電子專業(yè)英語partPPT課件

1、Part1 ElectronicsUnit 1 The Development of ElectronicsUnit 2 Resistor, Capacitor and InductorUnit 3 CircuitsUnit 4 AmplifierUnit 6 Pulse Digital CircuitEXERCISE第1頁/共64頁Unit 1 The Development of Electronics電子學(xué)的發(fā)展第2頁/共64頁電學(xué)經(jīng)典物理學(xué)的一個分支電子學(xué) 基于電學(xué)中的電磁學(xué)與電工學(xué)發(fā)展起來electricityelectronics計(jì)算機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)通信computercontrol s

2、ystemcommunication應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域 Electronics is a part of the larger field of electricity. The basic principles of electricity are also common to electronics. Modern advances in the fields of computer, control system, communications have a close relationship with electronics.第3頁/共64頁電子領(lǐng)域：電子管，晶體管，集成電路等發(fā)展對其起著重要

3、作用。電子管晶體管集成電路electron tubetransistorintegrated circuit The field of electronics includes the electron tube, transistor, integrated circuit and so on.第4頁/共64頁1883年：電子學(xué)始于“愛迪生效應(yīng)”，愛迪生研究電燈材料時發(fā)現(xiàn)了真空二極管。1905年：佛萊明發(fā)明第一個二極管真空二極管 Vacuum diode真空二極管的特點(diǎn)： （1）非線性 （2）單向?qū)щ?（3）不能放大信號nonlinearunilateral electricalamplif

4、ication of a signal Electronics began in 1883, when Thomas Edison discovered the vacuum diode as part of his research on materials for a practical electric light. This first electronic device exhibited a nonlinear, unilateral electrical characteristic but was not capable of producing amplification o

5、f a signal. In 1905 Fleming produced the first diode.第5頁/共64頁1906年，德.福雷斯特研制第一個三極管三極管二極管取代應(yīng)用：通信工業(yè)如收音機(jī)、電視等application : communication industry, radio, televisiondiodetriode In 1906 Deforest made the first triode in the United States. The widespread applications of vacuum tubes during that time period

6、were in the communications industry, first in radio and later in television. The use of vacuum tubes declined rapidly when a semiconductor device was invented that could perform many of the functions previously associated with vacuum tubes.第6頁/共64頁數(shù)字積分計(jì)算機(jī)：第一個大型數(shù)字電子系統(tǒng)的真空管電路，計(jì)算機(jī)工業(yè)的先驅(qū)。數(shù)字積分計(jì)算機(jī)：electroni

7、c numerical integrator and computer (ENIAC) The first large digital electronic system was a special-purpose vacuum tube circuit called the electronic numerical integrator and computer (ENIAC). The ENIAC was the forerunner of the computer industry.真 空 管 ： vacuum tube計(jì)算機(jī)工業(yè)： computer industry第7頁/共64頁晶體

8、管早期：鍺材料近期：硅transistorgermaniumsilicon應(yīng)用：袖珍調(diào)幅收音機(jī)Portable AM ( amplitude modulation) broadcast receivers1948年：晶體管問世，對電子學(xué)具有重大意義。 The transistor was invented in 1948 and made a significant contribution to electronics. The early transistors were made from germanium. The most visible application of these

9、devices was in small, portable AM broadcast receivers. Silicon transistors began to replace germanium in the late 1950s.第8頁/共64頁數(shù)字邏輯器件集成電路大型集成電路超大型集成電路digital logicintegrated circuitlarge-scale integration（LSI）Very large-scale integration（VLSI） The commercial success of the integrated circuit indust

10、ry was based on standard products representing digital logic families. The integrated circuit industry was moving from the era of small-scale circuits to large-scale integration (LSI). As the decade of the 1970s came to a close, a new era in integrated circuits was beginning. This era is characteriz

11、ed by the inclusion of larger and larger numbers of components in a single circuit, and it is called very large-scale integration (VLSI).第9頁/共64頁 Electronic technology is developing rapidly in the world. And electronics industry is equipped to make yet another giant step forward.第10頁/共64頁Unit 2 Resi

12、stor, Capacitor and Inductor電阻器、電容器和電感器第11頁/共64頁電路元件：電阻、電感、電容等電阻電容電感resistorcapacitorinductor Although resistors, capacitors and inductors form important elements in electronic circuitry, it is essential to know something about resistance, capacitance and inductance.第12頁/共64頁abUabIR電阻分類：1、固定電阻和可變電阻2

