新視野大學(xué)英語第三版讀寫教程第二冊Unit8課文語法講解

1、新視野三版讀寫b2 u8 text aanimals or children? a scientist's choice1 i am the enemy! i am one of those cursed, cruel physician scientists involved in animal research. these rumors sting, for i have never thought of myself as an evil person. i became a children's doctor because of my love for childr

2、en and my supreme desire to keep them healthy. during medical school and residency, i saw many children die of cancer and bloodshed from injury circumstances against which medicine has made great progress but still has a long way to go. more importantly, i also saw children healthy thanks to advance

3、s in medical science such as infant breathing support, powerful new medicines and surgical techniques and the entire field of organ transplantation. my desire to tip the scales in favor of healthy, happy children drew me to medical research.2 my accusers have twisted the truth into a fable and cast

4、me as the devil they claim that i have no moral compass, that i torture innocent animals for the sole purpose of career advancement, and that my experiments have no relevance to medicine.meanwhile, an uncaring public barely watches, convinced that the issue has no significance, and publicity-conscio

5、us senators and politicians increasingly give way to the lobbying of animal rights activists.3 we, in medical research, have also been unbelievably uncaring. we have allowed the most extreme animal rights protesters to creep in and frame the issue as one of "animal fraud11 and hatred we have pe

6、rsisted in our belief that a knowledgeable public would consent to the importance of animal research for public health. perhaps we have been mistaken in not responding to the emotional tone of the argument. perhaps we should have responded to those sad slogans and posters of animals by waving equall

7、y sad posters of children dying of cancer or external wounds.4 in the animal rights forum, much is made of the volume of pain these animals experience in the name of medical science.activists deny that we are trying to help and say it is evidence of our evil and cruel nature. a more reasonable argum

8、ent, however, can be advanced in our defense. life is often cruel to animals and human beings. teenagers are flung from trucks and suffer severe head injuries. young children barely able to walk find themselves at the bottom of swimming pools while a parent is occupied with something else. fromevery

9、day germs to gang violence, no life is free of pain. physicians hoping to relieve the eternal suffering of these tragedies have only three choices: 1) create an animal model of the problem to understand the process and test new therapies; 2) experiment on human beings (some experiments will succeed,

10、 most will fail); or 3) leave medical knowledge static, hoping that accidental discoveries will lead us forward.5 some animal rights activists would suggest an optional fourth choice, claiming that computer models can create animal experiments, thus omitting actual experiments. computers can imitate

11、 the effects of well-understood principles on complex systems, as in the application of the laws of physics to airplane and automobile design. however, when the principles themselves are in question, as is the case with the complex biological systems of human life under study, computer modeling alon

12、e is of little value.6 one of the terrifying effects of arresting the use of animals in medical research is that the impact will not be felt for years or even decades. drugs to cure infection will remain undiscovered, surgical and diagnostic techniques will remain undeveloped, and fundamental biolog

13、ical processes that might have been understood will remain mysteries. there is the danger that quick decisions by well-meaning politicians will create resolution to diplomatically satisfy the small minority of loud protesters while the consequences and damaging impact of those decisions will not be

14、apparent until long after.7 fortunately, most of us enjoy good health, and the agony of watching one's child die has become a rare experience. yet our good fortune should not make us unappreciative. protection from serious sickness and drugs to combat heart disease, high blood pressure and strok

15、e are all based on animal research. most complex surgical procedures such as heart or hip surgery and organ transplantation surgeries were initially developed in animals. techniques to replace defective genes, the cause of so much disease, as well as the development of synthetic organs are presently

16、 undergoing animal studies. these studies, and any subsequent advances, will effectively end if animal research is severely restricted.8 in america today, death has become an event isolated from our daily existence. as a doctor who has watched many children die and seen their parents* infinite grief

17、, i am particularly angered by any minute expression of caring for the suffering of creatures and so little for sick and dying humanbeings. people are too protected from the reality of human life and death and what it means.9 make no mistake, however. i would never advocate needless cruel treatment

18、of animals. the animal rights movement has made a contribution in making us more aware of animals1 needs and the need to search harder for suitable alternatives. but if the more radical members of this movement are successful in threatening further research, their efforts will bring about a tragedy

