大學(xué)英語(yǔ)實(shí)用語(yǔ)法講稿

1、1. Only after a heated discussion in solving the problem.A. they did succeedB. did they succeedC. had they succeededD. they had succeeded(倒裝結(jié)構(gòu))2. Television is different from radio in it sends and receives pictures.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. this(原因狀語(yǔ)從句)3. Heat energy from the sun in a direct way is t

2、he most widely used energy today.A. comeB. to comeC. comingD. having come(非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)4. There nothing to do, Lily got to her feet and hurried off.A. is B. wasC. beingD. having(獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu))5. If the whole operation beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost.A. were not plannedB. has not been

3、 plannedC. was not plannedD. had not been planned(虛擬語(yǔ)氣)6. Dr. Smith, together with his wife and two sons, to arrive on the evening flight.A. is B. are goingC. areD. will be(主謂一致)1. B2. B3. C4. C 5. D6. A倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)：倒裝句之全部倒裝全部倒裝是只將句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞全部置于主語(yǔ)之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)。常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)有： 1） here， there， now， then， thus等

4、副詞置于句首， 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用be， come， go， lie， run等表示來(lái)去或狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞。例如：Then came the chairman. 那時(shí)總裁來(lái)了。Here is your letter. 你的信。2） 表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的副詞或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)置于句首，謂語(yǔ)表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞。例如：Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轟炸機(jī)肚底下竄出一枚導(dǎo)彈。Ahead sat an old woman. 前面坐著一個(gè)老嫗。注意：上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)必須是名詞，如果主語(yǔ)是人稱(chēng)代詞則不能完全倒裝。例如：Here he comes. 他來(lái)了。Away t

5、hey went. 他們走開(kāi)了。倒裝：以否定詞開(kāi)頭作部分倒裝否定詞如 Not onlybut also， Hardly/Scarcelywhen， No sooner than等放在句首，后面要用倒裝。例如： Not only did he refuse the gift， he also severely criticized the sender. 他沒(méi)有收下禮物，還狠狠批評(píng)了送禮的人。Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她剛出門(mén)，就有個(gè)學(xué)生來(lái)訪。No sooner had she gone out than

6、a student came to visit her. 她剛出門(mén)，就有個(gè)學(xué)生來(lái)訪。典型例題No sooner_ than it began to rain heavily.A. the game began B.has the game begunC. did the game begin D.had the game begun答案D. 以具有否定意義的副詞放在句首時(shí)，一般采用倒裝句（謂語(yǔ)前置）。這類(lèi)表示否定意義的詞有never， seldom， scarcely， little， few， not， hardly， 以及not onlybut （also）， no soonerthan，

7、 hardly when scarcely when等等。注意：只有當(dāng)Not only but also連接兩個(gè)分句時(shí)，才在第一個(gè)分句用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如果置于句首的Not only but also僅連接兩個(gè)并列詞語(yǔ)，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，如Not only you but also I am fond of music.倒裝：倒裝句之部分倒裝部分倒裝是指將謂語(yǔ)的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語(yǔ)之前。如果句子的謂語(yǔ)沒(méi)有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則需添加助動(dòng)詞do， does或did，并將其置于主語(yǔ)之前。 1） 句首為否定或半否定的詞語(yǔ)，如no， not， never， seldom， little， hardly

8、， at no time， in no way， not until 等。例如：Never have I seen such a performance. 從未見(jiàn)過(guò)如此糟糕的表演。Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 無(wú)論如何你不會(huì)找到這個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案的。Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 母親一直到孩子入睡后離開(kāi)房間。當(dāng)Not until引出主從復(fù)合句，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。典型例題1）Why can't I smoke here？A

9、t no time_ in the meeting-roomA. is smoking permittedB.smoking is permittedC. smoking is it permittedD.does smoking permit答案A. 這是一個(gè)倒裝問(wèn)題。當(dāng)否定詞語(yǔ)置于句首以表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，其句中的主謂須用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。這些否定詞包括no， little， hardly， seldom， never， not only， not until等。本題的正常語(yǔ)序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.倒裝：only在句首倒

10、裝的情況Only in this way， can you learn English well. 只有這樣，你才能學(xué)好英語(yǔ)。 Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 叫了三次，他才來(lái)參加會(huì)議。如果句子為主從復(fù)合句，則主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。例如：Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed. 病得狠重時(shí)，他才臥床休息。倒裝：so, neither, nor作部分倒裝用這些詞表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分