13、、線性電阻和非線性電阻歐姆定律： UabIRUab：電壓降I ：電流R ：電阻，單位為歐姆電阻器：它是一個二端元件two-terminal elementOhms Lawvoltage dropcurrentohmfixed resistor, variable resistorlinear and nonlinear 一、電阻器及電阻resistor A resistor is a two-terminal element. Between its terminals it exhibits a voltage drop which is directly proportional to t

14、he current passing through it. We specify the size of the resistor in ohms, which is the ratio of voltage to current. This relationship between voltage and current, called Ohms Law, can be stated in an equation V=IR. Resistors may be classified as fixed or variable in their type and also as linear a

15、nd nonlinear.第13頁/共64頁電阻的概念：對電流的阻力為電阻。單位符號為。1的定義：當(dāng)加在導(dǎo)體上的電壓為1V時，將導(dǎo)體的電 流限制為1A所需要的電抗值。 Resistance is the opposition to the flow of current and is represented by the letter symbol R. The unit of resistance is the ohm, expressed by using (). One ohm is defined as that amount of resistance that will limit

16、 the current in a conductor to one ampere when the voltage applied to the conductor is one volt. Larger amount of resistance are commonly expressed in kilo-ohm (k) and in mega-ohm (M).resistanceconductorReactance第14頁/共64頁二、電容器及電容電容器的概念：可以將電能存儲在電場中的器件稱為電容器。電容器按介質(zhì)分類紙玻璃陶瓷capacitorpaperglassceramicdiele

17、ctricelectrical energy Electrical energy can be stored in an electric field. The device capable of doing this is called a capacitor or a condenser. Capacitors are generally divided into classes according to their dielectric, e.g. paper, glass, ceramic, etc.abcet cetra(=and so on)for example第15頁/共64頁

18、電容器的特點(diǎn)：1、電動勢越大，電容器存儲的電荷就越多。2、電容器的容量越大頻率越高，容抗也就越小。Electromotive forceelectricitycapacityfrequencycapacity reactance The larger is the electromotive force, the more electricity the capacitor stores. The greater is the capacity of the capacitor, and the higher is the frequency, the lower is the capacit

19、y reactance.The + 比較級，the比較級：表示“越越”第16頁/共64頁電容的概念：電容器存儲電容的能力叫電容。電容的特點(diǎn)： 1、電容從來都不是常數(shù)，除非在固定的條件下。 2、電容的單位為法拉（F）。一般用微法，微微法。constantfixed conditionfaradmicro farad1F=106MF=1012MMf(PF) The ability of a capacitor to store electrical energy is termed capacitance. It is important to remember that capacitance

20、is never constant, except under certain fixed conditions. It is measured in farads (F). However, farad is too large a unit to be used in radio calculation, so microfarad and the micro microfarad are generally used.capacitancemicro microfaradpicofarad第17頁/共64頁三、電感器及電感電感器：電感器是由電線繞著一個合適的模子而成的一個線圈。電感器的特

21、點(diǎn)：電感器上的電壓與電流的時間變化率成正比。 這個常數(shù)稱為電感（L），單位為亨利（H）。moldcoilbe directly proportional toinductancehenry It is well known that inductors are one of building blocks in electronics. An inductor is formed by winding wire around a suitable mold to form a coil. In an inductor, the voltage is directly proportional

22、to the time rate of change in the current. The constant of proportional is called inductance (L) and measured in Henries (H).inductorabL第18頁/共64頁電感器與電容的異同：相同點(diǎn)：都能把供給它的能量儲存起來。不同點(diǎn)：電感儲存磁場能，電容儲存電場能。energymagnetic field energyelectric field energy An inductor, like a capacitor, stores the energy supplied

23、to it, but it stores energy in the form of a magnetic rather than an electric fieldand not:而不是，而非第19頁/共64頁電感：阻止流過線圈的電流發(fā)生變化的性質(zhì)稱為電感。電感的特點(diǎn)：同一頻率下較小的電感對電流阻力較小。并不像電阻一樣對所有電流都有阻力。opposepropertyinductance All coils have inductance. Inductance is the property of opposing any change if current flowing through

24、a coil. A small inductance would provide less opposition at the same frequency. Inductance differs from resistance in that resistance offers an opposition to all current.because第20頁/共64頁Exercise Try to match the flowing columns:fixed resistorthe amount of resistanceelectric fieldcapacity reactanceth

