國際貿易專業(yè)英語

1、國際貿易專業(yè)英語復習范圍檀文茹 第三版I術語配對 10×2=20II選詞填空 10×2=20III英譯漢 5×3=15IV漢譯英 5×3=15V閱讀理解i問答題 5×3=15ii判斷題15×1=15術語配對范圍：選詞填空范圍：1,3,5,8每一章課后第三題英譯漢范圍： 每一章ppt中有中文翻譯的句子漢譯英范圍：1,3,5,8每一章課后第六題閱讀理解：Unit 4、Unit7 課文術語配對：UNIT 1division of labor勞動分工The increasing specialization of occupations an

2、d specific tasks within occupations. 日益增加的職業(yè)專門化和職業(yè)內的具體任務。 Free trade自由貿易Free trade exists when the international exchange of goods is neither restricted nor encouraged by government-imposed trade barriers. Subsequently, the determination of the distribution and level of international trade is left t

3、o the operation of market parative advantage比較優(yōu)勢The theory of comparative advantage is a key idea in classical liberal economic theory put forward by David Ricardo. It posits that if all countries specialize in producing what they are comparatively best at - i.e. what they are most efficie

4、nt at producing - and then trade freely with one another, then the world will be better off economicallyFactor of production生產要素A human service or material good that can be used to contribute to the success of a process of production. A constituent element of any production process. Factors of produ

5、ction can be classified as to (1) human (labor) or nonhuman (material) factors, or (2) original or produced factors.capital intensive資本密集型的Production methods with a high quantity of capital per worker.Capital intensitu is the term in economics for the amount of fixed or real capital present in relat

6、ion to other factors of production,especially labor. At the level of either a production process or the attregate economy, it may be estimater by the capital/labor ratio, such as from the points along a capital/labor isoquant.factor intensity要素密度The relative importance of one factor versus others in

7、 production in an industry, usually compared across industries. It is most commonly defined in /by ratios of factor quantities employed at common factor prices, but sometimes by factor shares or by marginal rates of substitution between factors.Unit 3:channel of distribution分銷渠道It is a whole set of

8、marketing intermediaries, such as wholesalers and retailers,who join together to transport and store goods in their path(or channel) from producers to consumers.licensing 許可證貿易 A business arrangement in which the manufacturer (the licensor) of a product (or a firm with proprietary rights over certai

9、n technology trademarks, etc.) grants permission to some other group or individual to manufacture that product (or make use of that proprietary material, trademark, manufacturing process, patent, etc.) in return for specified royalties or other payment for the firm granting the license.franchising 特

10、許經營A legal and commercial relationship between the owner of a trademark or trade name (the Franchisor) and an individual or group who wants to use that identification in business (the franchisee). The Franchisor generally provides business expertise and the franchisee provides a way for the overall

11、business to duct liability 產品責任The obligation a seller incurs regarding the safety of a product. The liability may be implied by custom or common practice in the field, stated in the warranty, or decreed by law. If injury occurs, various defenses are prescribed by law and judicial precedent.

12、 Sellers are expected to offer adequate instructions and warnings about a product's use. counter trade 對等貿易 Any trade transaction of goods or services without the exchange of money. Forms include barter, buy-back or compensation, counter-purchase, offset requirements, swap, switch, or triangular

13、 trade, evidence or clearing accounts.joint venture合資企業(yè)Joint venture is a type og partial structural integration in which one or more sepatate organizations share combine resources to achieve a stater objective.foreign direct investment (FDI) 外國直接投資the purchase of land, equipment or buildings or the

14、 construction of new equipment or buildings by a foreign company. FDI also refers to the purchase of a controlling interest in existing operations and businesses (known as mergers and acquisitions). Multinational firms seeking to tap natural resources, access lucrative or emerging markets, and keep

15、production costs down by accessing low-wage labor pools in developing countries are FDI investors.Unit 5: customs union 關稅同盟A union of countries in which free trade exists between member nations and external tariffs may be erected against all outside countries.price elasticity 價格彈性retees to the sens

16、itivity of the quantity supplied or demanded of a commodity as the price of that commodity changes.sporadic dumping 偶然性傾銷 the occasional sale of a commodity at below cost, or at a lower cost abroad than domestically, in an effort to unload an unforeseen and temporary surplus or to create aconsumer i

17、nterest in the commodity.predatory dumping 掠奪性傾銷it refers to the use of aggressive (low) oricing to put a competitor out of business, with the intent, once they are gone, of raising prices to gain monopoly profits.customs valuation海關分類It is a detailed classification, coding system, and description o

18、f goods that enter international trade. The system is used by customs official as a guide in determining which tariff rate applies to a particular import item.Unit 8:trade creation 貿易創(chuàng)造An creation is an economic term related to international economics in which trade flows are redirected due to the f