19、that will cost many lives. hence the real question is whether an uncaring majority can be aroused to protect its future against a loud, but misdirected, minority.language points：1 animals or children? a scientists choice (title)meaning: a scientist is now facing two choices: in favor of animals or c

20、hildren.2 i am the enemy! i am one of those cursed, cruel physician scientists involved in animal research. these rumors sting, for i have never thought of myself as an evil person. (para. 1) meaning: i am the enemy-the one who is condemned as a cold-hearted physician scientist doing an imal researc

21、h these rumors make me upset as ive n ever considered myself as being evil.meaning beyond words: the physician's ironic tone in the sentences well reflects his indignation and anger at the animal rights activists. i became a children doctor because of my love for children and my supreme desire t

22、o keep them healthy. (para. 1)meaning: my love for children and strong desire to keep them healthy drove me to be a children's doctor.usage note: supreme, superior, super, superbsupreme, superior, super, superb都是形容詞，il詞形相近。它們都沒有比較級，也沒有最 高級，但它們的詞義和用法稍有差別。1 supreme基本詞義表示“(程度)最大的，最高的，極度的"，一般用在

23、名詞前作定語，修 飾名詞，其副詞是supremely,表示“極度地；極其”，常用于強(qiáng)調(diào)不好的品質(zhì)。例如：the supreme commander was in bad temper as the task for him had changed abruptly and fundamentally.最高指揮官很生氣，因?yàn)樗娜蝿?wù)突然徹底地改變了。2 superior表示“更好的；更強(qiáng)的；更有效的"，明顯含有“好”的意思。例如：a few years ago it was virtually impossible to find superior quality coffee in

24、local shops.幾年前， 幾乎不可能在當(dāng)?shù)氐目Х鹊暾业狡焚|(zhì)上乘的咖啡。superior后可以接介詞to,表示“比更好的/更強(qiáng)的/更有效的”，在句中一般用作表語或 后置定語。例如：for all babies, breastfeeding is far superior to bottlefeeding.對于所有的嬰兒,母乳喂養(yǎng)都遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn) 優(yōu)于奶瓶喂養(yǎng)。we have a relationship infinitely superior to those of many of our friends.我們之間的關(guān)系比我 們許多朋友之間的關(guān)系好太多了。s叩erioi也可以用作名詞，指“上級；上

25、司；長官”，其反義詞為inferior。s叩erior不能用作 副詞。3 super表示“極好的；了不起的”，能兼用作副詞表示“極其；非?！薄＠纾簍hey have gained market leadership by selling products that were of super quality.通過乍肖售高 質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品，他們己獲得了市場的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位。lee is very straightforward, super honest and he always knows what he is talking about. 李非常直爽，且超級誠實(shí)，他總是知道自己在說什么。(supe

26、r用作副詞) “did you enjoy the film?" “yes, i thought it was super/during medical school and residency i saw many children die of cancer and bloodshed from injury-circumstances against which medicine has made great progress but still has a long way to go. more importantly, i also saw children health

27、y thanks to advances in medical science such as infant breathing support powerful new medicines and surgical techniques and the entire field of organ transplantation. (para. 1) meaning: when i was studying at a medical school and being trained at a hospital, i saw many children die of cancer and she

28、d blood from injury 一 situations that modem medicine, though has advanced a lot, is notable to completely handle on the other hand, i saw children healthy because of the medical achievements such as infant breathing support and so forth.meaning beyond words: the comparison and contrast between the c

29、ases of children he witnessed effectively illustrates the importance and necessity of animal research “你喜歡這個電影嗎?" “我喜歡,我 認(rèn)為它超棒的?！? superb的詞義與supei相同，表示“極好的；出色的；卓越的”，superb在句中不僅可以作 定語，也可以作表語，其副詞是superblyo例如：the fact is that the telephone service is superb here, as is compared to postal service 事

30、實(shí)是，與 郵政服務(wù)相比，這兒的電話服務(wù)是一流的。i am highly aware of the superb reputation of your school.我非常 了解你們學(xué)校極佳的聲譽(yù)。5 my desire to tip the scales in favor of healthy, happy children drew me to medical research. (paraj)meaning: my doing medical research was driven by my priority to keep children healthy and happy6 my

31、accusers have twisted the truth into a fable and cast me as the devil. they claim that i have no moral compass，that i torture innocent animals for the sole purpose of career advancement, and that my experiments have no relevance to medicine. (para. 2) meaning: those who accuse me of having no moral

