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1、邁克爾·布隆伯格在哈佛大學(xué)年畢業(yè)典禮英語演講稿thank you, katie and thank you to president faust, the fellows of harvard college, the boardof overseers, and all the faculty, alumni, and students who have welcomed me back to campus.im excited to be here, not only to address the distinguished graduates and alumni atharv

2、ard universitys 363rd commencement but to stand in the exact spot where oprah stoodlast year. omg.let me begin with the most important order of business: lets have a big round of applause forthe class of 2019! theyve earned it!as excited as the graduates are, they are probably even more exhausted af

3、ter the past fewweeks. and parents: im not referring to their final exams. im talking about the seniorolympics, the last chance dance, and the booze cruise i mean, the moonlight cruise.the entire year has been exciting on campus: harvard beat yale for the seventh straight timein football. the mens b

4、asketball team went to the second round of the ncaa tournament forthe second straight year. and the mens squash team won national championship.whod a thunk it: harvard, an athletic powerhouse! pretty soon theyll be asking whether youhave academics to go along with your athletic programs.my personal

5、connection to harvard began in 1964, when i graduated from johns hopkinsuniversity in baltimore and matriculated here at the b-school.youre probably asking: how did i ever get into harvard business school, given my stellaracademic record, where i always made the top half of the class possible? i hav

6、e no idea. andthe only people more surprised than me were my professors.anyway, here i am again back in cambridge. and i have noticed that a few things havechanged since i was a student here. elsies a sandwich spot i used to love near the square is now a burrito shop. the wursthaus which had great b

7、eer and sausage is now an artisanalgastro-pub, whatever the heck that is. and the old holyoke center is now named the smithcampus center.dont you just hate it when alumni put their names all over everything? i was thinking aboutthat this morning as i walked into the bloomberg center on the harvard b

8、usiness schoolcampus across the river.but the good news is, harvard remains what it was when i first arrived on campus 50 yearsago: americas most prestigious university. and, like other great universities, it lies at theheart of the american experiment in democracy.their purpose is not only to advan

9、ce knowledge, but to advance the ideals of our nation. greatuniversities are places where people of all backgrounds, holding all beliefs, pursuing allquestions, can come to study and debate their ideas freely and openly.today, id like to talk with you about how important it is for that freedom to ex

10、ist for everyone,no matter how strongly we may disagree with anothers viewpoint.tolerance for other peoples ideas, and the freedom to express your own, are inseparable valuesat great universities. joined together, they form a sacred trust that holds the basis of ourdemocratic society.but that trust

11、is perpetually vulnerable to the tyrannical tendencies of monarchs, mobs, andmajorities. and lately, we have seen those tendencies manifest themselves too often, both oncollege campuses and in our society.thats the bad news and unfortunately, i think both harvard, and my own city of new york,have be

12、en witnesses to this trend.first, for new york city. several years ago, as you may remember, some people tried to stopthe development of a mosque a few blocks from the world trade center site.it was an emotional issue, and polls showed that two-thirds of americans were against amosque being built th

13、ere. even the anti-defamation league widely regarded as the countrysmost ardent defender of religious freedom declared its opposition to the project.the opponents held rallies and demonstrations. they denounced the developers. and theydemanded that city government stop its construction. that was the

14、ir right and we protectedtheir right to protest. but they could not have been more wrong. and we refused to cave in totheir demands.the idea that government would single out a particular religion, and block its believers andonly its believers from building a house of worship in a particular area is

15、diametricallyopposed to the moral principles that gave rise to our great nation and the constitutionalprotections that have sustained it.our union of 50 states rests on the union of two values: freedom and tolerance. and it is thatunion of values that the terrorists who attacked us on september 11th

16、, 2019 and on april15th, 2019 found most threatening.to them, we were a god-less country.but in fact, there is no country that protects the core of every faith and philosophy known tohuman kind free will more than the united states of america. that protection, however,rests upon our constant vigilan

17、ce.we like to think that the principle of separation of church and state is settled. it is not. and itnever will be. it is up to us to guard it fiercely and to ensure that equality under the lawmeans equality under the law for everyone.if you want the freedom to worship as you wish, to speak as you

18、wish, and to marry whom youwish, you must tolerate my freedom to do so or not do so as well.what i do may offend you. you may find my actions immoral or unjust. but attempting torestrict my freedoms in ways that you would not restrict your own leads only to injustice.we cannot deny others the rights

