國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)英漢雙語課件_第4章transport

1、international trade practice主講：劉偉良主講：劉偉良teltel：1392243943713922439437qqqq：10472051221047205122chapter 4 transport1. ocean transport2. air transport3. rail transport4. road transport1/705. containerization6. palletization7. pipelines8. international multimodal transport9. general considerations in ca

2、rgo transportp57-ocean transportother modes of transport2/70transportp57-advantages1. the easy passage2. large capacity3. low unit distribution cost4. good adaptability to cargoesdisadvantages1. slow passage2. vulnerable 易受傷 to bad weather3. less punctual3/701. ocean transport1) advantages and disad

3、vantagesp57-4/702) major types of cargo vesselsn a general or packed cargo vesseln an obo (ore/bulk/oil) carriern a refrigerated shipn a timber ship n an oil tankern a container vesseln role on/role off (ro-ro) vesseln lash (lighter aboard ship)n 普通貨輪n 礦石/散貨/油輪n 冷藏船n 木材船n 油輪n 集裝箱輪n 滾裝船n 載駁貨船p57-5/70

4、an ore carrier 礦沙船礦沙船p57-6/70a refrigerated shipp57-7/70a timber ship 木材木材p57-8/70an oil tankerp57-9/70a ro-ro shipp57-10/70a lighter aboard shipp58-11/703) classification of merchant vesselsmerchant vessels linerstramps流浪voyage charter程租船time charter定期租船single voyage航行 charter round voyage charter

5、consecutive voyage chartervoyage charter on time basis contract of affreightment包運(yùn)合同p58-12/70a linera passenger or cargo vessel that operates over a regular route according to an advertised time-table.characteristicsn fixed route, ports, schedule and relatively fixed freight;n loading and unloading

6、charges included in freight;n good service;n simple procedures;n ideal for cargo of small quantity.【a】liners (定期班輪)p59-a tramp a cargo ship not operating on regular routes and schedules, and picking up cargo from almost any port only when it is chartered (hired). tramps can be divided into voyage ch

7、arter and time charter.characteristicsn no fixed route, ports or schedule but direct trip;n freight determined by market to be competitive;n ideal for cargo of a complete shipload, such as cargo of low value and huge quantity.【b】tramps (不定期貨輪)p59-14/70nalso known as charter party, is a written contr

8、act between the ship-operator and the charterer (shipper發(fā)貨人), normally including the ports, the freight rate and the time involved in the voyages.nunder a charter party, the ship operator issues a charter party bill of lading, which is normally rejected by the banks in l/c negotiation.charter party

9、contract - (租船合同租船合同)p59-15/70a voyage charter is the hire of a ship for a particular trip that can be further divided into:nsingle voyage charternround voyage charternconsecutive voyage charternvoyage charter on time basisncontract of affreightmentn單程航次租船 n來回航次租船 n連續(xù)航次租船n航次期租船 n包運(yùn)合同租船voyage charter

10、 (定程租船定程租船)16/70laytime (裝卸時間)the total time (number of hours or days) allowed through an agreement between the ship-owner and the charterer for loading and/or unloading the cargo.demurrage (滯港費(fèi))the charge the charterers pay to the ship-owner as compensation for the delay of a ship beyond its schedu

11、led laytime. dispatch money (速遣費(fèi))the reward the ship-owner pays to the charterers for the time saved in the loading or discharging operations (shorter than the contractually agreed laytime).laytime, demurrage & dispatch timep59-17/70nrunning or consecutive days each and every 24 hours are counte

12、d as one day.nworking days non-working days such as sundays and holidays are excluded.nweather working days a day of good weather and working day is taken as part of the laytime.how to calculate the laytimep60-18/70a time charter is the hire of a ship for a definite period of time from a few months

13、up to 20 years. a time charter party should include the following main clauses:ndescription of shipntrade limit (cargo, area)ncharter periodndelivery of vesseltime charter (定期租船定期租船)ncharter hirensuspension 暫停 of hirenredelivery of vesselnsubletp61-19/704) key trade terms used specifically in charte

