語法講解(一)

1、-作者xxxx-日期xxxx語法講解(一)【精品文檔】 英語二語法講解（一）Basic English Sentence Patterns(英語的基本句型)掌握句子的基本句型有助于了解句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，便于進行句子分析，抓住句子的主線，尤其對于比較復(fù)雜的長難句，熟悉基本句型可以幫助我們從錯綜復(fù)雜的語言現(xiàn)象中理出頭緒，從而理解句子的確切意思。句子由于所用的謂語動詞不同（即系動詞、及物動詞和不及物動詞），歸納起來共有五種基本句型。句子主要有下面這些成分：Subject: 主語 一句話的中心，整句話都談它的情況；Predicate: 謂語 說明主語的主要情況，可表示動作，也可表示狀態(tài)； Object:

2、 賓語 表示動作的承受者，也可表示動作的結(jié)果； Predicative:表語 和系動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語；Attribute:定語 修飾名詞、代詞等； Adverbial: 狀語 修飾動詞、形容詞或副詞； Verb: 動詞I. 主語+系動詞+表語 （SVP） 1. Supper is ready.2. The cocktail party will be at 7:30 p.m.II. 主語+謂語（不及物動詞）(SV)1. She sings well.2. A traffic accident took place in the street.III. 主語+謂語（及物動詞）+賓語（SVO）1.

3、We do not know how to use it.2. The foreign visitors enjoyed seeing Beijing opera.IV. 主語+謂語（及物動詞）+ 間接賓語+直接賓語（SVOO）1. He makes us a present of his photograph.2. I showed them some old buildings on the campus.3. Pass me the sugar, please.V. 主語+謂語（及物動詞）+賓語+補足語（SVOC）某些及物動詞除了要求帶賓語外，有時還需要有一個成分補充說明該賓語的動作、狀

4、態(tài)、特征等，意思才完整，這個成分稱為賓語補足語。1. We call the baby Xiao Hua.2. What causes an object to fall to the ground?Grammar Exercises:Write SV, SVP, SVO, SVOO or SVOC after each of the following sentences:1. Explain the new words and expression in English, please.2. To learn English well is no easy matter.3. Do you

5、 mind my opening the back door?4. Such an arrangement wont make him satisfied.5. People elected him the representative of the district.6. Could you tell me the way to the railway station?7. There are thousands of islands on the earth.8. Radar can help airplanes land safety.9. There seems no need to

6、go now.10. Electronics has made possible a new kind of higher education and research.Answer:1.(S)VO 2. SVP 3. SVO 4. SVOC 5. SVOC6. SVOO 7. SV 8. SVOC 9. SV 10. SVOCVerb Tenses(動詞的時態(tài))英語動詞從時間上看，有現(xiàn)在、過去、將來以及過去將來之分。從體上看，有一般、進行、完成以及完成進行之區(qū)別。所謂“體”指的是事情在某一時間的進程或狀態(tài)。動詞的時間與體的結(jié)合即動詞時態(tài)。英語時態(tài)共有十六種，現(xiàn)以動詞write為例，將其十六種

7、形式列表如下：時間體現(xiàn)在過去將來過去將來一般時態(tài)writewriteswroteshallwritewillshould writewould進行時態(tài)amis writingarewas writewereshall be writingwillshould be writingwould完成時態(tài)have writtenhashad writtenshall Have writtenwillshould have writtenwould完成進行時態(tài)have been writinghashad been writingshall have been writingwillshould hav

8、e been writingwould這里我們講解常用的十二種時態(tài)，其他時態(tài)可以在此基礎(chǔ)上進行類推。一、一般現(xiàn)在時（simple present tense）主要有以下用法：1表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常和often, always, usually, sometimes, every day, once a week等時間狀語連用，例如：He takes a walk after supper every day.How often do you wash your hair?2表示主語的特征、性格、能力等，例如：She has great concern for other

9、s.Mary hates fish and never eats any.3表示客觀事實或普遍真理，例如：The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.Japan lies to the east of China.4表示安排或計劃好的將來發(fā)生的動作，例如：The plane takes off at 10:00 am.When does the train leave for Shanghai?5在時間或條件狀語從句中表示將來的動作，例如：I cant leave unless my boss agrees.When you see her,