19、 and privileges that we demand for ourselves. and that is truein cities and it is no less true at universities, where the forces of repression appear to bestronger now than they have been since the 1950s.when i was growing up, u.s. senator joe mccarthy was asking: are you now or have you everbeen? h

20、e was attempting to repress and criminalize those who sympathized with an economicsystem that was, even then, failing.mccarthys red scare destroyed thousands of lives, but what was he so afraid of? an idea inthis case, communism that he and others deemed dangerous.but he was right about one thing: i

21、deas can be dangerous. they can change society. they canupend traditions. they can start revolutions. thats why throughout history, those in authorityhave tried to repress ideas that threaten their power, their religion, their ideology, or theirreelection chances.that was true for socrates and galil

22、eo, it was true for nelson mandela and václav havel, and ithas been true for ai wei wei, pussy riot, and the kids who made the happy video in iran.repressing free expression is a natural human weakness, and it is up to us to fight it at everyturn. intolerance of ideas whether liberal or conserv

23、ative is antithetical to individualrights and free societies, and it is no less antithetical to great universities and first-ratescholarship.there is an idea floating around college campuses including here at harvard that scholarsshould be funded only if their work conforms to a particular view of j

24、ustice. theres a word forthat idea: censorship. and it is just a modern-day form of mccarthyism.think about the irony: in the 1950s, the right wing was attempting to repress left wing ideas.today, on many college campuses, it is liberals trying to repress conservative ideas, even asconservative facu

25、lty members are at risk of becoming an endangered species. and perhapsnowhere is that more true than here in the ivy league.in the 2019 presidential race, according to federal election commission data, 96 percent of allcampaign contributions from ivy league faculty and employees went to barack obama

26、.ninety-six percent. there was more disagreement among the old soviet politburo than there isamong ivy league donors.that statistic should give us pause and i say that as someone who endorsed president obamafor reelection because let me tell you, neither party has a monopoly on truth or god on itssi

27、de.when 96 percent of ivy league donors prefer one candidate to another, you have to wonderwhether students are being exposed to the diversity of views that a great university shouldoffer.diversity of gender, ethnicity, and orientation is important. but a university cannot be great ifits faculty is

28、politically homogenous. in fact, the whole purpose of granting tenure to professorsis to ensure that they feel free to conduct research on ideas that run afoul of university politicsand societal norms.when tenure was created, it mostly protected liberals whose ideas ran up against conservativenorms.

29、today, if tenure is going to continue to exist, it must also protect conservatives whose ideasrun up against liberal norms. otherwise, university research and the professors who conductit will lose credibility.great universities must not become predictably partisan. and a liberal arts education must

30、not be an education in the art of liberalism.the role of universities is not to promote an ideology. it is to provide scholars and studentswith a neutral forum for researching and debating issues without tipping the scales in onedirection, or repressing unpopular views.requiring scholars and commenc

31、ement speakers, for that matter to conform to certainpolitical standards undermines the whole purpose of a university.this spring, it has been disturbing to see a number of college commencement speakerswithdraw or have their invitations rescinded after protests from students and to me,shockingly fro

32、m senior faculty and administrators who should know better.it happened at brandeis, haverford, rutgers, and smith. last year, it happened at swarthmoreand johns hopkins, im sorry to say.in each case, liberals silenced a voice and denied an honorary degree to individuals theydeemed politically object

33、ionable. that is an outrage and we must not let it continue.if a university thinks twice before inviting a commencement speaker because of his or herpolitics censorship and conformity the mortal enemies of freedom win out.and sadly, it is not just commencement season when speakers are censored.last

34、fall, when i was still in city hall, our police commissioner was invited to deliver a lecture atanother ivy league institution but he was unable to do so because students shouted himdown.isnt the purpose of a university to stir discussion, not silence it? what were the studentsafraid of hearing? why

35、 did administrators not step in to prevent the mob from silencingspeech? and did anyone consider that it is morally and pedagogically wrong to deprive otherstudents the chance to hear the speech?im sure all of todays graduates have read john stuart mills on liberty. but allow me to read ashort passa