25、e opposition to the currentnonlinear resistorthe constant of proportionalitya two-terminal element非線性電阻對電流的阻力一個二端元件比例常數(shù)電阻值固定電阻容抗電場第21頁/共64頁Unit 3 Circuits電路第22頁/共64頁 開 關(guān) 干 電 池 燈 泡 電源控制器件負(fù)載導(dǎo)線power supplywirecontrol deviceload第23頁/共64頁電路1、電源： 2、導(dǎo)體或?qū)Ь€3、控制器件： 4、負(fù)載source or power supplybatteryconductor,

26、wirecontrol deviceswitchload如電池如開關(guān)組成如電燈、電阻器、電動機(jī)lampresistormotor An electric circuit often consists of four parts: a source of power supply such as battery, the conductors or wires, the control device such as a switch, and the load. The load is a device or a machine. Within the load the actual energ

27、y conversion takes place. The lamp, the resistor and the motor are common examples of electric loads.第24頁/共64頁電路的概念：有電子不斷流動的導(dǎo)體和電動勢源的組合 Any combination of a conductor and of a source of e. m. f. which permits electrons to travel round in a continuous stream is called an electric circuit. electromotiv

28、e forceelectric circuit第25頁/共64頁干電池電燈dry cell負(fù)極： 正極： negative terminal positive terminal 再生的、反饋的： regenerative A lamp connected across a dry cell is an example of a simple electrical circuit. Current flows from the negative(-) terminal of the cell, through a lamp, to the positive(+) terminal; and th

29、e action of the cell is such that it provides a “regenerative” path for the flow of electrons to be maintained through the negative terminal once again.第26頁/共64頁通路（閉合電路） 開路 （斷路） closed circuitopen circuit As long as this electrical pathway remains unbroken at any point, it is a closed circuit; and c

30、urrent flows. But if the pathway be ever broken, it becomes at once an open circuit; and no current can flow.第27頁/共64頁電路按連接方式不同，可分為串聯(lián)電路和并聯(lián)電路series circuitparallel circuit Series circuits and parallel circuits are two main types of circuit connection. 第28頁/共64頁串聯(lián)電路： 當(dāng)電器元件連接時，電流沒有分流，這種連接稱為串聯(lián)。特 點(diǎn)：每一處電流

31、都相等。 Series circuits and parallel circuits are two main types of circuit connection. When electrical devices are connected so that the current is not divided at any point, they are said to be connected in series. The current in every part of this kind of circuit is the same. 第29頁/共64頁 As a matter of

32、 fact, in everyday electric work we very often deal with circuit where the current branches between two or more paths. In ordinary house lighting, for instance, lamps are connected in parallel, each lamp filament representing an independent path from the minus main wire to the plus wire. In parallel

33、 circuits the total current is equal to the sum of all the currents that are passing through the branches of that of another.for example并聯(lián)電路： 含有兩個或兩個以上支路的電路，這種連接稱為并聯(lián)。特 點(diǎn)：總電流量等于各支路電流總和第30頁/共64頁許多實(shí)用電路是串并聯(lián)的，這種電路能夠把串聯(lián)電路的不同電壓與并聯(lián)電路的不同電流特征結(jié)合在一個網(wǎng)路內(nèi)。當(dāng)負(fù)載對同一個電源要求有不同的電壓和電流時，這種電路就特別有用。實(shí)用電路:Practical circuit串并聯(lián)電路

34、:series-parallel circuit Many practical circuits are arranged in series-parallel. Such circuits make it possible to combine the different voltage characteristic of a series circuit with the different current characteristic of a parallel circuit within a single network. This condition is particularly

35、 advantageous when it is necessary to operate loads that have different voltage and current requirements from the same source of energy.第31頁/共64頁Exercise: Try to match the following columns:a closed circuitnegativebatteryan open circuitpositiveas a matter of factconsist of minuscellbe composed ofa c

36、ircuit which was brokenin facta circuit that the current can flow throughplus第32頁/共64頁Unit 4 Amplifier放大器第33頁/共64頁放大器amplifierAn amplifier increases the magnitude of ,or amplifiers, an electric signal. The signal may be derived, for example, from a TV antenna. Of all components, the amplifier is by

37、far the most widely used building block in electronics systems.放大器能夠增強(qiáng)即放大電信號。例如，這種信號可以來自電視天線。在所有的電子元件中，放大器在電子系統(tǒng)中是使用最廣泛的部件。電信號電視天線電子系統(tǒng)electric signalTV antennaelectronics system第34頁/共64頁放大器可用框圖表示（如圖4-1）。圖中參數(shù)如下：輸入信號電壓：Es輸入信號電流：Is負(fù)載電阻： RL，跨接在輸出兩端輸入信號輸出信號負(fù)載電阻input signaloutput signalload resistorAn ampl