32、standards distorted the truth into a legendary story where i am depicted as a monster that tortures innocent animals only for my career advancement and my experiments have nothing to do with medicine.meaning beyond words: the parallel structure of "that，clause evidently strengthens the angry to

33、ne of the physician and it obviously is a plus when arguing fbr one's viewpoint.7 meanwhile, an uncaring public barely watches, convinced that the issue has no significance and publicity-conscious senators and politicians increasingly give way to the lobbying of animal rights activists. (para. 2

34、)meaning: at the same time, the general public act like bystanders, believing that the issue is no big deal. the senators and politicians, who are familiar with the public issues, keep making concessions to activists advocating animal rights.meaning beyond words: the physician is unhappy and dissati

35、sfied with the indifferent public and condemns those politicians who acted too softly to the animal rights activists8 we, in medical research, have also been unbelievably uncaring. we have allowed the most extreme animal rights protesters to creep in and frame the issue as one of "animal fraud&

36、quot; and hatred. (para.3)meaning: it is incredible that we who are doing medical research have also been ignoring the issue. we even gave permission to the most radical animal rights protesters to gradually impact on our research practice and accuse it of animal deception and hatred for animals.mea

37、ning beyond words: the medical researchers have been too soft to the animal rights protesters that they got themselves into troubleframe vt. deliberately make sb. seem guilty of a crime when theyve not guilty, by lying to the police or in a court of law 陷害； 誣告jack would never cheat at a exam, but hi

38、s classmate framed him as a cheat who had used iphone connected to the internet.杰克絕不會在考試中作弊，但他同學(xué)誣陷他是個作弊 者，說他使用連上了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的iphone.9 we have persisted in our belief that acknowledgeable public would consent to the importance of animal research for public health. perhaps we have been mistaken in not respond

39、ing to the emotional tone of the argument. （para. 3）meaning: we have believed firmly that knowledgeable people would agree how important animal research is for public health maybe, we have been wrong in not reacting to the animal rights activists' emotional expressions.meaning beyond words: the

40、implied meaning is that they, the animal researchers, have made mistakes in believing the public and dealing with animal rights activists.usage note: consent, approve, agreeconsent, approve, agree是一組近義詞，這些詞均含“同意；贊同”之意，但在含義和用法上 有區(qū)別。1 consent是不及物動詞，表示“同意、允許別人的請求、建議或者滿足他人的愿望”，著重 意愿或感情，且是帶有一定阻力或困難的贊同，而且

41、常有居高臨下的允諾之意。常見結(jié)構(gòu)有 consent to sth., consent to sb/s doing sth., consent to do sth, 例如1:my father must have made some inquiries and been satisfied, for he consented to my choice.我的父親肯定去打聽了一些事情并感到滿意，因?yàn)樗饬宋业倪x擇。the owner wouldn't consent to our making any structural changes in the flat while we live

42、 in it. 在我們居住期間，房主不會同意我們對公寓作任何結(jié)構(gòu)上的變動。the queen has graciously consented to open her london palace to the public for two months every summer.女王己欣然同意她在倫敦的宮殿每個夏天可向公眾開放兩個月。2叩prove 在表示“對所呈報的建議、計劃或做法作正式或者官方的批準(zhǔn)、認(rèn)可”時，用作及物動詞，后 直接接賓語。例如：the white house approved the new deal.白宮批準(zhǔn)了 這項(xiàng)新協(xié)議。approve在表示“贊成；同意；贊許”時，用

43、作不及物動詞，常與of連用。例如：catherine's parents now approved of her marriage.凱瑟琳的父母現(xiàn)在同意 了 她的婚姻。i don't approve of cosmetic surgery.我不贊同整容手術(shù)。3 agree在表示“同意；贊成”時，指對某事與他人有相同的見解和看法，可用作及物動詞和不 及物動詞。用作及物動詞吋，遞ree后接that引導(dǎo)的從句，表示接受或趨同對方的觀點(diǎn)、計劃、 建議、方案等。例如：i agree that your plan is better.我同意，你的計劃更好。 用作不及物動詞時，agree后常