10、just tell her that I am all right.6代替過去時表示某些文學(xué)作品中的情節(jié)描寫，或用來引述書刊材料，例如：The little boy goes up to the policeman and says, “Theres a car accident over there.”二、一般過去時一般過去時（simple past tense）主要用來表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，常和表示過去的時間狀語，yesterday, last week, three years ago，in 1978等連用。例如：She bought a Santana last week.Sh

11、e often came to help me at that time.三、一般將來時一般將來時（simple future tense）主要用于表示將來發(fā)生的動作或情況，例如:Well have be careful in doing business with themWe wont be free tonight.在時間或條件狀語從句中，一般不用將來時，而是用現(xiàn)在時代替，例如：If you see him, tell him I miss him very much.一般將來時還有以下形式構(gòu)成：1am (is, are) going to + 動詞原形這種形式主要用來表示最近打算去做的

12、事情或可能要發(fā)生的事情。例如：We are going to visit the Museum of Chinese History tomorrow.2. am (is, are) about to +動詞原形這種形式用來表示即將發(fā)生的動作，例如：We are about to leave, so there is no time to visit her now.3. am (is, are) to +動詞原形這種形式用來表示必須或計劃要進行的動作，例如：The girl are to go to school next week.四、過去將來時過去將來時(future-in-the-pa

13、st tense)主要用來表示過去某一時間內(nèi)將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，例如：He told me that he would see me off at the station.過去將來時也可用was(were)going to + 動詞原形，was(were) about to +動詞原形，或was(were) to + 動詞原形等形式表示過去某時間內(nèi)計劃、打算或一定要進行的動作。例如：They were going to have a meeting to discuss the matter.五、現(xiàn)在進行時現(xiàn)在進行時（present continuous tense）表示現(xiàn)在正在進行的

14、動作。例如：What are you doing?有些動詞（go, come, stay, leave, start等）的現(xiàn)在進行時形式也可以表示將來即將發(fā)生的動作，例如： He is coming to see you tomorrow.有些表示狀態(tài)和感覺的動詞不用于（或在某個詞義上不用于）進行時，如hate, like, love, believe, think（以為），look，mind, have (有)， seem, sound，remain等。六、過去進行時過去進行時（past continuous tense）表示過去某一時刻或某段時間內(nèi)正在進行的動作。例如：When I saw

15、 her, she was working at the computer.與現(xiàn)在進行時相類似go, come, stay, leave等動詞的過去進行時形式可以表示過去將要發(fā)生的動作。例如：She asked me whether I was starting the next day.七、將來進行時將來進行時（future continuous tense）用來表示在將來的某一段時間正在發(fā)生的動作，或按計劃在未來將要進行的動作，例如：This time next week she will be working in that company.八、現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成時用來表示過去開始，但持

16、續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作，或表示過去發(fā)生的動作，但對現(xiàn)在仍留下某種后果和影響。例如：Most of us have studied English for more than five years.九、過去完成時過去完成時（past perfect tense）用來表示過去某個時間或某個動作之前已經(jīng)完成的動作，或者表示過去某個時間開始一直延續(xù)到過去另一個時間的動作。例如：He said that he had written her a letter.十、將來完成時將來完成時（future perfect tense）用來表示在將來某一時間以前已經(jīng)完成的動作，例如：Ill have done all t

17、he work by the time you are back this evening.十一、現(xiàn)在完成進行時現(xiàn)在完成進行時（present perfect continuous tense）用來表示從過去某一時間開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作，這個動作可能剛剛結(jié)束，或者可能要繼續(xù)進行下去。例如：She has been working in Shenzhen since 1985.十二、過去完成進行時過去完成進行時（past perfect continuous tense）用來表示過去某個時間以前已經(jīng)開始而又延續(xù)到過去這個時間的動作。這個動作可能剛剛停止，也可能還在繼續(xù)。例如：She said

18、 she had been expecting your good news.被動語態(tài)英語動詞有主動和被動兩種語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)（active voice）表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者；被動語態(tài)（passive voice）表示主語是動作的承受者。一、被動語態(tài)的形式被動語態(tài)由助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。助動詞be有時態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化。以give為例，將各種時態(tài)被動語態(tài)的形式列表如下：體時間一般進行完成現(xiàn)在is (am, are) givenis (am, are) being givenhas (have) been given過去was ( were) givenwas (were) bei

