衛(wèi)生類(lèi)A級(jí)職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)概括大意與完成句子

1、 衛(wèi)生類(lèi)A級(jí)職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)概括大意與完成句子第十一篇：Surgery Involving the Heart1. The heart-lung machine (pump-oxygenator1) is a valuable addition to the modern operating room. This machine has made it possible to perform many operations on the heart and other thoracic organs which could not otherwise be done. There are severa

2、l types of machines in use, all of which serve as2 a temporary substitute for3 the patients heart and lungs.2. The machine siphons off4 the blood from the large vessels entering the heart on the right side so that no blood passes through the heart and lungs. The blood is returned to the general circ

3、ulation for body distribution through one of the large arteries. While passing through the machine, the blood is oxygenated by means of5 an oxygen inlet, and carbon dioxide6 is removed by various chemical means. These are the processes that normally take place between the blood and the air in the lu

4、ng tissue. While in the machine, the blood is also “defoamed” to be sure that all air bubbles are removed, since such bubbles could be fatal to the patient by obstructing blood vessels. An electric motor in the machine serves as a pump during the surgical procedure to distribute the processed blood

5、throughout the body by means of the artery mentioned above.3. Diseased valves may become deformed and scarred from endocarditis so that they are ineffective and often obstructive. In some cases a special small knife can be inserted into the heart chamber and the valve can be cut so that it no longer

6、 obstructs the blood flow. The valve may even become partially functional. In other cases there may be so much damage that replacement is the only resort. Substitute valves made of7 plastic materials have proved to be a lifesaving measure for many patients. Very thin butterfly valves made of dacron

7、or other synthetic material have also been successfully used.4. Artificial hearts or parts of hearts designed to assist the ventricles in their pumping function have not proved as successful as the artificial valves. However, research continues and it is quite possible that an effective device may s

8、oon be ready for use. More spectacular is the transplantation of a human heart from the body of a person who has recently died. Tissues of the donor and the recipient should be as closely matched as possible to avoid rejection by the recipients antibody mechanism. This rejection syndrome is the most

9、 serious problem related to heart transplants.詞匯： thoracic/(:)ræsik/ adj.胸的，胸廓的endocarditis/enduk:daitis/ n.心內(nèi)膜炎artery/:tri/ n.動(dòng)脈valve/vælv/ n.瓣，瓣膜oxygenate/ksidineit/ n.氧合，充氧dacron/dekrn, dækrn/ n.漆綸inlet/inlet/ n.進(jìn)入，入口；插入物synthetic/sinetik/ adj.合成的defoam /di:'fm/ vt.去除的泡沫ve

10、ntricle/ventrkl/ n.室，心室bubble/'bb()l/ n.水泡，氣泡recipient/r'spnt/ n.接受者obstruct /b'strkt/ vt.阻塞，堵塞antibody/'æntbd/ n.抗體 注釋?zhuān)?.    pump-oxygenator：氧合氣泵2.    serve as：充當(dāng)，作為3.    substitute for：代替，替換4.    siphon off：吮吸出5.

11、    by means of：用，依靠6.    carbon dioxide：二氧化碳7.    made of：由制成的請(qǐng)注意下面兩個(gè)詞組的區(qū)別：be made of：由材料制成（只是經(jīng)過(guò)物理變化）be made from：由原料制成（需要經(jīng)過(guò)化學(xué)變化）例如：The bridge is made of steel.這座橋是用鋼材造的。Steel is made from iron.鋼是由鐵煉成的。A     The Heart TransplantationB

12、     How the Heart-lung Machine WorksC     A Machine Making Many Kinds of Thoracic Operations PossibleD     A Temporary Substitute for the Diseased ValveE      Operations on Cardiac Valves and Substitutes for Valves

13、F      How Every Part of the Heart Performs Its Function練習(xí)：1. Paragraph 1 c 2.    Paragraph 2 B  3.    Paragraph 3 E  4.    Paragraph 4 A  5.    The blood is oxygenated and carbon dioxide in it is rem

14、oved C .6.    The heart-lung machine is an essential helper for surgeons B 7.    Endocarditis may cause valves to be damaged A 8.    It is extremely important in heart transplantation F E  A     and finally they fail to function p

15、roperlyB     to perform many surgical operations on the chestC     when it passes through the heart-lung machineD     and they no longer obstruct the blood flowE      to match tissues of the donor and the recipientF

16、      when the ineffective valves are replaced by artificial ones 2014年職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)教材衛(wèi)生類(lèi)概括大意與完成句子 第十一篇：Surgery Involving the Heart答案與題解： 1.    C本題答案主要在第一段第二句，該句說(shuō)到?jīng)]有人工心肺機(jī)許多胸外科手術(shù)就無(wú)法做。2.    B第二段詳細(xì)敘述了人工心肺機(jī)的工作原理，它是如何在手術(shù)期間代替心臟的功能的。3.  

