金融經(jīng)濟外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

1、鄭州大學(xué)商學(xué)院金融外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯題 目： wto and capital pekings economy 指導(dǎo)教師： 職稱： 學(xué)生姓名： 學(xué)號： 專 業(yè)： 院（系）： 完成時間： wto and capital pekings economyj effrey j . mcmillanabstractchinas accession to the wto is an important event of our economic life in the course of reforms and opening. therefore, peking municipal government has

2、 established a special research team, which is designated to the study on the subject of chinas accession to the wto and its impacts on the economic development of the capital. here are only some views on the primary results of the research.i. impacts on the economy of the capitalchinas accession to

3、 the wto means that our country will integrate and participate in the course of the economic globalization with an unprecedented extent and depth, and peking will be in a brand new environment of development. the requirements of the market system reflected by the free trade principles and rules advo

4、cated by the wto and the industrial orientation implied in the furtherance of the new international division of labor are consistent with the general direction of the economic development of the capital. in front of the wider opening of the market system, peking, a city as the center for internation

5、al communication, is endowed with resources of advanced technology and education, stronger comprehensive economic power and a fully established foreign-oriented pattern of multiple levels involved in wide fields, and thus peking is in a more favorable competitive position as compared with other area

6、s possibly with some relative advantages in international competition. therefore, with correctly determined development strategy and tactics and initiatives in making full use of advantages and avoiding disadvantages, peking may maximally share the benefits and opportunities brought forth by chinas

7、accession to the wto and reduce the shocks and pulse, hence facilitating the promotion of the economic development of the capital. ii. basic principles to be observed in developing the economy of the capital upon chinas accession to the wtoupon chinas accession to the wto, the economic development o

8、f the capital shall abide by the principles of comparative advantages and stick to the principles of reforms and innovation and the principles of the balance of focus on both domestic and foreign opening, thus pushing the economic growth and increasingly expanding the three demands for investment, c

9、onsumption and import and export. in view of investment, it is initially estimated that for the first years upon chinas accession to the wto, the domestic investment growth will be impacted by about 1-2%, the growth of the utilization of foreign investment will be impacted by 8-10%, and calculated o

10、n the basis of the current investment composition, total investment of fixed assets will witness a growth of 2-3.5%. based on the elasticity of fixed asset against gdp from 1982 through 1998, the growth of gdp will be promoted by 1.5-2.5%. in view of consumption, during the initial period, chinas ac

11、cession to the wto will promote the growth rate of total residential consumption by 1-1.5%, and the growth rate of the ultimate total annual consumption will be promoted by about 0.6%, which means that upon complete realization of the agreement commitments, chinas accession to the wto will promote t

12、he growth of total residential consumption by 5-6% in peking, with the growth of the ultimate total annual consumption promoted by about 4%, thus bringing forth the growth of gdp by 2-2.5%. in view of import and export, the export of the traditional advantageous products of peking municipality will

13、witness more growth, especially that of light textile products and mechanic-electrical products. upon chinas accession to the wto, the demands for import of the whole municipality witnesses obvious increase at the growth rate over that of export, and the situation of more import than export may not

14、change. in view of employment, general trend is that the sustained economic growth will bring forth the increase of total employment, and the situation of more supply of labor than demand may be alleviated. especially, the total introduction of foreign investment by peking will witness more growth,

15、and the development of tertiary industry will be accelerated, which may create new jobs though the pressure of employment is still big in a short term. with the accession to the wto，the economic development of the capital is sure to face a issue of optimization and upgrading of industrial compositio

16、n. according to our analysis, the industries with more development opportunities of the capital mainly include agriculture, hi-tech, foods industry, light industry, tourism, scientific, educational, cultural and health causes, information consulting industry, and exhibition industry. the industries

17、with more challenges of the capital include electronic and communication equipment manufacturing industry, petrochemical industry, auto industry, machinery industry, metallurgical industry, building material industry, financial and insurance industry, commercial and beverage industry, transportation

18、 and post industry. accordingly, we will carry out adjustment of industrial composition based on the above-mentioned analysis. iii. impacts on foreign economy and trade of the capitalat present, there exists obvious gaps between the foreign trade management system of our country and the requirements

19、 of the wto, which are embodied as follows: （1）incomplete system of laws and regulations; （2）high import tariffs;（3）numerous onus administrative measures of import and export: currently, 35 varieties of import commodities and 59 varieties of export commodities adopt licensing administration, most of

20、 which are not permitted for imposition of import and export restrictions by the wto;（4）failure to fully implement non-discriminatory principles, such as not adopting national treatment with foreign investment enterprises;（5）insufficient transparency in foreign economic and trade policies.（6）the res