19、ormation of a free trade area or a customs union.trade diversion 貿易轉移An economic term related to international economics in which trade is diverted from a more efficient exporter towards a less efficient one by the information of a frdd trade agreement or a customs union.economic union經濟同盟A type of

20、trade bloc which is composed of a common market with a customs union. The participant countries have both common policies on product regulation, freedom of movement of goods, services and the factors of production (capital and labour) and a common external trade policy.英譯漢：UNIT 1This model is based

21、far more explicitly than the Ricardo model on the idea that a general equilibrium is established in the economies, in which the equilibria in the various sub-markets are, (in principle), inter-related: if the balance shifts in one sub-market, this affects the balance in other sub-markets. explicitly

22、=clearly意譯：這個模型比李嘉圖的模型更加具體，因為在經濟體中建立了一般均衡的概念，原則上，分市場的均衡是相互聯(lián)系的：如果一個分市場的均衡發(fā)生改變，就會影響其他分市場的均衡。However, in contrast to Ricardo's model, there are simultaneous changes on the markets in the factors of production as a result of the emphasis on general equilibrium.factors of production 生產要素意譯：然而，HOS模型和李

23、嘉圖模型不同的是，由于強調一般均衡，認為生產要素在市場上會同時發(fā)生改變。A fundamental criticism of the HOS model was that it assumes that the sectors can be arranged in order of capital-intensity and that this arrangement is universal, i.e. the same in all countries. 對于HOS模型的基本批判是其假設不同部門是按照資本密集的順序劃分的，而且這種劃分具有普遍性，即對于所有國家都一樣。It should b

24、e clear that if, (as some people think), factor reversal is fairly widespread, there is essentially no foundation for the idea that hitherto prevailed in trade theory, namely that countries have a comparative cost advantage by nature, (i.e. because of prevailing conditions of supply,) in a range of

25、goods and services which can be specifically and objectively specified in a universal manner. There is essentially no foundation for the idea that.ex. There is essentially no foundation for the idea that paper books will eventually be replaced by e-books. .idea that hitherto prevailed in., namely th

26、at.ex. .idea that hitherto prevailed in China, namely that women are inclined to face prejudice when hunting jobs.應該弄清楚一點，如果像有人認為的那樣，要素反向廣泛存在，那么這種國際貿易理論的流行觀點就毫無根基即因為供應環(huán)境不同，對于那些可以被明確客觀劃分為不同要素密集型產品的貨物和服務來說，每一個國家都會有天然的比較成本優(yōu)勢。The idea is that it is not so much national factors ( or, if you like, locatio

27、nal factors ) that explain in which goods a strong competitive position can be developed, but rather factors relating to specific sectors or companies. 基本觀點是，產品的競爭能力的強弱并不由國家因素，或者說地區(qū)要素決定，而是由國家的特定行業(yè)或公司水平決定。If at that stage another supplier, say Thailand, wants to penetrate the market, the only way to

28、achieve it is by launching production in that country straight away on a massive scale of at least 600,000 units because it is only if production exceeds 600,000 units that Thailand can undercut Japans unit production costs for 875, 000 calculators ( we assume that the average cost curve in both cou

29、ntries is constantly falling) .如果這時另一供應商，比如泰國，想在這時候打入該市場，僅有的辦法是立即在本國開始大量生產，生產規(guī)模至少達到600000臺，因為只有生產規(guī)模超過600000臺，泰國才能比日本生產875000臺計算器的成本低（假設兩國平均成本曲線不斷下降）。If the industry were to be transferred in this way, then in view of the size of the market it is clear that Japan will also loose the remaining product

30、ion to Thailand, which produces more cheaply and will eventually be producing 1,000,000 units.如果行業(yè)按照這個思路轉變轉變，考慮到該產業(yè)的市場規(guī)模，如本也會把剩余生產量轉給泰國，計算器的生產成本更加低，產量最終超過1000000臺。UINT 2The import structure is quite similar to the export structure, and in the flow of international trade, imports move toward a balanc

31、e with export.進口和出口結構十分類似，在國際貿易流動中，進口和出口推動了貿易均衡。The import merchant today is represented by the import trading company( that specializes in the products it imports) and their particular distribution patterns.如今的進口商，大多是專門經營進口貨物、擁有特定經銷模式的進口貿易The imort structure is quite similar to the export structure

32、, and in the flow of international trade, imports move toward a balance with export.進口和出口結構十分類似，在國際貿易流動中，進口和出口推動了貿易均衡。There are of two types: (1) commission houses that strictly serve as agents for local consumers buying abroad and making all delivery arrangements but assuming no financial responsib

