對(duì)城市排水系統(tǒng)的管理

1、對(duì)城市排水系統(tǒng)的管理The management of urban drainage system摘要: 城市排水系統(tǒng)就是將城鎮(zhèn)的污水和雨水有組織地排除與處理的工程設(shè)施,是城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)的重要組成部分 , 它通常由排水管網(wǎng)和污水處理廠組成。排 水體制的選擇應(yīng)因地制宜 ,從全局出發(fā) ,通過(guò)技術(shù) 經(jīng)濟(jì) 比較綜合考慮確定 ;同 時(shí)。要加強(qiáng)對(duì)城市水系雨水徑流管理和污染控制的工作。Abstract: the urban sewage and rainwater drainage system is to town systematically excluded and processing engin

2、eering facilities, is an important part of urban infrastructure construction, it is usually composed of drainage pipe network and sewage treatment plant. The choice of drainage system should adjust measures to local conditions, starting from the global, determined by technical and economic compariso

3、n comprehensive consideration; At the same time. Must strengthen the management of urban drainage system of rainwater runoff and pollution control work.關(guān)鍵字 : 城市排水體制 , 合流制 , 分流制 , 復(fù)合制 , 截流倍數(shù)Key words: the city drainage system, The confluence system, Distribution system, The composite system, Closure

4、multiples一、城市排水體制的分類the classification of urban drainage system.城市排水體制一般分為合流制和分流制兩種類型 :City drainage system is generally divided into confluence systemand separate system of two types:（ 一 ） 合流制排水系統(tǒng) confluence drainage system.合流制排水系統(tǒng)是將城市生活污水、 工業(yè) 廢水和雨水徑流匯集人在一個(gè)管渠內(nèi)予以輸送、處理和排放。按照其產(chǎn)生的次序及對(duì)污水處理的程度不同, 合流制排水系統(tǒng)

5、可分為直排式合流制、截流式合流制和全處理式合流制。Confluence drainage system is the city life sewage, industrial wastewater and stormwater runoff collection within a pipe canal transport, handling and emissions. According to the order and degree of wastewater treatment, drainage confluence system can be divided into give ex

6、pulsion-typely confluence confluence system, the closure type system and the confluence system processing type.城市污水與雨水徑流不經(jīng)任何處理直接排入附近水體的合流制稱為直排式 合流制排水系統(tǒng)。國(guó)內(nèi)外老城區(qū)的合流制排水系統(tǒng)均屬于此類。Urban sewage and rainwater runoff directly without any processing into nearby bodies of water called give expulsion-typely confl

7、uence confluence system drainage system. Confluence of the old city at home and abroad all belong to this kind of system and drainage system.隨著工業(yè)化的不斷 發(fā)展 , 污水對(duì)環(huán)境造成的污染越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重 , 必須對(duì)污水 進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)奶幚聿拍軌驕p輕城市污水和雨水徑流對(duì)水環(huán)境造成的污染 , 為此產(chǎn)生 了截流式合流制。截流式合流制是在直排式合流制的基礎(chǔ)上, 修建沿河截流干管并在適當(dāng)?shù)奈恢迷O(shè)置溢流井 ,在截流主干管 (渠)的末端修建污水處理廠。該系統(tǒng) 可以保證晴天的污

8、水全部進(jìn)入污水處理廠 ,雨季時(shí),通過(guò)截流設(shè)施 ,截流式合流制 排水系統(tǒng)可以匯集部分雨水 ( 尤其是污染重的初期雨水徑流 )至污水處理廠。但 另一方面雨量過(guò)大 ,混合污水量超過(guò)了截流管的設(shè)計(jì)流量 , 超出部分將溢流到城 市河道,不可避免會(huì)對(duì)水體造成局部和短期污染。并且 ,進(jìn)入處理廠的污水 , 由于 混有大量雨水 , 使原水水質(zhì)、水量波動(dòng)較大 , 勢(shì)必對(duì)污水廠各處理單元產(chǎn)生沖擊 , 這就對(duì)污水廠處理工藝提出了更高的要求。With the continuous development of industrialization, wastewater to the environment pollut