36、ge from it: the peculiar evil of silencing the expression of an opinion is, that it isrobbing the human race; posterity as well as the existing generation; those who dissent fromthe opinion, still more than those who hold it.he continued: if the opinion is right, they are deprived of the opportunity

37、 of exchangingerror for truth: if wrong, they lose, what is almost as great a benefit, the clearer perceptionand livelier impression of truth, produced by its collision with error.mill would have been horrified to learn of university students silencing the opinions of others. hewould have been even

38、more horrified that faculty members were often part of thecommencement censorship campaigns.for tenured faculty members to silence speakers whose views they disagree with is the heightof hypocrisy, especially when these protests happen in the northeast a bastion of self-professed liberal tolerance.i

39、m glad to say, however, that harvard has not caved in to these commencement censorshipcampaigns. if it had, colorado state senator michael johnston would not have had the chanceto address the education school yesterday.some students called on the administration to rescind the invitation to johnston

40、becausethey opposed some of his education policies. but to their great credit, president faust anddean ryan stood firm.as dean ryan wrote to students: i have encountered many people of good faith who share mybasic goals but disagree with my own views when it comes to the question of how best toimpro

41、ve education. in my view, those differences should be explored, debated, challenged, andquestioned. but they should also be respected and, indeed, celebrated.he could not have been more correct, and he could not have provided a more valuable finallesson to the class of 2019.as a former chairman of j

42、ohns hopkins, i strongly believe that a universitys obligation is notto teach students what to think but to teach students how to think. and that requires listeningto the other side, weighing arguments without prejudging them, and determining whether theother side might actually make some fair point

43、s.if the faculty fails to do this, then it is the responsibility of the administration and governingbody to step in and make it a priority. if they do not, if students graduate with ears and mindsclosed, the university has failed both the student and society.and if you want to know where that leads,

44、 look no further than washington, d.c.down in washington, every major question facing our country involving our security, oureconomy, our environment, and our health is decided.yet the two parties decide these questions not by engaging with one another, but by trying toshout each other down, and by

45、trying to repress and undermine research that runs counterto their ideology. the more our universities emulate that model, the worse off we will be as asociety.and let me give you an example: for decades, congress has barred the centers for diseasecontrol from conducting studies of gun violence, and

46、 recently congress also placed thatprohibition on the national institute of health. you have to ask yourself: what are they afraidof?this year, the senate has delayed a vote on president obamas nominee for surgeon general dr. vivek murthy, a harvard physician because he had the audacity to say that

47、gunviolence is a public health crisis that should be tackled. the gall of him!lets get serious: when 86 americans are killed with guns every single day, and shootingsregularly occur at our schools and universities including last weeks tragedy at santa barbara it would be almost medical malpractice t

48、o say anything else.but in politics as it is on too many college campuses people dont listen to facts that runcounter to their ideology. they fear them. and nothing is more frightening to them thanscientific evidence.earlier this year, the state of south carolina adopted new science standards for it

49、s publicschools but the state legislature blocked any mention of natural selection. thats liketeaching economics without mentioning supply and demand.again, you have to ask: what are they afraid of?the answer, of course, is obvious: just as members of congress fear data that underminestheir ideologi

50、cal beliefs, these state legislators fear scientific evidence that undermines theirreligious beliefs.and if you want proof of that, consider this: an 8-year old girl in south carolina wrote tomembers of the state legislature urging them to make the woolly mammoth the official statefossil. the legisl

51、ators thought it was a great idea, because a woolly mammoth fossil was foundin the state way back in 1725. but the state senate passed a bill defining the woolly mammothas having been created on the 6th day with the beasts of the field.you cant make this stuff up.here in 21st century america, the wa

52、ll between church and state remains under attack andits up to all of us to man the barricades.unfortunately, the same elected officials who put ideology and religion over data and sciencewhen it comes to guns and evolution are often the most unwilling to accept the scientificdata on climate change.n

53、ow, dont get me wrong: scientific skepticism is healthy. but there is a world of differencebetween scientific skepticism that seeks out more evidence and ideological stubbornness thatshuts it out.given the general attitude of many elected officials toward science its no wonder that thefederal govern

54、ment has abdicated its responsibility to invest in scientific research, much ofwhich occurs at our universities.today, federal spending on research and development as a percentage of gdp is lower than ithas been in more than 50 years which is allowing the rest of the world to catch up and evensurpass the u.s. in scie

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