38、ifier may be represented by simple block diagram of Fig.4-1. The input signal voltage is denoted by Es, and the input signal current is denoted by Is. Across the output terminals is load resistor RL.figure框圖block diagram第35頁/共64頁Resistance RL may represent, for example, the resistance of a loudspeak

39、er coil, a motor winding, or the input of a connected amplifier stage. Voltage E0 is the output (load) voltage, and current I0 the output (load) current. Symbols PI and P0 are the input and output signal powers, respectively.輸出電壓：Eo輸出電流：Io輸入信號功率：PI輸出信號功率： Po電阻RL：可以是揚(yáng)聲器線圈的電阻、電動機(jī)的線組或者所連接放大級的輸入。揚(yáng)聲器電動機(jī)放

40、大級輸入信號功率loudspeakermotoramplifier stageinput signal power第36頁/共64頁1、電壓放大器： 2、電流放大器:3、功率放大器Voltage amplifier放大電壓信號放大電流信號4、脈沖放大器 5、運(yùn)算放大器 放大器current amplifierpower amplifierpulse amplifieroperational amplifierThere are different kinds of amplifiers such as voltage amplifier, current amplifier, pulse am

41、plifier and operational amplifier, etc. If the amplifier is optimized to amplify voltage signals ,it is called a voltage amplifier. For current signals, it is referred to as a current amplifier, If it is to develop output power of one watt or more, it is generally classified as a power amplifier. 信號

42、類型第37頁/共64頁放大器信號振幅1、小信號放大器： 2、大信號放大器:放大微伏級和毫伏級信號；常用代數(shù)學(xué)方法分析放大較大信號；常用圖解法分析Another method of classification is based on the amplitude of signals. For small signals, in the order typically of microvolts and millivolts, the amplifier may be classified as small-signal, and for larger signals as a large-si

43、gnal amplifier. Simple algebra is all that is required for calculating the performance of small-signal amplifiers. Graphical methods, however, are generally used in the analysis of large-signal amplifiers.amplitudesmall-signal amplifierlarge-signal amplifieralgebragraphical methodswhat第38頁/共64頁放大器相移

44、情況phase shift1、甲類放大：負(fù)載電流相移360 2、乙類放大：負(fù)載電流相移180 3、甲、乙類放大：負(fù)載電流180但3604、丙類放大：負(fù)載電流180class A operationclass B operationclass AB operationclass C operation負(fù)載電流load current flow正弦波：sine wave Amplifiers are also classified in terms of load current flow. Fig.4-2 shows the classes of amplifier operation. Fig

45、.4-2a shows one cycle (360) of a sine wave input signal to an amplifier. If the load current also flows for 360, as indicated in Fig.4-2b, the amplifier is operating as class A. Class B operation, illustrated in Fig.4-2c, exists when the load current flows for only 180. If the load current flows for

46、 more than 180but less than 360, class AB operation is realized (Fig.4-2d). Class C operation is obtained if the load current flows for less than 180(Fig.4-2e).第39頁/共64頁Class A operation is used for small-signal and single-transistor (referred to as single-ended) power amplifiers. And for class B or

47、 AB operation the amplifier contains two transistors, referred to as a push-pull amplifier. Class C operation is often used in the amplification of r-f signals in a circuit containing a tuned load.各類放大器的功能：1、甲類用于小信號和單管（或單端）功率放大；2、作乙類放大或甲乙類放大時，放大器有兩個晶體管成為推挽放大；3、丙類放大常用在調(diào)諧負(fù)載的電路中放大射頻信號；single-transistor

48、single-endedpush-pull amplifiertuned loadr-f signalradio-frequency signal第40頁/共64頁Amplifiers are also classified according to their intended operation. Examples include audio, r-f, video, microwave, and pulse amplifiers.放大器也可按其工作類型來分類。 例如：音頻放大器 射頻放大器 視頻放大器 微波放大器 脈沖放大器audio amplifierr-f amplifiervide

49、o amplifiermicrowave amplifierpulse amplifier第41頁/共64頁The performance of amplifiers is characterized by the following terms: voltage gain, current gain, power gain, input resistance, output resistance, bandwidth, distortion.放大器性能的術(shù)語有： 電壓增益、 電流增益、 功率增益、 輸入電阻、 輸出電阻、 帶寬、 失真。voltage gaincurrent gainpowe