19、ng givenhad been given將來will (shall) be given過去將來would (should) be given二、被動語態(tài)的用法常用于以下情況：1. 當不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者時，例如：His car is stolen a week ago.2. 當我們認為沒有必要指出或不想指出誰是動作的執(zhí)行者時，例如：Television ads are usually repeated over and over again.3. 雖然需要同時指出動作的執(zhí)行者，但我們強調(diào)或突出的是動作的承受者，此時動作的執(zhí)行者用介詞by加代表動作執(zhí)行者的名詞和代詞表示，例如：Her pl

20、an has not been approved by the management.三、被動語態(tài)的幾種特殊結(jié)構(gòu)1. 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)這種結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成是：情態(tài)動詞+be+及物動詞的過去分詞，例如：Coal could be used in place of oil in this case.2. 短語動詞的被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)短語動詞應(yīng)作為一個整體看待，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時不能丟掉構(gòu)成短語動詞的介詞、副詞或名詞+介詞等成分，例如：The nurse takes good care of the children.The children are taken good care of by the n

21、urse.3. 含有兩個賓語的主動結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)主動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)中若有兩個賓語，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)時，只將其中一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個賓語不變，通常稱為保留賓語，例如：An hour was allowed him to get to the airport.4. 含有復(fù)合賓語的主動結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)主動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)中如有復(fù)合賓語，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時只將原復(fù)合賓語中的賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，賓語補足語部分不變，語法上將其稱為主語補足語（subject complement）, 例如：We advised him to practice speaking English.He was advised to practi

22、ce speaking English.5. 英語中有很多動詞可用主動形式表示被動意義，漢語中這種結(jié)構(gòu)更常見，例如：The cakes sell quickly. The car drove easily.當把行為看作一個獨立的事實而根本不涉及行為主體時使用這種句型更簡單和生動。Grammar Exercises:1. Ann _ a dress for herself at the moment. She _ all her own clothes.A. makes, is making B. is making, makesC. will make, made D. has made, i

23、s going to make2. He _ school last year and is now earning his living as a postman.A. is leaving B. had left C. has left D. left3. My watch _ ten minutes ago.A. had stopped B. has stoppedC. stopped D. is stopping4. We _ in Beijing for more than ten years.A. are B. wereC. had been D. have been5. I _

24、any radio since I left the shop.A. havent repaired B. am not repairingC. did not repair D. do not repair6. “John has had a lot of teaching experience, hasnt he?” “Yes, indeed. _ physics since 1970.”A. Hes teaching B. Hes taughtC. Hed taught D. He taught7. Peter hasnt ridden any motorcycle since he _

25、 his leg.A. breaks B. was brokenC. has broken D. broke8. Do you think we _ the manager the day after tomorrow?A. see B. sawC. shall see D. have seen9. If you go to England you _ many differences from your country.A. notice B. will noticeC. is going to notice D. have noticed10. My sister _ in the hos

26、pital next month.A. has practiced B. practicesC. are to practice D. is going to practiceAnswer:BDCDA BDCBC非謂語動詞動詞根據(jù)它能否單獨作謂語動詞可以分為謂語動詞和非謂語動詞。顧名思義，非謂語動詞在句中不能單獨作謂語動詞。非謂語動詞有三種形式：動詞不定式、分詞和動名詞。The Infinitive(不定式)I. 動詞不定式的形式1動詞不定式由不定式符號“to+動詞原形”構(gòu)成。不定式符號“to”不是介詞，無詞義。不定式有一般、完成、進行幾種常用的形式，也有主動和被動語態(tài)的區(qū)別，以study為例

27、：主動被動一般式to studyto be studied進行式to be studying完成式to have studiedto have been studied2. 動詞不定式保持動詞的一些特征，即可帶賓語、狀語等，這樣就構(gòu)成不定式短語，如：to help them in their work3. 不定式的否定形式是在不定式前面加not, never等，如：They told me not to open the window.4.不定式有時帶疑問詞，如what, when, where, which, whom, why, whether, how等，如：He didnt know