14、r shippingn liner terms: the ship-operator is responsible for cargo loading and unloading;n free in (fi): the ship-operator is not responsible for cargo loading;n free out (fo): the ship-operator is not responsible for cargo unloading;n free in & out (fio): the ship-operator is not responsible f

15、or cargo loading and unloading.n free in & out, stowed & trimmed (fiost): the ship-operator is not responsible for cargo loading, unloading, stowing and trimming.p61-20/705) general procedures of ocean transport by liners find out freight rates. select a shipping line and a particular vessel

16、 for reliable service and reasonable cost. book shipping space. register cargo on a shipping note (s/n), which describes the details of cargo, and send the shipping note to the shipping line. register details on the customs 海關(guān)海關(guān)forms. arrange adequate packing, including shipping marks. receive calli

17、ng forward notice (when to send in the cargo) from shipping line. send cargo to the port shipment with consignment 托運(yùn)托運(yùn) note, which has the details of the shipment. pay freight bill. receive from the shipping line a bill of lading (b/l) send b/l via shipping line or directly to consignee 收貨人收貨人 or t

18、o a bank acting as intermediary.p62-21/70jobsn booking shipping space.n arranging shipping documentation.n collecting cargo.n dealing with customs entries and other formalities. (possibly) n arranging payment and insurance. (possibly) n grouping a number of consignments 貨物.n giving advice on markets

19、, import/export regulations & export packing.6) shipping and forwarding agentsp62-22/707) freight rates (運(yùn)費(fèi)率運(yùn)費(fèi)率) w (weight) m (measurements) w/m ad valorem w/m or ad valorem w/m plus ad valorem open ratefreight charged by (計費(fèi)方法) 重量法 體積法 重量或尺碼從高計 從價法（貴重物品） 重量或尺碼或價值從高計 重量或尺碼從高再加從價 臨時議定法（大宗產(chǎn)品）p64-2

20、3/70 port congestion surcharge alteration of destination surcharge deviation surcharge heavy lift additional over-length additional hold and tank cleaning chargeliners surcharges (班輪附加費(fèi)) 港口擁擠附加費(fèi) 變更港口附加費(fèi) 繞航附加費(fèi) 超重附加費(fèi) 超長附加費(fèi) 洗艙附加費(fèi)7) freight rates (運(yùn)費(fèi)率運(yùn)費(fèi)率)24/70how to calculate the liners freightf: total

21、freightfb: basic freights: all surchargetotal freight = basic freight + all surcharges25/70steps to calculate the liners freight 據(jù)貨物英文名稱查詢貨物等級表和計費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)； 查出航線的費(fèi)率表； 查附加費(fèi)率（額）表 計算運(yùn)費(fèi)how to calculate the liners freight26/70example廣州運(yùn)往倫敦港“鬧鐘”一批共計100箱，每箱體積為20cm30cm40cm，毛重為25公斤。假設(shè)當(dāng)時燃油附加費(fèi)率為30，倫敦港口擁擠附加費(fèi)率為l0。n請計算應(yīng)

22、付運(yùn)費(fèi)多少? how to calculate the liners freight27/70name of cargocharged bygradeagricultural machinew10beansw5clocksw/m8kitchenwarew/m8.step 1 check out the grade of the cargohow to calculate the liners freight28/70step 2 check out the basic freight rate（guangzhoulondon）貨物等級基本費(fèi)率（美元/運(yùn)費(fèi)噸）150510010200850.50

23、 how to calculate the liners freight29/70step 3 check out the surcharge rate/amount （略）1.據(jù)貨物名稱，查貨物等級表得知：n該商品計價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)： w/mn該商品貨物等級為：8級2.據(jù)題目給定的航線和查到的貨物等級，查航線費(fèi)率表得知：n該商品基本運(yùn)費(fèi)率：50.50美元/噸how to calculate the liners freight26/70example廣州運(yùn)往倫敦港“鬧鐘”一批共計100箱，每箱體積為20cm30cm40cm，毛重為25公斤。假設(shè)當(dāng)時燃油附加費(fèi)率為30，倫敦港口擁擠附加費(fèi)率為l0。n請計