17、;  E第三段講述了缺損瓣膜的手術(shù)及其代用品。4.    A第四段主要講心臟移植及其代用品。5.    C此問(wèn)題的答案在第二段第三句，該句說(shuō)的就是血液在通過(guò)人工心肺機(jī)時(shí)得以充氧并將二氧化碳排出。6.    B本題是根據(jù)第一段前兩句得出的結(jié)論，它是胸外科醫(yī)生必不可少的助手。7.    A第三段第一句講的就是本題的意思。8.    E文章最后兩句說(shuō)組織匹配是為了避免排異反應(yīng)，故它是心臟移植中最重要的事情。譯文：心臟手術(shù)心肺機(jī)(氧合氣泵)是現(xiàn)

18、代化手術(shù)室中的醫(yī)生必不可少的助手。如果沒(méi)有人工心肺機(jī)，許多胸外科手術(shù)就無(wú)法進(jìn)行?，F(xiàn)在使用的心肺機(jī)有若干類(lèi)型，它們都是暫時(shí)替代病人的心肺起作用。心肺機(jī)將從右側(cè)進(jìn)入心臟的大血管中的血液抽出，使得沒(méi)有血液流經(jīng)心肺。血液又通過(guò)一根大動(dòng)脈返還到整個(gè)循環(huán)當(dāng)中，供身體分配。血液通過(guò)機(jī)器時(shí)經(jīng)由氧氣入口得以充氧，又通過(guò)各種化學(xué)方法清除二氧化碳。這就是肺組織里血液和空氣之間正常發(fā)生的過(guò)程。而在機(jī)器里，血液也要被去除泡沫，以確定所有氣泡都被清除，原因在于氣泡會(huì)阻塞血管，對(duì)病人造成致命危險(xiǎn)。在手術(shù)過(guò)程中，機(jī)器內(nèi)的電動(dòng)機(jī)充當(dāng)氣泵，將加工后的血液通過(guò)上述方式經(jīng)動(dòng)脈分送到全身。瓣膜出了問(wèn)題表現(xiàn)為外形受損以及由于心內(nèi)膜炎而出

19、現(xiàn)傷痕，從而 不能有效工作，常常產(chǎn)生堵塞。一些病例采用的方法是將一把專(zhuān)門(mén)的小刀插入心室，切割瓣膜使其不再堵塞血液流動(dòng)。瓣膜甚至還能起一定作用。在其他病例當(dāng)中，瓣膜嚴(yán)重受損，唯一可行的辦法就是替換。對(duì)于眾多患者，由塑料材料制成的替代瓣膜這一措施已證明能夠救生。由滌綸或其他合成材料制成的超薄蝴蝶瓣膜也得以成功應(yīng)用。旨在幫助心室抽吸功能的人工心臟或心臟部件證明不如人工瓣膜有效。但是，研究工作還在繼續(xù)，一種有效的裝置極有可能很快投入使用。更驚人的方法是，移植剛剛逝去的人的心臟。捐獻(xiàn)者與接受移植者的組織應(yīng)盡可能匹配，以避免接受者抗體機(jī)制的排異反應(yīng)。這種排異反應(yīng)正是心臟移植中最重要的事情。Ginseng

20、Shows Benefit in Cancer Treatment1. Flaxseed slowed the growth of prostate tumors in men, while ginseng helped relieve the fatigue that cancer patients often feel, US researchers reported on Saturday in two of the first scientifically rigorous looks at alternative medicine1.2. The studies reflect do

21、ctors efforts to explore the risks and benefits of foods and supplements that are routinely taken by their patients with little scientific proof they help. 2 Americans spend between $ 36 billion and $47 billion a year on complementary and alternative therapies, according to the National Center for H