9、ion is more and more serious, sewage must be properly handle to reduce urban sewage and rainwater runoff on the water environment pollution, therefore produce the closure type system of confluence. Confluence river closure type system is in give expulsion-typely confluence system, on the basis of bu

10、ilding intercepting main along the river, and the overflow hole is set in place, the river closure ZhuGanGuan (canal) at the end of the construction of sewage treatment plant. The system can guarantee clear all the sewage into the sewage treatment plant, when the rainy season, by intercepting facili

11、ties, closure type confluence system part can collect rain water drainage system (especially in the early stages of the pollution of heavy rain runoff) to sewage treatment plant. But on the other hand, too much rain, mixed sewage quantity exceeds the intercepting pipe design flow, beyond the river s

12、ection will overflow to the city, will inevitably cause local and short term to the water body pollution. And into the sewage treatment plant, because have a lot of rain, the fluctuation in raw water quality, water quantity is bigger, will inevitably impact on sewage factory each processing unit, th

13、e process of sewage treatment plant is put forward higher request.在雨量較小且對(duì)水體水質(zhì)要求較高的地區(qū) , 可以采用完全合流制。將生活污 水、工業(yè)廢水和降水徑流全部送到污水處理廠處理后排放。這種方式對(duì)環(huán)境水 質(zhì)的污染最小 , 但對(duì)污水處理廠處理能力的要求高 ,并且需要大量的投資和運(yùn)行 費(fèi)用。In smaller and higher requirements on water quality of rainfall area, can use confluence system completely. The life sewa

14、ge, industrial waste water and rainfall runoff after all sent to thesewage treatment plant emissions. This way minimum pollution to water quality of the environment, but the sewage treatment plant capacity requirement is high, and need a lot of investment and operation costs.（ 二 ） 分流制排水系統(tǒng) separate s

15、ystem and drainage system當(dāng)生活污水、工業(yè)廢水和雨水用兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上排水管渠排除時(shí) , 稱為分流 制排水系統(tǒng)。When life sewage and industrial waste water and rainwater use two or more than two drain canal exclusion, referred to as a separate system and drainage system.其中排除生活污水、工業(yè)廢水的系統(tǒng)稱為污水排水系統(tǒng) ; 排除雨水的系統(tǒng)稱 為雨水排水系統(tǒng)。根據(jù)排除雨水方式的不同 , 又分為完全分流制、不完全分流制

16、和截流式分流制。Excluding domestic sewage, industrial wastewater treatment system is called sewage drainage system; Out of the rain system called the rain water drainage system. According to rule out the different methods of rain, and can be divided into completely separate system, incomplete system of dive

17、rsion and closure type shunt.完全分流制排水系統(tǒng)分設(shè)污水和雨水兩個(gè)管渠系統(tǒng) , 前者匯集生活污水、工 業(yè)廢水,送至處理廠 ,經(jīng)處理后排放或加以利用。后者通過(guò)各種排水設(shè)施匯集城 市內(nèi)的雨水和部分工業(yè)廢水 （ 較潔凈 ）, 就近排入水體。但初期雨水未經(jīng)處理直接 排放到水體后 , 將對(duì)水體造成污染。Completely separate system drainage system consisted of two pipe drainage system, sewage and rainwater collection the former life sewage an

18、d industrial waste water, sent to the plant, after processing the emissions or to take advantage of. The latter through various drainage collected rainwater in the city and part of the industrial waste water （clean）, nearby discharged into water bodies. But after the initial untreated rainwater disc

19、harge into water directly, will cause pollution to water.近年來(lái), 對(duì)雨水徑流的水質(zhì)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn) , 雨水徑流特別是初降雨水徑流對(duì)水體 的污染相當(dāng)嚴(yán)重 , 因此提出對(duì)雨水徑流也要嚴(yán)格控制的截流式分流制排水系統(tǒng)。 截流式分流制既有污水排水系統(tǒng) , 又有雨水排水系統(tǒng) , 與完全分流制的不同之處 是它具有把初期雨水引入污水管道的特殊設(shè)施 ,稱雨水截流井。小雨時(shí) , 雨水經(jīng) 初期雨水截流干管與污水一起進(jìn)入污水處理廠處理 ; 大雨時(shí), 雨水跳躍截流干管 經(jīng)雨水管排入水體。截流式分流制的關(guān)鍵是初期雨水截流井 , 它要保證初期雨水 能進(jìn)入截流管 , 而中期