24、算應(yīng)付運(yùn)費(fèi)多少? how to calculate the liners freight30/70按重量噸：w = 0.025（公噸）按尺碼噸：m= 0.2*0.3*0.4 =0.024（m3）wm，所以w/m 取wfb=100*0.025*50.50 = 126.25（美元）s=126.25*（10%+30%）= 50.5（美元）f=fb+s=126.25+50.5=176.75（美元）how to calculate the liners freightp64-31/70“bill of lading” (海運(yùn)提單) means a document which evidences a c

25、ontract of carriage by sea and the taking over or loading of the goods by the carrier, and by which the carrier undertakes to deliver the goods against surrender of the document. (hamberg rules )“海運(yùn)提單”是指一份用以證明海上運(yùn)輸合同和貨物由承運(yùn)人接管或裝船，以及承運(yùn)人據(jù)以保證交付貨物的文件。8) ocean bill of lading (b/l)p64-32/70functions of b/l

26、evidence of receipt of cargoit is a receipt signed by the carrier confirming the goods have been received from the shipper in good order and condition apparently. document of title to cargoit is a document of title, creating ownership of the goods shipped. evidence of a contract of carriageit is evi

27、dence that a valid contract of carriage exists between the carrier and the shipper, and it may incorporate the full terms of the contract between them.33/701 1、它是承運(yùn)人簽發(fā)給托運(yùn)人的貨物收據(jù)它是承運(yùn)人簽發(fā)給托運(yùn)人的貨物收據(jù)n表明承運(yùn)人已按提單所列內(nèi)容收到貨物。n除提單上訂有有效的“不知條款”外(如：stc)，提單是承運(yùn)人按所載內(nèi)容收到貨物的絕對證據(jù)。2 2、它是代表貨物所有權(quán)的憑證、它是代表貨物所有權(quán)的憑證n承運(yùn)人的責(zé)任是把提單項下貨

28、物交給提單持有人。若承運(yùn)人把貨物交給非提單持有人，則要自負(fù)風(fēng)險。n承運(yùn)人憑正本提單一份交貨，其他幾份則失效，不能再轉(zhuǎn)讓。3 3、它是承運(yùn)人與托運(yùn)人訂立的運(yùn)輸合同的證明、它是承運(yùn)人與托運(yùn)人訂立的運(yùn)輸合同的證明n對提單受讓人來說，現(xiàn)實中，除了提單，少有運(yùn)輸協(xié)議存在。n作為提單受讓人的貨物買方與承運(yùn)人之間的權(quán)利和義務(wù)以提單為準(zhǔn)。因此，提單起著運(yùn)輸合同的作用。海運(yùn)提單的作用海運(yùn)提單的作用34/70contents of b/l hague rules - 海牙規(guī)則（多數(shù)提單采用） visby rules - 維斯比規(guī)則 hamberg rules - 漢堡規(guī)則frontbackcarrier; b/l

29、 no.; shipper; consignee; notify party; vessel; voyage no.; port of loading/discharge; commodity; marks & number; gross weight; measurement; freight & charges; place & date of issue; number of original b/l; signature of carrier or its agents; and etc.p65-nsamples:b/l 1b/l 235/704類共17種情況n

30、 因不可抗力免責(zé)；n 因非船方本身過失免責(zé)；n 因特殊情況免責(zé)；n 因無過失免責(zé)。海牙規(guī)則海牙規(guī)則免責(zé)事項免責(zé)事項p65-36/70types of b/ln shipped/on board b/ln received for shipment b/ln clean b/ln dirty b/ln straight b/ln order b/ln bearer b/ln direct b/ln transshipment b/ln combined transport documentn short form b/ln long form b/ln on deck b/ln stale b/

31、ln groupage b/l & house b/ln ante-dated b/ln advanced b/ln freight prepaid b/ln freight collect b/ln minimum b/ln separate b/ln switch b/lp65-37/70shipped b/l or on board b/l (已裝船提單已裝船提單)承運(yùn)人在貨物已經(jīng)裝上指定船舶后所簽發(fā)的提單。received for shipment b/l (備運(yùn)備運(yùn)/收訖待運(yùn)提單收訖待運(yùn)提單)承運(yùn)人已收到托運(yùn)貨物等待裝運(yùn)期間所簽發(fā)的提單(承運(yùn)人收到貨，還沒裝船）。實際業(yè)務(wù)中，

