詞的比較級(jí) 形容詞和副詞的最高級(jí) 代詞及be動(dòng)詞 第一人稱 第二人稱 第三人稱 單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù) 單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù) 單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù) 主格 I we you you she/he/it they 賓格 me

50、us you you her/him/it them 代詞所有格 my our your your her/his/its their 名詞性代詞 mine ours yours yours hers/his/its theirs be動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在時(shí) Am are are are is are be動(dòng)詞過去時(shí) was were were were was were 名詞的復(fù)數(shù) 規(guī)則變化的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式 規(guī)則1 一般情況+s e.g. shellshells toytoys 規(guī)則2 以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾+es e.g. foxfoxes churchchurches 規(guī)則3 以o結(jié)尾s或+es e.g. radioradios potatopotatoes 規(guī)則4 以f, fe結(jié)尾的，變f, fe為ves e.g. lifelives halfhalves 規(guī)則5 以輔音字母