33、ility, and (2) resident representatives of foreign exporters performing the selling and distributing function for the foreign exporters.他們分為兩類：（1）嚴格履行代理業(yè)務的代理行，他們只為當?shù)叵M者進行國外采購、安排貨物運輸，但不承擔任何財務責任；（2）外國出口商在當?shù)氐拇?，為外國出口商銷售和派送產品。Many benefits arise from the latter in the marketing, distribution, and servic

34、ing areas. 通過兼并，全資公司可以獲得（海外這家公司已有的）營銷市場、分銷渠道和服務領域的諸多便利。獲益句式： Many benefits arise fromTechnology licensing is a contractual arrangement 【in which the licenser's patents, trademarks, service marks, copyrights, or know-how may be sold or otherwise made available to a licensee for compensation ( neg

35、otiated in advance between the parties)】. 被動語態(tài)技術許可是許可人和被許可人簽訂的契約安排，許可人將其專利、商標、服務商標、版權、專有技術賣給或允許被許可人使用，后者支付給前者一筆事先談判好的報酬。Such compensation (known as royalties), may consist of a lump sum royalty, a running royalty(royalty based on volume of production), or a combination of both. Royalty 許可費、特許使用權費Lum

36、p sum 一次付清A running royalty 浮動許可費這種報酬，又叫許可費，包括一次付清的總費用、浮動費用（基于產量多少而浮動的許可費）或兩者組合的費用。Companies frequently license their patents, trademarks, copyrights, and know-how to a foreign company 【that then manufactures and sells products based on the technology in a country or group of countries ( authorized

37、by the licensing agreement)】. What dose “technology” mean in this sentence?企業(yè)通常將自己的專利、商標、版權和專有技術授予國外企業(yè)，允許其在當?shù)鼗蚱渌麌?，制造和銷售基于這些技術的產品。A technology licensing agreement usually enables a firm to enter a foreign market quickly, yet it poses fewer financial and legal risks than owning and operating a foreig

38、n manufacturing facility or participating in an overseas joint venture. enable sb. to do sth.pose a threat/risk/danger 帶來、引起、造成技術許可洗衣通常能夠使企業(yè)迅速進入國外市場，同時相比建立國外生產基地和參與海外合資經營，技術許可的財務和法律風險更低Licensing also permits firms to overcome many of the tariff and non-tariff barriers (that frequently hamper the exp

39、ort of domestic manufactured products).克服 v：overcome, conquer, defeat, frustrate, surmount, get over, vanquish, fight阻礙/限制 v.：restrain, impede, hinder, halter, obstruct, limit, block, baffle, bar, discourage許可證貿易還能使企業(yè)克服那些經常影響本國制造品出口的關稅和非關稅壁壘。For these reasons, licensing can be a particularly attract

40、ive method of exporting for small companies or companies with little international trade experience, although licensing is profitably employed by large and small firms alike.使用；雇傭：engage, employ, use, hire, utilize, apply因為這些原因，盡管有經驗的大公司和小公司也常使用許可貿易來盈利，對于小公司或是缺乏國際貿易經驗的公司來說這種方式則是有著特別吸引力的出口方式。In consi

41、dering the licensing of technology, it is important to remember that foreign licensees may attempt to use the licensed technology to manufacture products that are marketed in the exporters market or third countries in direct competition with the licenser or its other licensees. 考慮技術許可時需要記住的是，國外被許可人可

42、能試圖使用轉讓的技術生產產品并在出口商的市場或在第三方國家銷售，跟許可人和其他被許可人直接競爭In many instances, licensers may wish to impose territorial restrictions on their foreign licensees, depending on antitrust laws and the licensing laws of the host country.很多情況下，許可人希望依賴東道國的反壟斷法或許可證合同法對國外被許可人設定(銷售)地域限制Such governments, for example, may p

43、rohibit royalty payments (that exceed a certain rate) or contractual provisions【barring the licensee from exporting products ( manufactured with or embodying the licensed technology) to third countries】.provision 條款比如，這些政府可能會限制超出一定比率的許可費的支付或者是對于禁止被許可人使用被許可技術生產出的產品向第三方國家出口的合同條款加以限制。In many instances

44、licensors should also retain qualified legal counsel in the host country in order to obtain advice on applicable local laws and to receive assistance in securing the foreign governments approval of the agreement.獲得： obtain, retain, acquire, earn, gain, procure, get, win, attain, receive大多數(shù)情況下，許可人應該在

45、東道國保有合格的法律顧問，通過他們了解當?shù)氐倪m用法律，同時在獲取國外政府對于合同的批準的事項上獲得其幫助。Moreover, the local partner may bring to the joint venture its knowledge of the customs and tastes of the people, an established distribution network, and valuable business and political contacts.此外，當?shù)睾献骰锇閷Ξ數(shù)鼐用竦牧晳T和愛好的了解，已經建立的銷售網絡以及有價值的商業(yè)和政治關系都可以給合