20、以后的雨水能直接排入水體 ,同時(shí)截流井中的污水不能溢 出泄入水體。截流式分流制可以較好地保護(hù)水體不受污染。由于僅接納污水和 初期雨水 , 截流管的斷面小于截流式合流制 ,進(jìn)人截流管內(nèi)的流量和水質(zhì)相對(duì)穩(wěn) 定, 亦減少污水泵站和污水處理廠的運(yùn)行管理費(fèi)用。In recent years, with the rain runoff water quality survey, stormwater runoff, especially early rain water runoff of water pollution is quite serious, therefore are put forwar

21、d for stormwater runoff will strictly control the drainage system intercepting type shunt system. River closure type shunt is made both a sewage drainage system and rain drainage system, and completely separate system difference is it has a special introduce the early rain sewage pipeline facilities

22、, said rain interceptor. Light rain, the rain by the early rain with sewage intercepting main into sewage treatment plant; Rain, rain bouncing intercepting main through the storm sewer into the water. Intercepting type shunt system is the key to the early rain intercepting well, intercepting pipe it

23、 to ensure the early rain can enter, and after mid rain can directly discharged into water bodies, at the same time of sewage intercepting well can't overflow discharged into water bodies. River closure type shunt system can better protect the water from pollution. By just received early sewage

24、and rainwater, intercepting pipe's section is smaller than the closure type confluence system, in intercepting pipe flow and water quality is relatively stable, also reduce the sewage pumping station and sewage treatment plant operation and management costs.不完全分流制只建污水排水系統(tǒng) , 未建雨水排水系統(tǒng) , 雨水沿著地面、道路

25、邊溝和明渠泄入水體?；蛘咴谠星琅潘芰Σ蛔阒幮藿ú糠钟晁艿?, 待 城市進(jìn)一步發(fā)展或有資金時(shí)再修建雨水排水系統(tǒng)。該排水體制投資省 , 主要用于 有合適的地形、有比較健全的明渠水系的地方 , 以便順利排泄雨水。目前還有很 多城市在使用 , 不過(guò)因?yàn)闆](méi)有完整的雨水管道 , 在雨季容易造成徑流污染和洪、 澇災(zāi)害 , 所以最終還得改造為完全分流制。對(duì)于常年少雨、氣候干燥的城市可采 用這種體制 , 而對(duì)于地勢(shì)平坦 , 多雨易造成積水地區(qū) , 不宜采用不完全分流制。Don't completely separate system built sewage drainage system,

26、no any rain drainage system, rain water discharged into water body along the ground, road ditches and open channels. Or in the original channel drainage capacity deficiency to build part of rain water pipe, for further development or have the funds to build cities rainwater drainage system. Investme

27、nt province, the drainage system is mainly used for the appropriate terrain, water system, there is a sound channel so that the smooth drainage of rainwater. There are many cities in use, but because there is no complete rainwater pipeline, easy to cause in the rainy season runoff pollution and floo

28、d and waterlogging disasters, so have to into a completely separate system eventually. For little rain all the year round, climate dry city can use the system, for the flat, more easy to cause the rain water, unfavorable use not entirely separate system.分流制的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是它可以分期建設(shè)和實(shí)施 , 一般在城市建設(shè)初期建造城市污水 下水道, 在城市建設(shè)

29、達(dá)到一定規(guī)模后再建造雨水道 ,收集、處理和排放降水尤其 是暴雨徑流水。Separate system has the advantage that it can stage the construction and implementation of general at the beginning of the urban construction to build urban sewage sewer, in urban construction reached a certain scale building again after the rain, collecting, proce