32、買方一般都要求賣方提交已裝船提單。types of b/lp66-38/70clean b/l (清潔提單清潔提單)貨物在裝運(yùn)時表面狀況良好，承運(yùn)人不加不良批注的提單。dirty 、foul or unclean b/l (不清潔提單）不清潔提單）貨物在裝運(yùn)時表面有瑕疵，承運(yùn)人在上面加帶不良批注的提單。實際業(yè)務(wù)中，買方一般都要求賣方提交清潔提單。types of b/lp67-39/70straight b/l (記名提單記名提單)收貨人欄填明特定收貨人的提單。實際業(yè)務(wù)中，使用最多的是指示提單。bearer b/l (不記名提單不記名提單)收貨人欄填明“to bearer”（持有人）的提單。o

33、rder b/l (指示提單指示提單)收貨人欄填寫“to order”（需背書）或“to order of xxx”（由xxx背書）字樣的提單。types of b/l3. 3.根據(jù)收貨人抬頭根據(jù)收貨人抬頭（1 1）記名提單）記名提單 straight b/lstraight b/l收貨人欄內(nèi)填寫特定收貨人名稱收貨人欄內(nèi)填寫特定收貨人名稱不能流通轉(zhuǎn)讓不能流通轉(zhuǎn)讓（2 2）不記名提單）不記名提單 bearer b/lbearer b/l收貨人欄內(nèi)不填寫收貨人名稱收貨人欄內(nèi)不填寫收貨人名稱無需背書即可轉(zhuǎn)讓無需背書即可轉(zhuǎn)讓3. 3.根據(jù)收貨人抬頭根據(jù)收貨人抬頭（3 3）指示提單）指示提單 order

34、 b/lorder b/l收貨人欄內(nèi)填寫：收貨人欄內(nèi)填寫： “ “to order” (to order” (即不記名指示，空白抬頭即不記名指示，空白抬頭) ) “to the order of “to the order of * * *”（即記名指示）（即記名指示）這種提單經(jīng)這種提單經(jīng)指示人指示人背書后可以轉(zhuǎn)讓給其他人背書后可以轉(zhuǎn)讓給其他人。the shipper /the the shipper /the consignee /the bankconsignee /the bank 一般視為一般視為shipper指示，指示，只有當(dāng)只有當(dāng)shipper作出背書作出背書后才可轉(zhuǎn)讓給其他人后才

35、可轉(zhuǎn)讓給其他人n關(guān)于背書關(guān)于背書 endorsementl背書有背書有和和 空白背書是背書人在提單背面簽名或蓋章；空白背書是背書人在提單背面簽名或蓋章；記名背書是除在提單背面簽名外，還列明被記名背書是除在提單背面簽名外，還列明被背書人名稱背書人名稱。提單經(jīng)過背書可以轉(zhuǎn)讓，實際業(yè)務(wù)中使用提單經(jīng)過背書可以轉(zhuǎn)讓，實際業(yè)務(wù)中使用最多的是最多的是“空白抬頭空白抬頭( (即即to order)to order)，空白，空白背書背書”提單，因為可以實現(xiàn)多次轉(zhuǎn)讓。提單，因為可以實現(xiàn)多次轉(zhuǎn)讓。p68-40/70transshipment b/l（轉(zhuǎn)船提單）（轉(zhuǎn)船提單）提單項下貨物在運(yùn)輸途中，轉(zhuǎn)卸入另一船，再駛往

36、目的港卸貨。through b/l (聯(lián)運(yùn)提單聯(lián)運(yùn)提單)提單項下貨物以海運(yùn)和其他運(yùn)輸方式聯(lián)合運(yùn)輸。direct b/l（直運(yùn)提單）（直運(yùn)提單）提單項下貨物在裝運(yùn)港裝上貨輪后，直接（不轉(zhuǎn)船）駛往目的港卸貨。types of b/lp69-41/70long form b/l (全式提單全式提單/繁式提單繁式提單)既在正面列明內(nèi)容，也在背面列明承運(yùn)人何托運(yùn)人權(quán)利和義務(wù)的提單。（班輪提單通常屬此）short form b/l (略式提單簡式提單略式提單簡式提單)只提單正面列明必須記載的事項，背面空白的提單。（租船提單往往屬此）combined transport document ctd (多式聯(lián)運(yùn)