28、whether to wait or go home.II. 不定式或不定式短語的用法：可作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補足語1不定式或不定式短語作主語時，謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)，如：To serve the people well is our duty.不定式短語作主語時，往往放在謂語動詞的后面，用引導(dǎo)詞it 作形式上的主語，例如：It is our duty to serve the people well.在系動詞be, seem, appear等之后，如：He appears to have caught a cold.be+動詞不定式表示應(yīng)當、打算、計劃做什么的意思，如:Pete

29、r is to arrive at seven this morning.有些及物動詞常用不定式作賓語，如：agree, begin, decide, desire, determine, expect, forget, mean, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, regret, remember, try, want等。如果不定式作賓語而又跟有補足語時，要用“it”作形式賓語，而將真正的賓語（即不定式）放到補足語后面去，如：We find it impossible to finish the work in such a short time.

30、用來修飾名詞，位于被修飾名詞的后面，如：This is the best way to solve the problem.常用不定式作定語的名詞有：ability, agreement, attempt, chance, claim, decision, determination, failure, freedom, hope, need, opportunity, plan, promise, refusal, way等；序數(shù)詞the first, second以及l(fā)ast, only, best 等也常用不定式作定語，如：He was the only one to realize t

31、he danger.5. 作狀語通常表示目的、結(jié)果、原因等，如：In 1998 she left home never to return.不定式作目的狀語，可用so as to , in order to 引出；不定式作結(jié)果狀語可用soas to, tooto, enough to等引出，6作補足語有賓語補足語和主語補足語兩種1）作賓語補足語，如：The trainer made the elephant dance before audience.通常要求帶to不定式作賓語補足語的動詞有：advise, allow, ask, cause, consider, expect, find,

32、imagine, know, tell, think, want, wish等；要求不帶“to”的不定式作賓語補足語的動詞有，一般為表示“感覺”或“使役”的動詞：feel, have, hear, let, make, notice, see, watch, listen to, look at；help后面的作賓語補足語的不定式帶“to”或不帶“to”都可以。2）作主語補足語帶有賓語補足語的謂語動詞變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，賓語成了主語，賓語補足語也就相應(yīng)的成為主語補足語，如：Their children are allowed to make their own decisions.III. 不定式

33、的邏輯主語如要求表明不定式或不定式短語的動作發(fā)出者（即邏輯主語），就要在不定式前用for+名詞（或代詞賓格），如：The conference is too important for you to miss.IV. 不定式的完成式和進行式的用法1完成式表示的動作發(fā)生在句子謂語表示的動作之前，如：Im sorry not to have come on Thursday.2.進行式一般表示正在進行中的動作，強調(diào)與謂語動詞所表示的動作幾乎同時發(fā)生，如：I happened to be lying in bed when she came in.Grammar Exercises:1. _ all

34、 his homework, he went to bed.A. Doing B. Being done C. To do D. Having done2. Instead of _ for the teacher to explain, they tried to find the patterns and the rules for themselves.A. wait B. to wait C. waiting D. being waited3. For passengers, ships have the advantage of _ cheaper than trains or pl

35、anes.A. having been B. to have beenC. being D. to be4. They sat together, _ carefully the blueprint of the building.A. and study B. to study C. studying D. and studying5. What _ next will be discussed at the next meeting.A. to do B. is doing C. will do D. shall we doAnswer:DCCCAThe Gerund(動名詞)I. 動名詞

36、的形式動名詞與動詞不定式一樣，也是一種非謂語動詞形式，在句中不能單獨作謂語。它可以帶賓語、狀語等構(gòu)成動名詞短語。動名詞由動詞原形+ing構(gòu)成，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但是有語態(tài)的變化，并且有一般式和完成式，以study為例：主動被動一般式studyingbeing studied完成式having studiedhaving been studiedII. 動名詞的用法動名詞（或動名詞短語）在句中起名詞的作用，可用作主語、表語、賓語（動詞或介詞的賓語）和定語等；1作主語Swimming is never as fast as running.動名詞作主語時，有時句中使用形式主語it, 如：It i

37、s no use talking about it.It is 后面常見的動詞有no good, no use, useless, waste, worthwhile, dangerous等。2作表語Our duty is programming the computer.注意：be+動名詞（表語）與be+現(xiàn)在分詞（構(gòu)成進行時態(tài)）在形式上相同，但在前一結(jié)構(gòu)中，be 是系動詞，有詞義，而后一結(jié)構(gòu)中，be是助動詞，只是用來構(gòu)成一種謂語時態(tài)，無詞義。3作賓語They began studying psychology last week.1) 很多及物動詞都可用動名詞作賓語，常見的動詞有：avoid