21、ources control and environment pressurepeking belongs to serious water shortage region, person all the water resources shortage 300 sign a square rice, only occupy quantity for the national person of 1/8, person in world all occupies quantity of 1/30, the water resources supply and demand antinomy&#

22、39;s turning worse continuously will be the suburban area economy to develop main check and supervision factor;resources quantity in land is limited, spare resources shortage, the agriculture uses ground to reduce gradually;the village labor force character is hard to satisfy the objective demand th

23、at the economy develops quickly.in the meantime, the suburban area is the ecosystem natural cover of the capital city, the ecosystem environment foundation still weaker, constuct and protect ecosystem environment and carry out and can keep on a development to face huge mission of in the economy the

24、development the process. face new situation, the suburban area economy the development still exists some antinomies and problem, main performance at:the economic total amount and structure and capital city position,economy movement mechanism and market economy request,the industrialization level and

25、 modernization strategy,small town the development and construction internationalize the metropolis,the farmer income growth speed and contract the city country difference, etc. still exists not adapt of place.how develop the niche,science and technology,information of the suburban area well etc. ad

26、vantage, resolve these antinomies and problem further, be"15" periodses speed the suburban area economy development step,the exaltation agriculture and village modernize level face of important topic. the influence that joins wto to the capital city outside traid mainly expresses for the t

27、raditional advantage product export growth, the exit of the traditional market steady growth, the newly arisen market export will have already greatlied compare to increase as well, each kind of product that export a business enterprise is subjected to the influence degree dissimilarity, the oversea

28、s-funded enterprises advantage is obvious, outside traid the professional company difficulty compare greatly, import may significant growth, serve the trade income and expend all will with sooner the speed increase.will exceed the goods trade to attain this year according to statistics 40 have anoth

29、er hundred million.drawing on the foreign capital influence to the capital city to mainly express for the policy will make further adjustment;to the special policy of the overseas-funded enterprises to citizen the treatment change;loosen outward a company the industry realm of the investment;increas

30、e the clarity that the outside company invests law,laws. the impacts of the accession of the wto on the foreign trade of the capital are mainly reflected as follows: the export of traditional advantageous industries will witness growth, the export of traditional market will witness stable growth, th

31、e export of the emerging market will also witness rapid growth, the impacts are different on the products of various export-oriented enterprises whereby the advantages of foreign-invested enterprises are obvious and while the difficulties of professional foreign trade companies may be big. import ma

32、y witness a big growth with the incomes and expenditures of trade in services growing even quicker. according to statistics, trade in services will exceed trade in goods by more than rmb4b. the impacts on the introduction of foreign investment of the capital are mainly as follows: policies will be f

33、urther adjusted; the preferential policies with foreign-invested enterprises will shift to national treatment; the industrial fields will be extended for foreign investment; and the transparency will be enhanced in the laws and regulations on foreign investmentiv. policy proposals on the foreign eco

34、nomic and trade development of the capital and speeding up the reforms of state-owned foreign trade enterprises.for the institutional reforms of foreign economic and trade systems, the administrative functions of the government will be changed in foreign economy and trade, and the municipal governme

35、nt will adopt measures for streamlining the establishment and institutions, simplifying the procedures of the approval and ratification functions, enhancing efficiency and improving the environment quality; speeding up the construction in foreign-related economic laws and regulations and policies; a

36、nd making better use of the roles of foreign economic and trade intermediaries and institutions. for trade in goods, mainly making use of the advantages of the capital for creating a good trade environment; implementing the strategy of trade promotion based on science and technology, optimizing the

37、composition of export commodities, increasing the export of hi-tech produces by even greater extent, and especially focusing on developing the software export in peking; implementing the strategy of “going out” for development of transnational operations; and expending the subjects for operations of

38、 foreign trade, thus forming large-scale foreign economic and trade groups.in terms of trade in services, mainly establishing and perfecting the management system of the trade in services and formulating plans; perfecting the policy provisions on service industries and the policies on trade in servi

39、ces; and speeding up the cultivation of the talents in trade of services. in terms of utilization of foreign investment, mainly reinforcing the strength in improving investment climate; adjusting the strategy for introduction of foreign merchants and capital; and expanding the fields, channels and m

40、eans. the measures for reforms of foreign trade enterprises include expansion of opening, adopting the important way of introduction of foreign investment and the process of industries, with the sales channels of foreign investment, thus reducing the threshold of policies; carrying out enterprise re