37、單據(jù)多式聯(lián)運(yùn)單據(jù))指能證明多式聯(lián)運(yùn)合同和多式聯(lián)運(yùn)人接收貨物并負(fù)責(zé)按照合同交付貨物的單據(jù)。types of b/lp70-42/70stale b/l (過期提單過期提單)簽發(fā)后超過信用證期限才交到銀行的提單。on deck b/l (甲板提單艙面提單甲板提單艙面提單)表明貨物裝于船舶甲板的提單，銀行一般不接受。groupage b/l (并裝提單并裝提單)：貨代將不同貨主的貨物組成一批交船公司運(yùn)輸，由此船方簽發(fā)給貨代的提單。house b/l (貨代提單貨代提單) ：貨代公司簽發(fā)的提單。 types of b/lp71-43/70ante-dated b/l (倒簽提單倒簽提單)提單顯示的簽發(fā)

38、日非簽發(fā)當(dāng)天，而是已過去的某天（據(jù)托運(yùn)人要求）的提單。advanced b/l (預(yù)借提單預(yù)借提單)貨物尚未裝船或尚未裝船完畢的情況下，船方提前簽發(fā)的已裝船清潔提單（即托運(yùn)人為了能及時結(jié)匯而從承運(yùn)人那里借用的已裝船清潔提單）。船方印發(fā)以上2種提單均屬“欺詐”違法行為。types of b/lp72-44/70freight to be collected b/l (運(yùn)費(fèi)到付提單運(yùn)費(fèi)到付提單)注明運(yùn)費(fèi)向收貨人收?。╢reight to be collected）支付的提單。nfob條件下，賣方提交運(yùn)費(fèi)到付提單。ncfr、cif條件下，賣方提交運(yùn)費(fèi)已付提單。freight prepaid b/l

39、(運(yùn)費(fèi)已付提單運(yùn)費(fèi)已付提單)注明運(yùn)費(fèi)已預(yù)先支付（freight prepaid）的提單。types of b/lseparate b/l (分提單分提單)一批貨物，即同一裝貨單的貨物，據(jù)托運(yùn)人要求分列2套或2套以上的提單。（一批貨，兩套單）minimum b/l (最低運(yùn)費(fèi)提單最低運(yùn)費(fèi)提單 )運(yùn)費(fèi)未到運(yùn)價本規(guī)定的最低額，而按規(guī)定的最低運(yùn)費(fèi)計收的提單。switch b/l (交換提單交換提單)直達(dá)運(yùn)輸中，憑在啟運(yùn)港簽發(fā)的提單另換發(fā)一套以中途港為啟運(yùn)港的提單。types of b/lndocuments not presented in full set as required.nalterati

40、on not authenticated by shipping company or its agent.nunacceptable type of b/l, e.g., on deck, dirty, charter party, and etc.nnot endorsed “on board” when so required, “on board” not signed and dated or dated after the latest shipment date on credit.nb/l not blank endorsed.common discrepancies 不符點不

41、符點 found in b/ln failure to indicate if freight prepaid or freight collected.n inconsistency between b/l and other documents (e.g. l/c, invoice, etc) in port of shipment, port of destination, description of goods, weight, measurement, shipping mark, and etc.n documents dated later than the shipping

42、date in l/c.n late presentation for l/c negotiation beyond the earlier date of the l/c date of expiry and the l/c date of presentation (maximum 21 days after b/l issuance).common discrepancies 不符點不符點 found in b/lp73-47/70(1) time of shipment(2) port of shipment(3) port of destination (4) advice of s

43、hipment(5) partial shipment(6) transshipment9) clause of shipment(1) 裝運(yùn)期(2) 裝運(yùn)港(3) 目的港(4) 裝船通知(5) 分批裝運(yùn)(6) 轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)about time of shipmentp73-規(guī)定在某一時期內(nèi)裝運(yùn)，例如：n shipment during may 2009規(guī)定在某一時間點前裝運(yùn)，例如：n shipment on or before (not later than) the end of july 2009規(guī)定在收到信用證后若干日內(nèi)裝運(yùn)，例如：n shipment within 45 days after