46、資企業(yè)帶來便利。Having local partners also decreases the foreign status of the firm and may provide some protection against discrimination or expropriation, should conditions change.Should conditions change=if conditions should change擁有地方合作伙伴還可以降低企業(yè)的外資成分，并且當環(huán)境發(fā)生變化時可以使企業(yè)避免歧視或罰沒等情況發(fā)生。A loss of effective manag

47、erial control can result in reduced profits, increased operating costs, inferior product quality, and exposure to product liability and environmental litigation and fines.引起： result in, cause, lead to, give rise to, bring about, induce, drive, boost, stimulate, triger, initiate, raise, create, set o

48、ff, start, produce, pose失去有效管控將可能導致利潤減少，運營成本增加，產品質量偏低，產品責任暴露和環(huán)境訴訟與罰款。UNIT 5The economic significance of a customs area lies essentially in the movement of goods within the area without payment of tariffs or duties .界定關稅區(qū)在經濟生活中的重要性在于，在關稅區(qū)內流動的貨物不被征收關稅。 A specific rate will, moreover, discourage import

49、s of the cheaper grade within a class of products as compared with the more expensive variety .For example, a specific rate of 20 a pair on shoes will discourage imports valued at 10 a pair to a greater extent than those valued at 25 a pair. a class of products同類產品 從量稅也會限制同種商品中廉價品的進口。例如，20美元一雙鞋的從量稅會

50、使進口國更多的限制進口一雙價值10美元的鞋子而非25美元的鞋。 Compound duties frequently apply to manufactured goods containing raw materials that are on the dutiable list. dutiable list應稅名單 復合稅通常針對應稅名單上的制成品和原材料來征收 In such cases the specific portion of the duty known as a compensatory duty is levied to offset the duty that grant

51、s protection to the raw materials industry , while ad valorem portion of the duty affords protection to the finished goods industry.這種情況下復合稅里的從量部分（也叫補償型關稅）的征收就是為了彌補國內生產商對于本國原材料行業(yè)的保護；而其中的從價部分則是對成品工業(yè)的保護。 In recent decades, specific duties have given way to ad valorem duties in response to worldwide in

52、flation and the growing importance of international trade in manufactures. 讓步/取代句式 have given way to .in response to/due to ex. In recent years, traditional business have given way to e-business in response to the rapid development of internet technology. 近幾十年，由于國際通貨膨脹以及制成品在國際貿易中越來越重要的地位，從量稅讓步于從價稅。

53、The lowering of tariffs has been compared to the draining of a swamp:The lower water level has revealed all sorts of stumps and snags ( non-tariff barriers)that still make the swamp(沼澤) difficult to cross. water level類比tariffs stumps and snags類比non-tariff barriers 關稅的降低好比沼澤的排水系統(tǒng)：隨著水平面的降低，越來越多的樹樁和暗礁（

54、非關稅壁壘）突顯，仍然是的沼澤地難以穿越。 We look first at quantitative trade restrictions, (the more visible kind of non-tariff barrier, )and then offer a brief review of the many other kinds of non-tariff barriers to international trade in goods and services. 我們先來看看貿易數(shù)量限制這一越來越明顯的非關稅壁壘，再來回顧一下國際貿易中貨物和服務的其他非貿易壁壘。 Quanti

55、tative trade restrictions are used chiefly to afford protection to domestic producers or to bring about adjustment of a disturbed balance of payments . 貿易數(shù)量限制主要用于保護國內的生產者或者調整失衡的國際收支。 A bilateral or multilateral quota tends to minimize pressure by domestic importers upon their own government and to i

56、ncrease cooperation by foreign exporters, thus enhancing the successful operation of the system. 雙邊或多邊配額意在減少雙方國內進口商的壓力，增加和國外出口商的合作，從而使該機制成功運轉。 Complicated and obscure tariff nomenclatures (coupled with ambiguous rules of classification) give customs authorities plenty of opportunity for arbitrary cl

57、assification . 機會句式 give .sbplenty of opportunity for /to 表達某人或某類人因為某個原因而可以（有機會）做某事 ex. The rapid economic development of China gives increasingly large number of teenagers considerable opportunity for higher education. 由于關稅屬于表達復雜模糊，分類模棱兩可，因此海關當局有很多操控海關分類的機會。 Article 6 of the GATT stipulates that tw

58、o criteria must be met for the legitimate(合法的) application of anti-dumping duties by member states: “ sales at less than fair value”( sales abroad at prices lower than in the country of origin) and “ material injury ” to a domestic industry. GATT General Agreement on Tariff & Trade 關貿總協(xié)定 GATT第六條規(guī)定，成員國在征收反傾銷稅時，必須達到兩大法律標準：一是“售價比公允價值低”（商品在國外的售價比在原產國售價低），二是對