22、ealth Statistics3. “Patients are taking these compounds but we need to know if they are doing any good or any harmt4” said Dr. Bruce Cheson of Georgetown University Hospital in Washington, who led a panel on alternative the rapies at a meeting of the American Society of Clinica Oncology5.3. In the f

23、laxseed study, researchers at Duke University Medical Center in North Carolina and colleagues evaluated the seeds role as a food supplement in 161 men who were scheduled to undergo surgery for prostate cancer. “The growth rate was decreased in the men who got flaxseed,”said Dr. Nancy Davidson, an on

24、cologist at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore who is president-elect of ASCO. “I think this is fascinating.” Flaxseed is rich in omega-3 fatty acids and lignins, a fiber found on the seed coat. “We were looking at flaxseed because of its unique nutrient profile,” said Wendy Demark-Wahnefried, a

25、researcher in Dukes School of Nursing, who led the study.4. Half of the men in the study added 30 grams of flaxseed daily to their diets for about 30 days. Half of the flaxseed group also went on a low-fat diet. After the surgery, the researchers looked at the mens tumor cells to see how quickly the

26、 cancer had multiplied. The cancer ceils in both the flaxseed groups grew about 30 to 40 percent slower than the control group6.5. But Demark-Wahnefried is not ready to prescribe flaxseed. “Its a healthy food. It has a lot of vitamins and a lot of fiber. But we can not definitively say at this point

27、 you should take flaxseed because it is protective against prostate cancer,” she said, adding that flaxseed now needed to be studied to see if it can prevent prostate cancer.6. In the ginseng trial, Debra Barton of the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, and colleagues tested three different doses

28、of the herb on patients with a variety of cancers who were expected to live at least six months. Twenty-five percent of patients taking a 1,000-mg dose and twenty-seven percent of patients taking a 2,000-mg dose said their fatigue symptoms were “moderately better” or “much better.” Only 10 percent o

29、f those taking a 750-mg dose reported an improvement, which was about the same as the placebo group. Patients in the trial took Wisconsin ginseng from a single crop that was tested for uniform potency. It was powdered and given in a capsule form. “I wouldnt have predicted this, I have to admit,” Dav

30、idson said in an interview. “We might want to test this on a large scale7.”7. The flaxseed study was funded by the National Institutes of Health and the ginseng study was supported by US Public Health Service grants.詞匯：ginseng 人參 flaxseed 亞麻籽prostate 前列腺的 tumo(u)r 腫瘤rigorous 嚴(yán)格的，嚴(yán)密地，精密的 complementar

31、y 補(bǔ)充的therapy 療法，治療 compound 混合物;化合物;復(fù)合物panel 小組;小組討論;小組委員會(huì)oncology 腫瘤學(xué) oncologist 腫瘤學(xué)家president-elect 當(dāng)選(尚未就職的)總統(tǒng)、主席lignin 木素，木質(zhì)素 nutrient 營(yíng)養(yǎng)的;營(yíng)養(yǎng)物profile 側(cè)面，輪廓 prescribe 開(kāi)處方biber 纖維 protective 保護(hù)性的dose (一次)劑量 placebo 安慰劑，安慰劑治療fatigue 疲勞 potency 藥物的效能和效力symptom 癥狀 capsule 膠囊注釋?zhuān)?.two of the first scie

32、ntifically rigorous looks at alternative medicine：兩份最重要的嚴(yán)格對(duì)替代藥物的科學(xué)觀察報(bào)告。這里first不是數(shù)詞，而是形容詞，意為“最重要的，第一流的”而medicine當(dāng)“藥物”解時(shí)，指的是“內(nèi)服藥物”。2.The studies reflect doctors efforts to explore the risks and benefits of foods and supplements that are routinely taken by their patients with little scientific proof th

33、ey help這些研究反映了醫(yī)生想努力去探究病人平時(shí)所食用的食物和添加劑有些什么利弊，然而醫(yī)生們想要幫助他們卻拿不出多少科學(xué)根據(jù)。本句中with little scientific proof they help是patients的定于從句，省略了關(guān)系代詞whom;they指醫(yī)生;with的介詞短語(yǔ)中要特別注意little這個(gè)詞，它單獨(dú)使用時(shí)是個(gè)否定詞，等于not much(a littel則是肯定詞，等于some)。3.National Center for Health Statistics(NCHS)：全國(guó)衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)中心4.do sb good/harm：給(某人)帶來(lái)好處/害處5.Ame

