積極心理學ppt課件1

1、why positive psychology? 誰最先關(guān)注積極心理學誰最先關(guān)注積極心理學 什么時候人們關(guān)注積極心理學什么時候人們關(guān)注積極心理學 為什么有積極心理學之說法為什么有積極心理學之說法 什么是積極心理學什么是積極心理學 積極心理學的方法積極心理學的方法a starting place martin seligman apa president 1996 美國心理學會主席美國心理學會主席 就職演說就職演說martin seligmana starting place psychology split into two camps: 心理學分裂成兩大陣營心理學分裂成兩大陣營 academ

2、ics more interested in science. “學術(shù)學術(shù)”陣營更多的興趣在于科學探索陣營更多的興趣在于科學探索 clinicians interested in practice of psychotherapy. “臨床臨床”陣營的興趣在于心理治療實踐陣營的興趣在于心理治療實踐 hoped to bring science and practice together. 期望把科學與實踐整合在一起期望把科學與實踐整合在一起nikki and the weeds seligmans inspiration（靈感）（靈感） weeding garden（為花園除草）（為花園除草）

3、 5-year old daughter throwing weeds 5歲的女兒在玩投擲雜草歲的女兒在玩投擲雜草 seligman irritated, yelled at nikki seligman惱羞成怒，對著惱羞成怒，對著nikki 如果你是如果你是nikki，你會怎樣？，你會怎樣？why？ 如果你是如果你是seligman，你又會怎樣？，你又會怎樣？whynikki and the weeds “daddy. from when i was 3 until i was 5, i was a whiner（抱怨者抱怨者）. i whined every day. on my 5th

4、birthday, i decided i wasnt going to whine anymore. that was the hardest thing ive ever done. if i can stop whining, you can stop being such a grouch（發(fā)牢騷發(fā)牢騷）.”思考題思考題 if you are a whiner, what should you do? 如果你總是不停抱怨，你應(yīng)該做什么？如果你總是不停抱怨，你應(yīng)該做什么？ if nikki could do that, why cant you? 如果如果nikki能做到，你為什么做不到

5、？能做到，你為什么做不到？ nikki was 5-year old but you are more than 20-year oldan epiphany（神靈的顯現(xiàn)）（神靈的顯現(xiàn)） seligman resolved to change. seligman下決心改變下決心改變 his purpose in life was not to correct his daughters shortcomings. 在生活之中，他的目的不是改正女兒的缺點在生活之中，他的目的不是改正女兒的缺點 instead, raising her to nurture the strength she dis

6、played (social intelligence). 而是，喚起她去培養(yǎng)她顯示出來的力量而是，喚起她去培養(yǎng)她顯示出來的力量an epiphany（神靈的顯現(xiàn)）（神靈的顯現(xiàn)） can psychological science be about identifying and nurturing strengths? 心理科學可以從事于識別和培養(yǎng)力量嗎？心理科學可以從事于識別和培養(yǎng)力量嗎？ his mission as apa president. 作為作為apa的主席，他的使命是讓心理學能夠的主席，他的使命是讓心理學能夠識別力量，能夠培養(yǎng)力量識別力量，能夠培養(yǎng)力量 但當時的心理學可以做到

7、這些嗎？但當時的心理學可以做到這些嗎？why？ratio: 21/1psychological abstracts (1967-2000) anger: 5,584 憤怒憤怒: 5,584 anxiety: 41,416 焦慮焦慮: 41,416 depression: 54,040 抑郁抑郁: 54,040 joy: 415 快樂快樂: 415 happiness: 1,710 幸福幸福: 1,710 life satisfaction: 2,582 生活滿意度生活滿意度: 2,582focusing on the negative（聚焦負面）（聚焦負面） “the science of p

8、sychology has been far more successful on the negative than on the positive side; “心理科學在人性的負面上的研究遠比在正心理科學在人性的負面上的研究遠比在正面上的研究要成功得多；面上的研究要成功得多；focusing on the negative it has revealed to us much about mans shortcomings, his illnesses, his sins, 心理學已經(jīng)向我們揭示了太多人類的缺點，人類的心理學已經(jīng)向我們揭示了太多人類的缺點，人類的疾病，人類的罪孽，疾病，人

9、類的罪孽， but little about his potentialities, his virtues, his achievable aspirations, or his psychological height. 但是只是揭示一點點人類的潛能，人類的美德，人但是只是揭示一點點人類的潛能，人類的美德，人類可以實現(xiàn)的抱負，或者人類的心理頂點。類可以實現(xiàn)的抱負，或者人類的心理頂點。focusing on the negative it is as if psychology had voluntarily restricted itself to only half its rightf

10、ul jurisdiction, and that the darker, meaner half.” 心理學似乎已經(jīng)自動把自己限定在僅僅一半心理學似乎已經(jīng)自動把自己限定在僅僅一半的合法管轄區(qū)域之內(nèi)，而且是比較黑暗、比的合法管轄區(qū)域之內(nèi)，而且是比較黑暗、比較卑劣的一半較卑劣的一半”。 -abraham maslow accentuating the positive（強調(diào)正面）（強調(diào)正面） “ the aim of positive psychology is to catalyze a change in psychology from a preoccupation only with r

11、epairing the worst things in life to also building the best qualities in life.” “積極心理的目標是促進心理學的改變，從僅積極心理的目標是促進心理學的改變，從僅僅專注于修補生活之中的最壞之事，轉(zhuǎn)變到僅專注于修補生活之中的最壞之事，轉(zhuǎn)變到也專注于建構(gòu)生活之中的最佳品質(zhì)也專注于建構(gòu)生活之中的最佳品質(zhì)”。 -martin seligmanpsychology needs help 21/1 ratio is unhealthy 21/1的比率是不健康的的比率是不健康的 but it reflects reality dep