11、倒裝。例如： Tom can speak French. So can Jack. 湯姆會(huì)講法語(yǔ)，杰克也會(huì)。If you won't go，neither will I.你不去，我也不去。典型例題Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother？I don't know， _.A. nor don't I careB. nor do I careC. I don't care neitherD. I don't care also答案：B. nor為增補(bǔ)意思"也不關(guān)心"，因此句子應(yīng)倒裝。A錯(cuò)在用 d

12、on't 再次否定，C neither 用法不對(duì)且缺乏連詞。D缺乏連詞。注意：當(dāng)so引出的句子用以對(duì)上文內(nèi)容加以證實(shí)或肯定時(shí)，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。意為"的確如此".例如：Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. 湯姆邀我去踢球，我去了。It's raining hard.So it is. 雨下得真大。是呀。倒裝：as, though引導(dǎo)的倒裝句as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)提前（形容詞， 副詞， 分詞， 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提前）。但需注意： 1） 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。2） 句首是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞

13、， 其他助動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)后。如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，隨實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起放在主語(yǔ)之前。例如：Try hard as he will， he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 他工作很努力，但總不能讓人滿意。注意：讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，有though，although時(shí)，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可連用。倒裝：其他部分倒裝1） so that 句型中的so 位于句首時(shí)，需倒裝。例如： So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 他害怕得很，動(dòng)也不敢

14、動(dòng)。 2） 在某些表示祝愿的句型中。例如：May you all be happy. 愿你們都快樂(lè)。3） 在虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件句中從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有were， had， should等詞，可將if 省略，把 were， had， should 移到主語(yǔ)之前，采取部分倒裝。例如：Were I you， I would try it again. 我是你的話，就再試一次。典型例題：1）Not until the early years of the 19th century_ what heat is.A. man did know B. man knew C. didn't man know D.

15、 did man know答案為D.否定詞Not在句首，要求用部分倒裝的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。2）Not until I began to work _ how much time I had wasted.A. didn't I realizeB. did I realizeC. I didn't realizeD. I realize答案為B.3） Do you know Tom bought a new car？I don't know， _.A. nor don't I careB. nor do I careC. I don't care neitherD

16、. I don't care also答案為B. 句中的nor引出部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，表示"也不".由 so， neither， nor引導(dǎo)的倒裝句，表示前一情況的重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。其中， so用于肯定句， 而 neither， nor 用在否定句中。從句主語(yǔ)從句：Subject ClauseA由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)：That he has made progress is true.B由連接代詞引導(dǎo)：Who came here first is not clear.C由連接副詞引導(dǎo)：When will the report begin is unknown.D先行詞it引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句：

17、It is unknown when she will come back.表語(yǔ)從句：Predicative ClauseA由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)：The fact is that she is clever.B由連接代詞引導(dǎo)：Thats what I want.C由連接副詞引導(dǎo)：This is where you are wrong.注意：連系動(dòng)詞有時(shí)用as if 引導(dǎo)：It looks as if it is going to rain.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是reason時(shí)，表語(yǔ)從句只能用that引導(dǎo)而不能用because:The reason why he missed the train was that

18、he got up too late.賓語(yǔ)從句：Object ClauseA由從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句（that?？墒÷裕篐e said (that) he would come.That 不充當(dāng)成分，但如從句時(shí)并列句時(shí)，第二個(gè)分句前的that不可?。篒 think (that) it will clear up this afternoon and that they will come to say goodbye to us.B由連詞whether（或if）引導(dǎo)：I dont know whether he is wrong.C由連接代詞引導(dǎo)：I cant remember wh

19、at he said.D由連接副詞引導(dǎo)：Tell me why you came back so late.E由先行詞it引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句：有時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞帶有賓補(bǔ)，而賓語(yǔ)又以從句表示，這時(shí)把賓語(yǔ)從句移至句子后部，用it做形式賓語(yǔ)，放在前面。常用的句型是：主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+it（形式賓語(yǔ)）+賓補(bǔ)+由連詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。在短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后也可用這種結(jié)構(gòu)。We thought it a pity that he didnt come.He feels it a shame that he falls so far behind others in English.注意：1. 在demand、order