30、ssing, and precipitation especially rainstorm runoff water.在一個(gè)城市中 ,有時(shí)采用的是復(fù)合制排水系統(tǒng) , 即既有分流制也有合流制的 排水系統(tǒng)。復(fù)合制排水系統(tǒng)一般是在由合流制的城市需要擴(kuò)建排水系統(tǒng)時(shí)出現(xiàn) 的。在大城市中 ,因各區(qū)域的 自然 條件以及修建情況可能相差較大 , 因地制宜 地在各區(qū)域采用不同的排水體制也是合理的。In a city, sometimes USES a composite system of drainage system, which has both separate system and drainage

31、system of the confluence system. Composite system, drainage system is generally by the confluence of urban drainage systems need to expand. In big cities, because the regional natural conditions and construction conditions may differ, the light of local conditions in various regions with different d

32、rainage system is also reasonable.二、城市排水體制的選擇 the choice of city drainage system為了進(jìn)一步改善受納水體的水質(zhì) , 建立理想的分流制或?qū)⒑狭髦聘臑橥耆?流制系統(tǒng) , 在排水體制的選擇上應(yīng)改變觀念 , 允許部分地區(qū)在相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間內(nèi)采 用合流制截流體系并將工作重點(diǎn)放在提高污水處理率上 , 這才是保護(hù)水體的根本 方法。在對(duì)老城市合流制排水系統(tǒng)改造時(shí)要結(jié)合實(shí)際制定可行方案 , 在各地新建 開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)規(guī)劃排水系統(tǒng)時(shí)也有必要充分分析當(dāng)?shù)貤l件、資金的合理運(yùn)作 , 同時(shí)還要 從管理水平、動(dòng)態(tài) 發(fā)展 角度進(jìn)行研究 , 不要盲目模仿、生搬

33、條款。在已有二級(jí) 污水處理廠的合流制排水管網(wǎng)中 , 適當(dāng)?shù)牡攸c(diǎn)建造新型的調(diào)節(jié)、處理設(shè)施 （滯留 池、沉淀滲濾池、塘和濕地等 ） 是進(jìn)一步減輕城市水體污染的關(guān)鍵性補(bǔ)充措施。 它能攔截暴雨初期“第一次沖刷”起的污染物送往污水廠處理 , 減少混合污水溢 流的次數(shù)、水量和改善溢流的水質(zhì) , 以及均衡進(jìn)入污水廠混合污水的水量和水質(zhì) 它也能對(duì)污染物含量較多的雨水作初步處理 .In order to further improve the quality of networks and receiving waters, the establishment of an ideal triage system

34、 or change the confluence system to completely bypass system, on the choice of drainage system should change the idea, allow some regions for a long period of time using confluence system intercepting system and will focus on improving sewage treatment, this is the fundamental way to protect the wat

35、er. When confluence drainage system transforming of the old city should combine actual formulate feasible solutions, the new development zone planning around the drainage system will also be necessary to fully reasonable analysis of local conditions, capital operation, but also from the perspective

36、of management level, the dynamic development, don't blindly imitate, move the terms. In the existing secondary sewage treatment plant the confluence of drainage pipe network system, the appropriate site construction of the new regulation, processing facilities, detention ponds, precipitation inf

37、iltration filter, ponds and wetlands, etc.） is a key supplementary measures to further reduce the urban water pollution. It can intercept storm "wash" for the first time since early of pollutants to the sewage treatment plant, water mixed sewage overflow less frequently, and improve the ov

38、erflow of water quality, as well as the balance into the sewage factory mixed sewage water quantity and water quality, it can also make preliminary treatment on contaminants more rain.三、排水系統(tǒng)體制選擇及建設(shè)中存在的問(wèn)題及建議choice of drainage system and the problems existing in the construction and suggestion（ 一）排水管網(wǎng)

39、的建設(shè) the construction of drainage pipe network不少城市和地區(qū) , 往往只把污水處理廠作為重點(diǎn)工程對(duì)待 , 而放松與之相配 套的污水管網(wǎng)的建設(shè)。常常是污水處理廠按計(jì)劃建成投產(chǎn) , 而污水管網(wǎng)卻只建了 部分污水干管。造成一方面污水處理廠處理量不足 , 一方面污水仍直接排入河體 污染環(huán)境的情況。因此 , 排水管網(wǎng)的建設(shè)應(yīng)與污水處理廠的建設(shè)作為一個(gè)整體 , 同步實(shí)施。Many cities and regions, tend to treat sewage treatment plant as a key project, and relaxation an