34、rican Society of Clinical Oncology(ASCO)：美國(guó)臨床腫瘤學(xué)會(huì)6.control group ：對(duì)照組，參照組7.on a large scale：大規(guī)模地8.National Insitutes of Health(NIH)：國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究院9.US Public Health Service(USPHS)：美國(guó)公共衛(wèi)生署練習(xí)：1. Paragraph 2 A C 2. Paragraph 4_E_.3. Paragraph 5_F_.4. Paragraph 6_B_.A The Motivation of Flaxseed StudyB The Stud

35、y on Ginseng Displays Its Good PromiseC The Doctors' Responsibility Led Them to Carry Out These Two StudiesD Ginseng Is As Good to Cancer Patients As Flax seedE The Methods and Results of the Study on Flax- seedF A different opinion on the use of flaxseed5. Doctors in the US wanted to know_C_.6.

36、 Both studies on flaxseed and ginseng show_E_.7. It is the unique nutrient profile of flaxseed_B_A_.8. In the ginseng trial the researchers tested the potency of ginseng_F_B_.A that led the researchers in Duke's School of Nursing to study itB by giving different doses of the herb to patients wit

37、h different cancersC whether the foods and supplements patients took every day were good or notD though both flaxseed and ginseng are all healthy alternative medicinesE that either of them is beneficial to cancer patientsF because we still have to see if flaxseed can prvent prosate caancer答案與題解：1.C

38、本段第一句及最后一句說(shuō)得很清楚，醫(yī)生必須了解病人所吃的東西究竟有益還是有害。2.E 本段第一、二句是研究方法，而第三、四句則是研究結(jié)果。3.F 此段說(shuō)到，有一位醫(yī)生不愿意將亞麻籽作為藥物開(kāi)在處方里，因?yàn)樗J(rèn)為目前還需要繼續(xù)研究，看看它是否能預(yù)防前列腺癌，盡管他也承認(rèn)亞麻籽是健康食品。4.B 本段第二句說(shuō)到，服用1000毫克劑量的病人中，25%的人的疲勞癥狀有中度改善，而服用2000毫克的病人中，27%的人的疲勞癥狀大大改善，可見(jiàn)人參有很好的前景。5.C 本題答案來(lái)源于第二段第一句及最后一句。6.E 本題答案根據(jù)是第四段最后一句及第六段第二句。7.A 本題答案在第三段最后一句。8.B 本題答案來(lái)

39、源于第六段第一句。譯文：人參有利于癌癥治療美國(guó)研究人員在星期六發(fā)表了兩份最重要的、嚴(yán)格的對(duì)替代藥物的科學(xué) 觀察報(bào)告。報(bào)告指出：亞麻籽可以減緩男性前列腺腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)，而人參則能緩解癌癥患者常見(jiàn)的疲勞狀態(tài)。這些研究反映了醫(yī)生想要努力去探究病人平時(shí)所食用的食物和添加劑有些什么利弊，然而醫(yī)生們要想幫助他們卻拿不出多少科學(xué)根據(jù)。根據(jù)全國(guó)衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)中心的數(shù)據(jù)，美國(guó)人一年在補(bǔ)充治療和替代療法上的花費(fèi)大約是360億到470億美元。在一次由美國(guó)臨床腫瘤學(xué)會(huì)舉辦的會(huì)議上，來(lái)自華盛頓的喬治城大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院的Bruce Cheson博士(他領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的小組研究替代療法)說(shuō)：“患者們正在服用這些復(fù)合物，但是我們要弄清這些療法的利弊

40、。”在對(duì)亞麻籽的研究中，來(lái)自北卡羅來(lái)納州杜克大學(xué)醫(yī)療中心的研究人員和他們的同行，評(píng)估了亞麻籽作為食品添加劑對(duì)將要?jiǎng)忧傲邢偈中g(shù)的病人的影響。來(lái)自位于巴爾的摩的約翰·霍普金斯大學(xué)的腫瘤學(xué)家，美國(guó)臨床腫瘤學(xué)會(huì)主席Nancy Davidson說(shuō)：“那些服用亞麻籽的病人病情減輕了，我覺(jué)得這很棒。”亞麻籽富含w-3脂肪酸，種皮含有木質(zhì)素。在杜克大學(xué)護(hù)理學(xué)院主持這項(xiàng)研究的Wendy Demark Wwahnefried說(shuō)：“我們研究亞麻籽是因?yàn)樗?dú)特的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值?！痹谘芯窟^(guò)程中，一般男性研究對(duì)象在大約30天的日常飲食中每天增加了30可的亞麻籽。這些人中有一半人還采用了低脂的日常飲食。在手術(shù)之后，研究