12、ression 10 times higher today than 1960 mean age for depression today is 14.5 (compared to 29.5 in 1960)why more “positive” research? psychology as creative rather than merely reactive 心理學不只是反應(yīng)性的，更是創(chuàng)造性的心理學不只是反應(yīng)性的，更是創(chuàng)造性的 happiness is not the negation of unhappiness 幸福不是不幸的否定幸福不是不幸的否定 prevention throu

13、gh cultivating the positive 通過培養(yǎng)正性品質(zhì)，來防止不幸通過培養(yǎng)正性品質(zhì)，來防止不幸“negative” researchnegative experiences“positive” researchpositive experiencesdisease model（疾病模式）（疾病模式）health model（健康模式）（健康模式） -_ 0 _ +well-being（康樂）（康樂） satisfaction（滿意）（滿意）joy（快樂）（快樂）excitement （激動）（激動）happiness（幸福）（幸福）happiness isnt the neg

14、ation of unhappinessneurosis（神經(jīng)癥）（神經(jīng)癥）anger （憤怒）（憤怒）anxiety（焦慮）（焦慮）depression（抑郁）（抑郁）psychosis（精神?。ň癫。ゝocus on weaknesses focus on strengths關(guān)注虛弱關(guān)注虛弱 關(guān)注力量關(guān)注力量overcoming deficiencies building competencies克服缺點克服缺點 建設(shè)能力建設(shè)能力avoiding pain seeking pleasure避免痛苦避免痛苦 尋找快樂尋找快樂running from unhappiness pursuin

15、g happiness逃離憂愁逃離憂愁 追求幸福追求幸福 neutral state (0) as ceiling no ceiling中性狀態(tài)是上限中性狀態(tài)是上限 沒有上限沒有上限 tensionless as ideal creative tension as ideal不緊張是理想的不緊張是理想的 創(chuàng)造性的緊張是理想的創(chuàng)造性的緊張是理想的 disease model health modelpsychologys first century focus on how to understand and alleviate（減輕）減輕） negative states. anxiety,

16、abuse（濫用）（濫用）, depression, disease, prejudice（偏見）（偏見）, marital trouble（婚姻煩惱）（婚姻煩惱）a recent shift（最近的改變）（最近的改變）from studying the negative studying the positivepositive and negative positive psychologists say that psychology needs to study the negative and the positive. 積極心理學表示，心理學需要研究負面，也積極心理學表示，心理學需

17、要研究負面，也需要研究正面。需要研究正面。positive psychology, not fake psychology 積極心理不是騙子心理學積極心理不是騙子心理學 positive psychologists use rigorous scientific research methods. 積極心理運用嚴謹?shù)目茖W研究方法積極心理運用嚴謹?shù)目茖W研究方法seligman experimentseligman experiment: part 1 escapable shock. 可以逃脫的電擊可以逃脫的電擊 had coping mechanism. 掌握應(yīng)對機制掌握應(yīng)對機制 press

18、nose button to terminate shock. 按前端按鈕中止電擊按前端按鈕中止電擊 “active” “主動的主動的” inescapable shock. 不可逃脫的電擊不可逃脫的電擊 got shock. 受到電擊受到電擊 no coping mechanism. 沒有應(yīng)對機制沒有應(yīng)對機制 no way to terminate shock. 沒有辦法中止電擊沒有辦法中止電擊 “passive” “被動的被動的”seligman experiment: part 2 all groups received the same condition: escapable sho

19、ck. 兩組狗接收同樣的條件：可以逃離的電擊兩組狗接收同樣的條件：可以逃離的電擊 put in shuttle box. 把狗放在穿梭箱里把狗放在穿梭箱里 light dimmed. 燈光變暗燈光變暗 10 second later got shock unless they jumped to safe side. 如果不跳到安全一邊的話，如果不跳到安全一邊的話，10秒之后會受到電擊秒之后會受到電擊seligman experimentshuttle box behavior dogs in the escapable shock quickly learned to jump to saf

20、e side. “可逃離電擊的可逃離電擊的”狗們很快學會跳到安全地帶狗們很快學會跳到安全地帶 dogs in inescapable shock did not jump to safe side. agitated at first but later laid down and took the shock. “無法逃離電擊的無法逃離電擊的”狗們沒有跳到安全地帶。起初它狗們沒有跳到安全地帶。起初它們表現(xiàn)出不安，但是隨后就放棄了，接受電擊。們表現(xiàn)出不安，但是隨后就放棄了，接受電擊。 dogs in inescapable shock group learned helplessness學會了

21、無助學會了無助learned helplessness has been observed in dogs, rats, mice, cats, monkeys, and even walleyed pike!parallels with reactive depression與反應(yīng)性抑郁癥比較與反應(yīng)性抑郁癥比較 triggered by traumatic life event (ex. death of loved one). 由創(chuàng)傷性生活事件（如愛人的離去）觸發(fā)的由創(chuàng)傷性生活事件（如愛人的離去）觸發(fā)的 passivity 被動性被動性 difficulty in learning responses that bring relief. 在學習導(dǎo)致痛苦減輕的反應(yīng)上存在困難在學習導(dǎo)致痛苦減輕的反應(yīng)上存在困難 physical symptoms. 軀體癥狀軀體癥狀 stress related disorders. 應(yīng)激相關(guān)的障礙應(yīng)激相關(guān)的障礙directive therapy（指導(dǎo)性治療）（指導(dǎo)性治療） dogs