40、d matching for the construction of the sewage pipe network. Is often a sewage treatment plant is scheduled to completed and put into operation, and the sewage pipe network is built only a part of the trunk sewer. Due to lack of sewage treatment plant capacity on one hand, on the one hand, environmen

41、tal pollution by sewage is directly discharged into the river body. Should, therefore, the construction of drainage pipe network and the construction of a sewage treatment plant as a whole, the synchronous implementation.（ 二）截流倍數(shù) closure multiples無(wú)論是合流制還是分流制 （ 雨水道）, 其排水干管或干渠 , 都應(yīng)采用截留式排 水系統(tǒng),在其末端加設(shè)溢流井

42、 ,其頂端設(shè)置溢流堰 , 排水干管采用適宜的截留倍數(shù) 其大小直接影響受納水體的潔凈與否 , 過(guò)小會(huì)導(dǎo)致受納水體遭受嚴(yán)重污染 ; 過(guò)大 則會(huì)造成浪費(fèi)。故合理選取截流倍數(shù)是關(guān)鍵 , 其取值應(yīng)綜合考慮受納水體的水質(zhì) 要求、受納水體的自凈能力、城鎮(zhèn)的文明程度 （或級(jí)別 ） 、人口密度、降雨量、 投資等各種因素。Confluence system or separate system (rain), the main drain or main canal, withholding type drainage system should be adopted, in the end added a ov

43、erflow hole, the top set the overflow weir, the suitable main drain entrapment ratio; Its size directly affect the receiving waters is clean or not, starts to result in receiving waters suffer from severe pollution; Too much can cause waste. So rational selection closure multiples is the key, the va

44、lues should be comprehensive consideration of the receiving waters water quality requirements, the self-purification ability of networks and receiving waters, the urban civilization degree (or level), population density, rainfall, investment and other factors.( 三 ) 雨水徑流污染物含量及控制 the storm runoff poll

45、utants control隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展 , 城市人口密度不斷增加 , 對(duì)污水收集系統(tǒng)容量的要求 也不斷增加 , 這不僅由于不斷擴(kuò)大的城市產(chǎn)生了越來(lái)越多的污水 , 而且由于不透 水排水面積的增加導(dǎo)致了城市暴雨徑流量的增加。最終導(dǎo)致了在大的居民區(qū)內(nèi) 更多的是大城市、超大城市的周邊 , 水文環(huán)境和城市水源受到嚴(yán)重的污染和破 壞。因此 ,無(wú)論合流制或分流制排水系統(tǒng) , 都應(yīng)對(duì)截留雨水徑流進(jìn)行處理。With the rapid development of economy, the urban population density increasing, the capacity of sewa

46、ge collection system requirement is also increasing, this is not only due to the growing cities produced more and more of the sewage, and due to the increase in impervious and drainage area led to an increase in urban storm runoff. Eventually led to the residents in big area, more is the surrounding

47、 cities and mega cities, hydrologic environment and urban water pollution and damage. Therefore, regardless of the confluence system or separate system drainage system, to intercept storm runoff.( 四 ) 排水管網(wǎng)的管理 management of drainage pipe network加強(qiáng)管理 , 對(duì)于建成后排水管網(wǎng)的成效至關(guān)重要。如果一個(gè)排水系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)進(jìn) 行了雨、污分流 ,而管理措施跟不上 , 沿街居民私自亂接出戶管 , 或圖方便省錢 , 將生活污水管就近接人雨水管道 , 就會(huì)造成花大量資金建成的雨污分流系統(tǒng)失去 作用, 污水由雨水管直接排入水體造成河流污染。因此 , 城市排水系統(tǒng)能否真正 發(fā)揮其應(yīng)有的環(huán)境效益、社會(huì)效益和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益 , 必須采取有效措施加