41、人員檢測(cè)他們的腫瘤細(xì)胞以確定癌細(xì)胞擴(kuò)散的速度。兩組服用亞麻籽的小組和對(duì)照組相比，他們癌細(xì)胞的擴(kuò)散放緩了30%40%。但是Wendy Demark Wwahnefried并沒(méi)有準(zhǔn)備把亞麻籽當(dāng)作處方開(kāi)給 病人 。她說(shuō)：“這是健康食品。它含有多種維生素和纖維。但是我們不能斷言病人這個(gè)階段服用亞麻籽能抗前列腺癌?！彼a(bǔ)充說(shuō)，亞麻籽能不能預(yù)防前列腺癌還有待研究。在人參的試驗(yàn)中，來(lái)自位于明尼蘇達(dá)羅切斯特市梅育醫(yī)學(xué)院的Debra Barton和她的同事對(duì)預(yù)期能存活至少6個(gè)月的不同癌癥患者試用了3種不同劑量的藥草。服用1000毫克劑量的病人中，25%的人的疲勞癥狀有“中度改善”，而服用2000毫克的病人中，2

42、7%的人的疲勞癥狀有“大大改善”。服用750毫克的病人中，只用10%的人疲勞癥狀有所改善，這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)和服用安慰劑治療的病人一樣。參加試驗(yàn)的病人采用的是產(chǎn)自威斯康星州的同一茬西洋參，這樣做是為了符合試驗(yàn)的統(tǒng)一有效性。西洋參要先被磨成粉，然后做成膠囊發(fā)放給病人。Bruce Cheson在一次采訪中說(shuō)：“我得承認(rèn)，我沒(méi)有預(yù)測(cè)到會(huì)有這樣的結(jié)果。我們可能會(huì)再進(jìn)行大規(guī)模的試用?！眹?guó)立衛(wèi)生研究院資助了亞麻籽的研究，而人參的研究則是由美國(guó)公關(guān)衛(wèi)生署撥款支持的。第十三篇：Ward off Travel Bugs1. As the holiday season approaches, so does the pr

43、ospect of jet lag, an upset stomach or sunburn. With care and some help from natural sources, however, it is quite possible to avoid these problems.2. You can start to prepare a couple of weeks before you leave. Food poisoning will make any holiday miserable, but by taking some medicine such as lact

44、obacillus and bifidobacteria, you can reduce the likelihood of succumbing to poisoning brought on by food or water tainted with unfamiliar bacteria.3. By improving the bacteria balance in your digestive tract, you crowd out the pathogenic bacteria and stop them gaining a foothold.The beneficial bact

45、eria also produce gentle but effective natural antibiotics in your gut.4. In many holiday locations you need to remember the basics: drink bottled water, avoid undercooked meat and ensure that food hygiene is adequate. If you do succumb to food poisoning, drink plenty of water to stay hydrated and s

46、ee a doctor. However, if you detect diarrhea early enough, you might like to try taking about 10 or 15 pancreatic digestive enzymes, which can digest the multiplying bacteria before they take over.5. Taking a teaspoon of silicol gel7 can also help. This lines the stomach and upper intestinal area an

47、d binds with bacteria and viruses, allowing them to be safely passed out of the gut. When you pack, include grapefruit-seed extract8, which is an" excellent all-round anti-bacterial, anti-parasitic, anti-viral and anti-fungal agent.6. Your flight can also be made more pleasant. Peppermint oil a

48、nd ginger capsules9 ward off motion sickness, but a more delicious option is to nibble on crystallized ginger. If you tend to get earache on take-off and landing, you can use special earplugs with filler that slows down the rate of change in air pressure.7. The greatest concern is "economy clas