41、structuring for advancement by streamlining; allowing for employees holding of shares, option incentives, and formulating relaxed systems for maximal maneuvering and scheduling of the initiatives of people; allowing for the adoption of conversion of debts into shares; and allowing for the bankruptcy

42、 of foreign trade companies. w t o 與 首 都 北 京 經(jīng) 濟摘要中國入世，是中國經(jīng)濟生活和改革開放進(jìn)程中的重大事件。為此，北京市政府建立了專門研究小組就中國加入wto對首都經(jīng)濟發(fā)展課題進(jìn)行研究?，F(xiàn)僅就研究的初步成果談一些看法。關(guān)鍵字 經(jīng)濟發(fā)展 投資 政策 改革的影響 環(huán)境1 對首都經(jīng)濟的影響加入wto 意味著中國將以前所未有的廣度和深度融入并參與經(jīng)濟全球化進(jìn)程，北京面臨著全新的發(fā)展環(huán)境。世界經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易組織所提倡的貿(mào)易自由化原則及其規(guī)則所反映的市場體制的要求以及在推進(jìn)新的國際分工中隱含的產(chǎn)業(yè)導(dǎo)向與首都經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的總體方向是一致的。面對更加開放的市場體系，北京作為國

43、際交往中心的城市地位，具有科技教育發(fā)達(dá)的資源稟賦，較強的綜合經(jīng)濟實力以及業(yè)已形成的全方位、多層次、寬領(lǐng)域的對外格局，使北京相對于其他地區(qū)處于較為有利的競爭地位，在國際競爭中有可能爭得某種相對的優(yōu)勢。因此，確定正確的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和策略，積極主動、因勢利導(dǎo)、趨利避害完全可以最大限度地分享入世所帶來的利益和機遇，最大限度地減少震蕩和沖擊，從而有利地推動首都經(jīng)濟發(fā)展。2 入世后發(fā)展首都經(jīng)濟要遵循的基本原則入世后，首都經(jīng)濟發(fā)展將遵循發(fā)揮比較優(yōu)勢的原則；堅持改革創(chuàng)新的原則；對內(nèi)對外開放并重的原則，推動經(jīng)濟增長，繼續(xù)擴大投資、消費、進(jìn)出口三大需求。 在投資方面，初步估算在加入世貿(mào)后的前三年將影響國內(nèi)投資增長約1

44、_2個百分點，利用外資投資增長約8_10，按照目前投資結(jié)構(gòu)計算，固定資產(chǎn)投資總體上將有2_3.5增幅。根據(jù)1982_1998年固定資產(chǎn)對gdp的彈性系數(shù)，將會促進(jìn)gdp有1.5_2.5的增幅；在消費方面，入世初期將促進(jìn)居民消費總量增長速度約提高1_1.5，最終消費總量年增長速度約提高0.6，也就是說到協(xié)議承諾全部實現(xiàn)以后，入世將促進(jìn)北京居民消費總量增長約提高5_6，最終消費總量提高約4，帶動gdp增長2_2.5；在進(jìn)出口方面，北京傳統(tǒng)優(yōu)勢產(chǎn)品出口將有較多增長，特別是輕紡產(chǎn)品和機電產(chǎn)品。入世后，全市進(jìn)口需求明顯增加，增幅將超過出口，進(jìn)口大于出口的局面不會改變；在就業(yè)問題方面，總趨勢是經(jīng)濟的持續(xù)增

45、長會帶來就業(yè)總量增加，勞動力供大于求的狀況可以緩解，特別是北京吸引外資總量會有較大增長，第三產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展速度加快，這兩方面都將創(chuàng)造出新的就業(yè)崗位，但短期內(nèi)就業(yè)的壓力仍比較大。隨著中國加入wto，首都經(jīng)濟發(fā)展也必然有一個產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化升級的問題。中國分析首都面臨發(fā)展機遇的產(chǎn)業(yè)主要包括農(nóng)業(yè)、高科技產(chǎn)業(yè)、食品飲料及輕工業(yè)、旅游業(yè)、科教文衛(wèi)事業(yè)、信息咨詢產(chǎn)業(yè)、會展業(yè)；首都面臨挑戰(zhàn)的產(chǎn)業(yè)主要包括電子和通訊設(shè)備制造業(yè)、石化行業(yè)、汽車業(yè)、機械行業(yè)、冶金行業(yè)、建材業(yè)、金融保險業(yè)、商業(yè)飲食業(yè)、運輸郵電業(yè)。中國將按上述分析進(jìn)行產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整。3 對首都經(jīng)貿(mào)的影響目前中國外貿(mào)管理體制與世貿(mào)組織的要求存在著明顯差距，具體表現(xiàn)