44、 receipt / issue of the l/c避免采用如下裝運(yùn)期規(guī)定：nprompt shipment / immediate shipment / shipment asap(模糊日期）nshipment on 8 august 2009 （具體日期）n保證貨物到達(dá)目的港（地）時間。48/70about port of shipment規(guī)定在某一具體港口裝運(yùn)，例如：n port of shipment: shanghai規(guī)定在某幾個港口任選一個裝運(yùn)(較靈活)，例如：n port of shipment: shanghai / qingdao / dalian規(guī)定在我國任何一個港口裝運(yùn)

45、，例如：n port of shipment: china port; chinese main port (cmp)n 裝運(yùn)港原則上應(yīng)靠近貨源地、交通便捷、費(fèi)用低廉、儲存條件等完備；n 若由買方租船運(yùn)輸，應(yīng)規(guī)定賣方在裝運(yùn)前一段時間內(nèi)告知具體港口。about port of destination規(guī)定某一具體目的港，例如：n port of destination: london規(guī)定某幾個目的港口，例如：n port of destination: london / liverpool / manchester規(guī)定某幾個目的港口任選一個，例如：n port of destination: lo

46、ndon / liverpool / manchester, optionaln 配合我國外交政策的實施。n 港口國家政局的穩(wěn)定性。對客戶的選港要求，原則上港口越少越好（一般不超過3個），并由客戶支付選港費(fèi)，同時考慮以下問題：n 港口的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施情況。n 港口的航班情況。about partial shipmentsp75- 允許分批裝運(yùn)，但不規(guī)定分批的具體時間、批次和數(shù)量。 允許分批裝運(yùn)，并具體訂明每批裝運(yùn)的時間和數(shù)量。n 按ucp600，若l/c不禁止分批裝運(yùn)，即，賣方可以分批裝運(yùn)。n 按ucp600，幾張?zhí)釂沃腥裘繌執(zhí)釂物@示同一運(yùn)輸工具、同一航次、同一目的地，即不視作分批裝運(yùn)。（即使裝貨港

47、和裝運(yùn)日期不同）n 若一分批裝運(yùn)合同訂明每批裝運(yùn)時間和數(shù)量，賣方只要任何一批不按期、按量裝運(yùn)，即可視作合同違約。51/70about transshipmentp75-n 按ucp600，轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)是指從發(fā)運(yùn)接受監(jiān)管或裝運(yùn)地至最后目的地的運(yùn)輸過程中從一運(yùn)輸工具卸下，再裝上另一運(yùn)輸工具（不論是否為不同運(yùn)輸方式）的行為。n 按ucp600，即使信用證禁止轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)， 只要采用多式聯(lián)運(yùn)提單（含多種方式運(yùn)輸）注明將發(fā)生或可能發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)，即不視作轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)。n 若進(jìn)口商想禁止任何方式的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)，即在信用證上明確表示禁止轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)，并規(guī)定不接受多式聯(lián)運(yùn)提單。52/7010) more or less clause - 溢短裝條款溢短裝

48、條款p76-53/70如，5000mt, with 5% more or less at sellers option;又如，about or approximately 5000mt （“約”數(shù)條款）n 若貨物數(shù)量非以包裝單位或貨物自身件數(shù)計算的，即，按l/c規(guī)則，貨物數(shù)量允許有5%的增減幅度（只要總支取金額不超過l/c金額）。n 若貨物的數(shù)量是以包裝單位件數(shù)或貨物自身件數(shù)計算的，即，按l/c規(guī)則，貨物數(shù)量不允許有增減幅度。n 若在l/c中使用了“約”或“大約”，即解釋為允許有關(guān)金額或數(shù)量或單價有不超過10%的增減幅度。（ucp600極力反對l/c使用“約”或“大約”等不明確的字眼。）p76

49、-54/702. air transportn scheduled airline (班機(jī)運(yùn)輸)n charter carriers (包機(jī)運(yùn)輸)n consolidated consignments (集中托運(yùn))p76-55/702. air transportadvantagesn faster delivery.n better security.n less packaging.n lower insurance.n faster settlement.n better service.n reduced stock.n expanded trade & new markets