49、s syndrome", the popular name for deep-vein thrombosis, which can lead to blood clots traveling from the legs to the lungs, heart or brain. To reduce this, you need a couple of hours to stay hydrated, and avoid alcohol.8. You can also reduce the severity of inflammation by taking a daily gram o

50、f vitamin C with the bioflavonoid quercetin. Vitamin C and quercetin also help to reduce prickly heat.9. Finally, if any adverse symptoms persist while overseas, you should see a doctor.注釋?zhuān)?ward off：避開(kāi)；防止2As the holiday season approaches，so does the prospect of jet lag，an upset stomach or sunburn：隨著

51、假日的臨近，由于高空飛行時(shí)差引起的生理不適、胃痛或日光灼燒等潛在問(wèn)題也接踵而至。第二個(gè)分句是由so引導(dǎo)的倒裝句。例如：“He is a doctor”“So am l”3lactobacillus and bifidobacteria：乳(酸)桿菌和雙歧桿菌4succumb to：屈服，屈從5bring on：引起，導(dǎo)致6By improving the bacteria balance in your digestive tract，you crowd out the pathogenic bacteria and stop them gaining a foothold：通過(guò)改善消化道內(nèi)的

52、細(xì)菌平衡，你就可以排出致病細(xì)菌，使它們沒(méi)有立足之地。crowd out：驅(qū)趕出。7silicol gel：偏磷酸酪蛋白氧化硅膠8grapefruitseed extract：葡萄籽榨汁9peppermint oil and ginger capsules：薄荷油和生姜膠囊。medicine_般指內(nèi)服藥(包括液體藥劑，例如可以說(shuō)a drop of medicine)，pill指小的丸粒，tablet指藥片，但有時(shí)medicine可代表藥品的總稱(chēng)。10bioflavonoid quercetin：生物類(lèi)黃酮槲皮素練習(xí)：1. Paragraph 1_A_C_2. Paragraph 4_D_A_3.

53、 Paragraph 5_E_B_4. Paragraph 6_D_A Basics of What to Eat and DrinkB Medicine Against Bacteria and VirusesC Avoiding Holiday TroublesD Basics of Having a Pleasant FlightE A Teaspoonful of Helpful SilicolF Preparations Against Food Poisoning5. Food-poisoning may pose a problem C D6. Special earplugs

54、can make you feel better A7. It is important to drink a lot of water B C8. Don''t forget to bring necessary medicine D EA when your plane is about to landB when you are taking tabletsC when you suffer from food-poisoningD when you are travellingE when you are packing for your tourF when you

55、are having a cold答案與題解：1C實(shí)際上，這段也點(diǎn)明了全文的中心思想。2A本段說(shuō)明旅行時(shí)在吃與喝方面應(yīng)注意的基本衛(wèi)生問(wèn)題。3B注意E沒(méi)有概括本段的中心意思。4D本段開(kāi)始介紹坐飛機(jī)旅行時(shí)的注意事項(xiàng)。5D第二、第三、第四、第五段都談到了注意旅行中的飲食衛(wèi)生。6A答案的根據(jù)為文章第六段的第三旬。7C第四段提到當(dāng)食物中毒時(shí)要多喝水，以免脫水。8E答案的根據(jù)在第五段。 第十四篇 A Babys Growth1To describe a babys growth, the old saying “one thing leads to another” should really read，

56、“one thing leads to an explosion.”1 The perfection of vision and the ability to hold his head up allow appreciation of visual space. The evolution of increasingly efficient reaching also lets the baby appreciate and participate in his three-dimensional world.2You may notice that your baby can grab t

57、oys with either hand. This is partly because the baby has learned to grasp an object even if it touches his hand lightly or his eyes are averted. By the end of the fourth month, he can probably alternate hands to grab the toys or transfer a toy from one hand to the other. He may even wave it briskly

58、, then transfer it and repeat the waving, shuttling it back and forth between hands. In imitating the behavior of one hand with the other, the baby may be becoming aware that he can do the same thing with each arm and that each hand is distinct from the other. This awareness is important to his rece

59、iving information about space. The baby also begins to see himself act when he repeatedly reaches for and grasps things. He starts to distinguish himself from the outer world.3If you would like another sign of this growth process, try one of Gesells measures of mental growth, the behavior of a baby before a mirror. According to Gesell, a baby will smile at his image at around twenty weeks of age. Hold your baby up to