20、、command、 suggest、decide、insist、desire、request等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動(dòng)詞后，賓語(yǔ)從句常用“（should）+動(dòng)詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)：She insisted that she (should) finish the task by herself.2. 用who、whom、whose、which、what、when、where、why、how、whatever、whoever、whichever、whether、if 等引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，應(yīng)用陳述語(yǔ)序。Please tell us what you have seen just now.同位語(yǔ)A

21、ppositive Clause同位語(yǔ)從句可以認(rèn)為是一種特殊的定語(yǔ)從句。由從屬連詞that或whether(不能用if)等來(lái)引導(dǎo)。That沒(méi)有實(shí)際意義，只起連接作用，在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分。在fact, wish, truth, idea, news, problem, hope, thought, advice, demand, doubt, information, message, order, question, request, suggestion, belief, probability, discovery等名詞后面，通常會(huì)用到同位語(yǔ)從句。We all know the tru

22、th the earth goes round the sun.I have no idea that she will come home today.注意：1、同位語(yǔ)從句與前面的名詞是同位關(guān)系，即說(shuō)明它前面名詞的內(nèi)容；定語(yǔ)從句與前面的名詞是修飾與被修飾的關(guān)系，即限定或描述它前面的名詞。The news that our team has won the game was true. 我們隊(duì)贏了那場(chǎng)比賽的消息是真的?(同位語(yǔ)從句,補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明news到底是一個(gè)什么消息?) The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告訴我的那個(gè)消息是真的?(定

23、語(yǔ)從句,news在從句中作told的賓語(yǔ)?) 2、定語(yǔ)從句that時(shí)關(guān)系代詞，在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)等。定語(yǔ)從句Attributive Clause限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句 A限制性定語(yǔ)從句：限制性定語(yǔ)從句是主句中前述詞不可少的定語(yǔ)。如果省去，主句的意義就不明確或不完整。這種定語(yǔ)從句和主句的關(guān)系十分密切，不可用逗號(hào)將其隔開(kāi)。She is the nurse who looks after the children.B非限制性定語(yǔ)從句：非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只是對(duì)主句的前述詞作附加說(shuō)明，如果省去，主句仍能表達(dá)明確完整的概念。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句和主句之間要用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。非限制性定語(yǔ)從

24、句對(duì)前述詞所作的附加說(shuō)明，在意義上一般相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句，或相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句。I received a letter from my sister, who is studying in the university.連接手段A由關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)：who, whom, whose, that, which等B由關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)：when，where，why等1. 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?2. 關(guān)系副詞when,where,why的含義相當(dāng)于“介詞+which”結(jié)構(gòu)：There

25、 are occasions when (on which) one must yield(屈服).3. that 代替關(guān)系副詞，在口語(yǔ)中省略：His father died the year (that/when/in which) he was born.4. 只能用that的情況：1） 在there be句型中2） 在不定代詞，如anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等：All that is needed is a supply of oil.3） 先行詞有the only, the very 修飾時(shí)4） 先行詞為

26、序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)：English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years.5） 先行詞即有人又有物: Watch the girl and her dog that are crossing the street.6) 主句已有疑問(wèn)詞who，which：Which is the bike that you lost?5. 不能用that1) 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句2) 介詞后： We depend on the land from which we get our food.the sa

27、me/suchasIve never heard such stories as he told.（關(guān)系代詞as與指示代詞such 連用，在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，先行詞為such stories）Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been.(關(guān)系代詞as與指示代詞same連用，在從句中作表語(yǔ)，其先行詞是same)狀語(yǔ)從句Adverbial Clause時(shí)間when, while, as, after, before, since, until, once, as soon as, whenevereg. She sings

28、as she goes along.When my brother came, I was playing basketball.讓步though, although, whether, as, even, though, even if, no matter how/what/which, whatever, whileeg. However hard it may be, try your best.He went on working though it was very late.地點(diǎn)where, wherever eg. Leave the book where it is

29、.     Cherry is welcomed wherever she goes.條件if, unless, as long aseg. If you ask her, she will help you.Do not come unless I call you.You may use the room as long as you clean it afterward.原因because, as, since, for (in that:由于，因?yàn)?eg. She had to stay at home yesterday because she