38、, deny, dislike, enjoy, excuse, finish, keep, mind, miss, practice, require, suggest, cant help, give up, insist on等；2) 在下列動詞后，只能跟不定式：agree, decide, desire, determine, expect, hope, pretend, promise, refuse, wish等；3) 既可以跟動名詞也可跟不定式作賓語的動詞有：attempt, begin, continue, forget, hate, need, propose, remembe

39、r, regret, stop, try, want等；有時兩種結(jié)構(gòu)之間意義差別不大，如表示抽象的、泛指的一般傾向多用動名詞；如指特別的或具體某一動作，則用不定式多些，如：I like traveling very much.Would you like to eat lunch with me?有些動詞后面用動名詞還是不定式作賓語，其含義有明顯的差別，常見的有remember, forget, regret, try等，如：1） stop后面跟動名詞，通常表示“停止或不再做某事”；跟不定式表示“停止或不再做正在做的事，而去做別的事”，如：Stop arguing and start work

40、ing.I didnt know how to get there so I stopped to ask the way.2) remember后面跟動名詞，通常表示“回憶過去而記得”，跟不定式通常表示“記住去干，別忘了”，如：I remember reading a review of that book.Please remember to book seats for them today.The Reading Room of the British Museum is a large round hall.III. 動名詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)動名詞分一般式和完成式，一般式表示一般性的動作概

41、念，不明確動作發(fā)生的時間，有主動和被動語態(tài)，如：Besides reading, he is fond of collecting stamps.This matter is far from being solved.動名詞的完成式用來表示發(fā)生在謂語動作之前的動作，也有主動和被動語態(tài)，但是用的較少，有時動名詞表示的動作雖然發(fā)生在謂語動作之前，也常用動名詞的一般式來代替，如：I remember having read the article on economic systems.After having been tested, the instrument was sent to the

42、 laboratory.After being desalted, sea water can be used for drinking.在need, require, want 等動詞后面，一般不用動名詞的被動形式，即使表示被動意思，也用動名詞主動形式代替，如：The house wants repairing.The Participle(分詞)I. 分詞的形式分詞也是一種非謂語動詞，在句中不能單獨作謂語，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，可以帶賓語、狀語和表語構(gòu)成分詞短語，分詞有現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種。1. 現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在分詞由動詞+ing構(gòu)成，過去分詞分兩類，一類是規(guī)則動詞，由動詞+e

43、d構(gòu)成，一類是不規(guī)則動詞，需要記憶。2分詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)現(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成式，并有主動和被動語態(tài)。過去分詞只有一種形式，以study為例：主動被動現(xiàn)在分詞一般式studyingbeing studied完成式having studiedhaving been studied過去分詞studied在時態(tài)上，通?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示進行，過去分詞表示完成，如：the developing countrythe developed country在語態(tài)上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動，過去分詞表示被動，如：a moving filma moved film在句中可作定語、狀語、補足語和表語1 作定語單個現(xiàn)在分詞作定語

44、時，放在被修飾的詞的前面；單個過去分詞作定語時，放在被修飾的詞前或后，如：The growing plants in our garden need more sunlight.There are nine known planets in the solar system.Scientists believe that sea water contains every natural element known.分詞短語作定語時，一般總是放在它所修飾的詞之后，如：Most of the kinds of tools made out of iron are very old.2. 作狀語分詞

45、或分詞短語作狀語，說明謂語表示的動作發(fā)生的時間、條件、原因、結(jié)果、伴隨情況、行為方式或?qū)χ^語加以補充說明等，如：Not knowing his address, I can't visit him personally. (作原因狀語)When laboring to open a farm in the forest, Lincolns grandfather was killed by the Indians. （作時間狀語）She went down steps into the kitchen, followed by her little daughter. (作伴隨狀語)分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞或分詞短語作狀語時，一般分詞所表示的動作或狀態(tài)的主體是句子的主語，但有時分詞或分詞短語作狀語時，還可帶自己的動作主體，一般用名詞或代詞表示，放在分詞前面，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)，如：The work done, the