50、r gaininput resistanceoutput resistancebandwidthdistortion第42頁/共64頁Translate :1、調(diào)諧負(fù)載2、負(fù)載電阻3、負(fù)載電流4、電壓放大器5、推挽放大器6、脈沖放大器7、功率放大器8、電流放大器pulse amplifierload resistorload currentpush-pull amplifierVoltage amplifierpower amplifiera tuned loadcurrent amplifier第43頁/共64頁Unit 6 Pulse Digital Circuit數(shù)字脈沖電路第44頁/共

51、64頁Nowadays all of us are familiar with the computer. The ability of a computer to solve a problem depends upon its ability to make certain decision as it progresses through the various steps of the problem. For example, the computer must make decisions (called logical decisions) as to whether a num

52、ber is positive, whether a certain number is larger or smaller than another, or whether a portion of the problem is finished so that the computer may proceed to the next portion. 計(jì)算機(jī)解答問題的能力取決于它對問題的各個步驟進(jìn)行判斷的能力。例如：計(jì)算機(jī)必須判斷一個數(shù)是不是正的，某個數(shù)比另一個數(shù)大還是小，或者問題的某一部分是否已經(jīng)完成。取決于：depend upon 正的：positive 部分：portion 第45頁

53、/共64頁The various circuits that enable the computer to make its decisions are called logic circuits, or digital circuits. 數(shù)字電路（邏輯電路）的概念：使計(jì)算機(jī)能進(jìn)行判斷的各種電路。digital circuits, or logic circuits 第46頁/共64頁The term digital circuit is used to describe those circuit systems which primarily operate with the use o

54、f only two different voltage levels or two other binary conditions or states. 數(shù)字電路這個術(shù)語被用來描述僅用兩種不同電壓電平，即兩種不同二進(jìn)制狀態(tài)進(jìn)行工作的電路系統(tǒng)。circuit systemsbinary第47頁/共64頁The two different states by which digital circuits operate may be of several forms. They can , in the most simple form, consist of the opening and c

55、losing of a switch. In this case, the closed-switch condition can be represented by 1 and the open-switch condition by 0. Likewise, the lighted lamp can be considered as being in the 1 condition when the switch is closed, while the unlighted lamp can be considered as being in the 0 condition when th

56、e switch is open.開關(guān)打開開關(guān)閉合燈亮燈滅“1”“0”數(shù)字電路switchlamp第48頁/共64頁A very common method of digital operation is achieved by using voltage pulse. A pulse is defined as a rapid change from one voltage level to another and then a rapid return to the original level. The duration of time at the second level is us

57、ually quite short compared with the time at the first level. 數(shù)字電路工作的最普通的方法是采用電壓脈沖進(jìn)行的。 脈沖的定義：從一個電平迅速變化到另一個電平，然后又快速回到初始電平。脈沖： pulse電平： voltage level 第49頁/共64頁The pulse is made up of a positive step and a negative step. (If the step is above the baseline, it is called a positive step, if it is below th

58、e baseline it is called negative.) 一個脈沖由一個正階躍和一個負(fù)階躍組成。（如果階躍位于基線之上，那么它被稱為正階躍；如果在基線之下，則被稱為負(fù)階躍。）正階躍：Positive step負(fù)階躍：negative step基線：baseline第50頁/共64頁If the positive step comes first it is a positive pulse and if the negative step is first it is a negative pulse. The presence of a positive pulse can be

59、 represented by 1 and the absence of a pulse by 0. 如果正階躍首先出現(xiàn)，脈沖是正脈沖，相反，如果負(fù)階躍首先出現(xiàn)，脈沖就是負(fù)脈沖。有正脈沖存在，用“1”表示，沒有正脈沖存在用“0”表示。正脈沖：Positive pulse負(fù)脈沖：negative pulse第51頁/共64頁 電子儀器中用到的脈沖波形有：方波、鋸齒形波、微分波形等。 若用方波信號，正脈沖可代表“1”，負(fù)脈沖代表“0”。脈沖波形：Pulse waveform方波形： rectangular waveform鋸齒波形： sawtooth waveform微分波形： different

60、iated waveformPulses are various in forms. Pulse waveforms used in electronic devices are: rectangular waveform, sawtooth waveform, differentiated waveform and so on. With a square-wave signal, The positive pulse can represent 1 and the negative pulse can represent 0.第52頁/共64頁Exercise:Try to match t