30、 was ill.As I have not seen the film, I cant tell you what I think of it.Since she has come, you neednt go now.目的so that, that, in order thateg. Finish this one so that you can begin with another.結(jié)果sothat,  suchthateg. He made such a big noise that everyone was awakened.方式as, just as, as if, as

31、 thougheg. He talks as if he knows everything.比較than, asas, not so(as)as, thetheeg. I can walk faster than you can run.“倍數(shù)、百分比+as +原級(jí)+···+as”: This room is one third as large as that one.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞特點(diǎn)：可以有賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化，但不能單獨(dú)做謂語(yǔ)，不受主語(yǔ)人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的限制。三種形式：不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞1不定式1）作主語(yǔ)，常用it作形式主語(yǔ)：Its an honor fo

32、r me to meet you.2）作定語(yǔ)，放在所修飾詞之后：I have a lot of things to deal with now.3) 不帶toa. 在had better, had best, would rather, ratherthan, would sooner, would just as soon, might as well,cannot but等后面I cant but continue my career.b. 感官和使役動(dòng)詞后：see, feel, smell, hear, watch, make, let, have等The teacher watched

33、 her enter the classroom.Have him study hard!2. 動(dòng)名詞1）否定結(jié)構(gòu)：not/no+doingIt is no use studying theory but not practicing it.2) 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：物主代詞或名詞所有格+doing（邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系）Their coming here wont change the whole situation.3）常接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)：avoid, admit, consider, deny, endure, excuse, enjoy, escape, finish, practice, mind,

34、 miss, stop, look forward to, keep on, be used to, object to, devote oneself to, feel like, cant help, put off等。3.分詞1）否定結(jié)構(gòu)：not+分詞短語(yǔ)：Not allowed to travel alone, he invited his girl friend to accompany him.Not wishing to be alone in the house, she went to the party.2）分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)：有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)Weather permitting

35、, well have a party tomorrow.His homework finished, he went to see the movie.注意：現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式，一般作狀語(yǔ)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（Independent Genitive）由兩部分組成，前一部份是名詞或者代詞，后一部分是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞)或形容詞、副詞、或介詞短語(yǔ)。前后兩部分具有邏輯主謂關(guān)系。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)本身不是句子，在句子中作狀語(yǔ)，表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、伴隨、目的等。用作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home

36、. 工作完成后，我們就回家了。用作條件狀語(yǔ)Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。用作原因狀語(yǔ)An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因?yàn)槊魈煲l(fā)表一個(gè)重要的演講，教授

37、不得不熬夜到很晚。用作伴隨狀語(yǔ)He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，將兩手交叉枕在腦后。表示補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明We redoubled our efforts,each man working like two. 我們加倍努力，一個(gè)人干兩個(gè)人的活。*注：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)表示時(shí)間、條件或原因時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時(shí)還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句，通常放于句末。用法：名詞/主格代詞+現(xiàn)

38、在分詞：主動(dòng)關(guān)系如：The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say. 姑娘兩眼望著他，他不知道說(shuō)什么好。Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果時(shí)間允許的話，我們明天去郊游。名詞/主格代詞+過(guò)去分詞：被動(dòng)關(guān)系如：The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improve

39、d. 隨著問(wèn)題的解決，質(zhì)量已經(jīng)提高了。Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼鏡摔壞了，她看不見(jiàn)黑板上的字。名詞/主格代詞+不定式：主動(dòng)關(guān)系，且強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一次具體性的動(dòng)作。He is going to make a model plane,some old parts to help. 借助于一些舊零件，他要做一個(gè)飛機(jī)模型。They said good-bye to each other,one to go home, t

40、he other to go to the bookstore. 他們道別后，一個(gè)回了家，一個(gè)去了書(shū)店。名詞/主格代詞+形容詞如：An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive. 那架飛機(jī)遭遇了空難，無(wú)一人生還。So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 這么多人缺席，會(huì)議不得不取消。名詞/主格代詞+副詞如：He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。The meeting over, they all went home. 會(huì)議一結(jié)束，他們就都回家了。名詞/主格代詞+介詞短語(yǔ)如：The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩手里拿著書(shū)去教室。Mary was sitting near the fire,her back towards the door.瑪麗靠近火爐坐著，背對(duì)著門(mén)。4>其他形式