46、為：（1）法律法規(guī)體系不健全； 在論及“統(tǒng)治”（管理）的時候，合法性是一個很復(fù)雜的概念。它可以通過選舉和反映一個團體政治意愿的代表贏得多數(shù)票而產(chǎn)生。此外，一個統(tǒng)治機構(gòu)還可以通過它的決策和工作結(jié)果的合理性和有效性來贏得權(quán)威和公眾的接受?！叭嗣裰鳈?quán)論”（人民選舉并有權(quán)處理政務(wù)）和“有效性”（即決策和工作結(jié)果的合理性和有效性）在一定程度上是可以互相替代的。這樣，盡管一些政府在位期間的治理結(jié)果并不是非常顯著，但是卻可以因為連續(xù)贏得選舉而繼續(xù)掌權(quán)（例如，上個世紀(jì)的阿根廷的統(tǒng)治）。在另一些情況下，政府雖然缺乏民主性（如新加坡），但是卻可以通過他們的有效治理和滿足公眾的要求來維系公眾的支持和接受。作為一種慣

47、例，在人們感覺技術(shù)性和科學(xué)性很強的領(lǐng)域里，人們似乎更樂意把權(quán)力讓給專家決策機構(gòu)，由他們來做出決策。例如，看起來只要經(jīng)濟能夠持續(xù)強勁，美國公眾就會樂意把貨幣政策交到并不十分民主的阿蘭.格林斯潘領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的聯(lián)邦儲備委員會手中。 體制也是合法性的一個重要方面。一個專門的決策機構(gòu)的權(quán)力不僅取決于那些做出決定的人對選民的責(zé)任感或者他們對可選結(jié)果的合理性的理解，還取決于決策機構(gòu)賴以存在的更為廣泛的體制的民主性和“有效性”。例如，美國最高法院具有高度的合法性。雖然他的法官不是選舉產(chǎn)生的，而且有時他們的決定看起來缺乏充分的合理性；但是，美國最高法院深深地嵌在由立法機構(gòu)、執(zhí)法機構(gòu)和司法機構(gòu)組成的廣泛的體制結(jié)構(gòu)中，這種

48、體制提供了一種嚴(yán)密的監(jiān)督制衡的網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)。從總體上來說，這種體制為美國公眾和他們的政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人之間提供了一種強有力的聯(lián)系而且產(chǎn)生了很好的效果。 從歷史上來看，現(xiàn)存貿(mào)易體制并不是由當(dāng)選的對特定的公眾負(fù)責(zé)的官員來制定的，相反，其合法性僅源于人們感知到的“有效性”及其作為國際經(jīng)濟管理結(jié)構(gòu)的一個組成部分所具有的價值。確實，這種gattwto體制可能代表了二十世紀(jì)專家決策的最高水平和人們信奉這種以官僚主義合理性為核心的統(tǒng)治模式的觀念。直到最近，貿(mào)易體制依然在受益于一種專家決策的理念即：國際經(jīng)濟和貿(mào)易政策制定是技術(shù)性極強的領(lǐng)域，最好交給由合格專家組成的精英小組來完成。這樣在官員與選舉的必要聯(lián)系方面，由指定產(chǎn)生

49、的貿(mào)易官員（包括國家級的和國際級的）與選舉產(chǎn)生的政府之間的聯(lián)系似乎是相當(dāng)充分的。 但是，公眾對于貿(mào)易和制定貿(mào)易政策的理解已經(jīng)改變了，貿(mào)易不再被認(rèn)為是只有技術(shù)專家才可以精通的晦澀的政策領(lǐng)域。相反地，現(xiàn)在有關(guān)貿(mào)易的議題和行動已經(jīng)成為世界人民廣泛關(guān)注和討論的焦點。貿(mào)易體制不可能再以專家統(tǒng)治論的合理性來順順當(dāng)當(dāng)?shù)匕l(fā)揮作用。正如我將要在下文詳細(xì)討論的一樣，由于缺乏真正的“人民主權(quán)”賴以存在的基礎(chǔ)，在世貿(mào)組織的合法性受到置疑和批評的情況下，其合法性的另一種替代基礎(chǔ)“有效性”就成為必不可少的條件。因此，這個組織需要重新建立其“有效性”的聲譽。不僅需要同那些與貿(mào)易政策利益相關(guān)的各國公眾之間建立一種新的聯(lián)系，同時，還應(yīng)加強能夠監(jiān)督制衡世貿(mào)組織運行的體制結(jié)構(gòu)。（2）進(jìn)口關(guān)稅水平較高；（3）進(jìn)出口管理的行政措施過多：目