44、接to引導(dǎo)的動詞不定式，或介詞to, with, on, abouto agree to意為“同意”，接名詞或接不定式表示“同意（去做）某事”。例如：i thought it was a reasonable proposal, but he didn't agree to it / to accept it.我覺得這是個合理 的建議，可是他不同意（接受）它。agree with意為“與一致；同意;對贊同”。例如：we cannot agree with the alternations and amendments to the contract.我們不能同意對合同的 變動及更改。a

45、gree on/upon/about意為“就.達(dá)成協(xié)議；在上意見一致"，賓語常為共同支持或取得一致 意見的事物。例如：since wc have agreed upon the details, lefs put the program into practice.既然我們在細(xì)節(jié)問題 上已取得一致意見，咱們就把計劃付諸實(shí)施吧。10 perhaps we should have responded to those sad slogans and posters of animals by waving equally sad posters of children dying of

46、cancer or external wounds. (para. 3)meaning: perhaps we should have responded to those sad slogans and posters of animals in a tit-for-tat way: showing the posters of children dying of cancer or external wounds.11 in the animal rights forum, much is made of the volume of pain these animals experienc

47、e in the name of medical science. activists deny that we are trying to help and say it is evidence of our evil and cruel nature. (para. 4)meaning: by way of the animal rights forum, activists have said far more than enough about the pain these animals suffer from medical research. they use it as an

48、excuse to deny the efforts we are making and accuse us of evil and cruel naturemeaning beyond words: here the physician is criticizing the animal rights activists for being dishonest to the public.12 a more reasonable argument, however, can be advanced in our defense. life is often cruel to animals

49、and human beings. teenagers are flung from trucks and suffer severe head injuries. young children barely able to walk find themselves at the bottom of swimming pools while a parent is occupied with something else.from everyday germs to gang violence, no life is free of pain* (para. 4)meaning: to def

50、end our argument, we can provide more reasonable evidence life is cruel to both animals and human beings. we often see teenagers thrown out from trucks, suffering severe head injuries; little children, yet unable to walk, are found dead in swimming pools while their parents are busy and distracted.

51、we are surrounded by potential illness from common germs and viruses and by potential dangers from car accidents to gang violence; no life is free from pain.13 physicians hoping to relieve the eternal suffering of these tragedies have only three choices: 1) create an animal model of the problem to u

52、nderstand the process and test new therapies; 2)experiment on human beings (some experiments will succeed, most will fail);or 3) leave medical knowledge static，hoping that accidental discoveries will lead us forward. (para. 4)meaning: according to the author, to reduce the never-ending suffering fro

53、m these misfortunes, physicians can only have three options: create an animal model, test on human beings, or stop doing medical research with the hope that one day some miracle will happen.meaning beyond words: the author's position is indirectly stated that physicians can only choose the first

54、 choice among these three to save the lives of human beings 一 create an animal model of the medical problem to imitate and understand the process of the medical treatment and to test new treatments.14 some animal rights activists would suggest an optional fourth choice claiming that computer models

55、can create animal experiments thus omitting actual experiments. (para. 5)meaning: some animal rights activists might suggest a fourth choice to solve the problem: use computers to model animal experiments so that animal experiments can be eliminated15 computers can imitate the effects of well-unders

56、tood principles on complex systems, as in the application of the laws of physics to airplane and automobile design. (para. 5) meaning: computers can model the effects of complex systems if the principles are well- understood, just as we apply the laws of physics to the design of airplanes and automo

57、biles.16 however, when the principles themselves are in question, as is the case with the complex biological systems of human life under study, computer modeling alone is of little value. (para. 5)meaning: however, computer modeling won't be of great value when the principles themselves are ques

58、tionable such as the complex biological systems of human life which are still under study. meaning beyond words: the fourth suggestion is obviously not practical since it doesnt work with complex systems.sentence structure note "as is the case with ."句型“as is (often) the case with .”句型中,as

59、引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，可以放在主句之前或之 后，表示“跟的情況一樣二這種句型通常是倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，由as引出的從句緊接動詞，as本身是 一個連接詞。例如：as is the case with most children, tony likes to play with small animals.跟大多數(shù)孩子一樣， 托尼喜歡與小動物玩。he was late for school today, as was often the case with him他今天上學(xué)遲到了，跟他以往經(jīng) 常發(fā)生的情況一樣。17 one of the terrifying effects of arresting the use of animals in medical research is that the impact will not be felt for years or even decades. drugs to cure infection will remain undiscovered, surgical and diagnostic techniques