50、.disadvantagesn limited capacity, dimension & weight restrictions.n very high operating expenses & high transport cost.n vulnerable to disruption when weather is bad.n expensive handling cost because of consignments tend not to be consolidated.n sparsely 稀缺稀缺 located facilities.advantages &a

51、mp; disadvantagesp76-56/702. air transportair waybill (航空貨運(yùn)單)航空貨運(yùn)單（air waybill，awb）是訂立契約、接受貨物和承運(yùn)條件的證明，實際上是雙方當(dāng)事人所訂立的國際貨物航空運(yùn)輸合同。航空貨運(yùn)單的特點/作用n 航空貨運(yùn)單是承運(yùn)人接受貨物的證明及運(yùn)輸合同，可作為貨物結(jié)算、報關(guān)、保險索賠等憑據(jù)。n 航空貨運(yùn)單不是物權(quán)憑證，發(fā)貨人可行使“處置權(quán)”（right of disposal）,指示承運(yùn)人中途停止運(yùn)輸，或轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)給其他人，甚至要求回運(yùn)貨物。n 航空貨運(yùn)單也不是提貨憑證，收貨人只需憑身份證明文件提貨。所以賣方必須注意買方的信用，確保

52、安全收款。n 實際業(yè)務(wù)中，航空貨運(yùn)單一般不可轉(zhuǎn)讓。p79-57/703. rail transportadvantagesnhigh capacity form of transport.nrelatively high speed.nless prone to interruption by poor weather.nrather economical.type of freight carsnshed car 棚車nopen car 敞篷車nflat car 平板車ntank car 油罐車nventilation car 換氣車p80-58/703. rail transportrai

53、l waybill / rail consignment note(國際鐵路聯(lián)運(yùn)運(yùn)單)n發(fā)貨人提交貨物和付清運(yùn)費(fèi)后，發(fā)站在運(yùn)單正本和副本上蓋發(fā)站日期戳記（證明貨物已承運(yùn)），則成為運(yùn)輸合同的憑證。n運(yùn)單隨同貨物從發(fā)站至到站接運(yùn)送全程附送，最后送收貨人。運(yùn)單既是鐵路承運(yùn)貨物的憑證，也是鐵路在終點站向收貨人核收運(yùn)雜費(fèi)和點交貨物的依據(jù)。n運(yùn)單不是物權(quán)憑證，不能轉(zhuǎn)讓；運(yùn)單副本不具有運(yùn)單的效力，由發(fā)站加蓋戳記后退給發(fā)貨人，可貿(mào)易結(jié)算的文件。（以上根據(jù)國際貨協(xié)規(guī)定） p81-59/704. road transportadvantagesndistributive ability of road vehic

54、les.nflexible in operation.ncompetitive in short distance transport.disadvantagesnlimited capacity.nhigh operating costnrisk of pilferage and damage.nlegal limitations5. containerization集裝箱種類(常用種) 20英尺：1c型8*8*20）40英尺：1a型8*8*40; 1aa型8*8.6*40 5. containerization運(yùn)輸貨物交接 整箱貨 (full container load-fcl) 裝箱后

55、運(yùn)交集裝箱堆場 (container yard-cy)； 拼箱貨 (less than container load-lcl) 由承運(yùn)人在集裝箱貨運(yùn)站 (container freight station-cfs) 拼箱后發(fā)運(yùn)。 集裝箱運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用n 內(nèi)陸運(yùn)輸費(fèi)（inland transport charge）n 拼箱服務(wù)費(fèi)（lcl service charge）n 堆場服務(wù)費(fèi)（terminal handling charge-thc）n 集裝箱及其他設(shè)備使用費(fèi)用（fee for using container & other equipment） fak（freight for all kinds）包箱費(fèi)率不分貨物種類，也不計貨量，只規(guī)定統(tǒng)一的每個集裝箱收取的費(fèi)率。 fcs（freight for class）包箱費(fèi)率按不同貨物等級的包箱費(fèi)率。 fcb（freight for class &