教案23分類及結(jié)構(gòu)(二)

1、第23講：分類及結(jié)構(gòu)（二）一、復(fù)習提問雅思議論文按題目分類都有哪幾種？2、 新課講解1 / 10寫雅思大作文就如同在建筑一座大樓一般。首先是進行大樓結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計，然后再進行實際的建筑工程，最后經(jīng)過裝修而成為耐用而漂亮的大樓。良好的結(jié)構(gòu)對于大樓的實用以及美觀有著非常重要的作用。同樣道理，良好的作文結(jié)構(gòu)也將提高文章的質(zhì)量和成績。從一定意義上來說，優(yōu)秀的作文結(jié)構(gòu)可以使內(nèi)容條理清晰易懂，還可以彌補語言表達上的不足。議論文的整體結(jié)構(gòu)一篇好的議論文一般由三個部分構(gòu)成，分別是導(dǎo)語段(Introduction)，主體段落(Body)與總結(jié)段 (Conclusion)。這個結(jié)構(gòu)很像三明治，其中導(dǎo)語段與總結(jié)段就像最上

2、層和最下層的面包，而主體段落為論證段，相對較為重要，就像三明治中間的肉和菜。其結(jié)構(gòu)如下圖所示：IntroductionBodyConclusion通常情況下按照實際的需要，中間的主體部分(Body)又可以分成二到四個段落，其結(jié)構(gòu)圖分別如下：IntroductionBody Paragraph 1Body Paragraph 2Body Paragraph 3*Body Paragraph 4*Conclusion(注：*段落視需要而增加)由于導(dǎo)語段中最重要部分是中心句(Thesis statement)，它是全文的立足點，決定文章的發(fā)展方向，覆蓋全文；段落主題句(Topic sentence)

3、是每一段的重點，覆蓋各自所在的段落。因此，我們可以通過思考后得出議論文的中心句(Thesis statement)以及各主體段落主題句(Topic sentence)。此外，為求達到全文的統(tǒng)一性(Unity)和連貫性(Coherence)，考生們應(yīng)當合理地安排中心句和各段的主題句的關(guān)系，使得中心句覆蓋全文，使得各段的主題句很好地支持著中心句。如果中心句沒有覆蓋主題句，說明正文偏題了。如果中心句超過主題句，剛說明內(nèi)容有遺漏，或者說內(nèi)容不夠全面。中心句各段的主題句的關(guān)系情況可由下面三張圖表示：Thesis StatementTopic Sentence 1Topic Sentence 2Topic

4、 Sentence 3*ConclusionThesis StatementTopic Sentence 1Topic Sentence 2Topic Sentence 3*ConclusionThesis StatementTopic Sentence 1Topic Sentence 2Topic Sentence 3*Conclusion其中，第一張圖顯示了正文內(nèi)容超過了中心句內(nèi)容；第二張圖則相反；第三張圖中正文內(nèi)容與中心句題才是相吻合的。(*號表示在雙邊型結(jié)構(gòu)的文章中沒有主體段的第三段。)接下來我們通過實例來了解中心句， 主題句與總結(jié)段的布置。比如：Topic1: Is it not n

5、ecessary to learn the skill of cooking due to the success of convenience food and read-made meals?Thesis statement: But in my opinion, cooking is a very important ability we should not lose。Topic sentence 1: First of all, the fact is that ready-made meals are not usually that good for us。Topic sente

6、nce 2: Moreover, it is extremely important for children to learn how to cook, so that they will be fully independent when they grow up。Topic sentence 3: Speaking personally, I have always enjoyed experimenting in the kitchen, by cooking slightly unconventional meals。Conclusion: In conclusion, althou

7、gh some use of convenience food is natural, no one should rely on it exclusively at the expense of home-cooked food. Not only is this unhealthy but it is also threatening important skills with extinction。Topic 2: Who should be responsible for our old peopleThesis statement: In my essay I would like

8、to note four different models。Topic sentence 1: Firstly, the company can be responsible for their retired employees。Topic sentence 2: A second solution is that the government has to have the responsibility for the old peoples care。Topic sentence 3: Another way of solving this problem is to give back

9、 the responsibility to the individual。Topic sentence 4: A last solution is to go back to the old model of the big family who cares for all their members。Conclusion: To sum up I have to admit that I cant find a really good solution for this problem. All models have advantages and disadvantages. Certa

10、inly we will have to go on thinking。Topic3: Should students in high school study music as a compulsory school subject?Thesis statement: While some think the study of music in high school is a waste of valuable school time, musical training and study is an important part of educational development。To

11、pic sentence 1: It is true that when it comes to the study and application of music, not everyone is suited。Topic sentence 2: On the other hand, it is quite well-known that music can play an important part in the development of the human brain。Conclusion: While not every student may be musically inc

12、lined, the study of music is a valuable inclusion in any students course of study. In addition to being excellent for mental growth and development, students of music learn discipline, persistence and patience. Music should be a compulsory part of a high school students education。議論文的段落結(jié)構(gòu)與議論文的整體結(jié)構(gòu)布置

13、相類似，在段落的寫作中我們也用“三明治”結(jié)構(gòu)來進行寫作，即把段落分為主題句(Topic Sentence)，支持部分(Supporting Sentences)和結(jié)尾句部分(Concluding Sentences)。(注意：并不是每個段落都一定要有結(jié)尾句，重要地是要讓這個段落自然地結(jié)束，不能給讀者留下話還沒有說完的感覺。)段落結(jié)構(gòu)如下圖如示：PARAGRAPHTopic SentenceSupporting SentencesConcluding Sentence接下來我們通過實例來了解主題句，支持句與總結(jié)句的布置。比如：1. Topic Sentence: First of all, th

14、e fact is that ready-made meals are not usually that good for us。Supporting Sentences: They contain high levels of salt and sugar, not to mention harmful preservatives and artificial colorants。Concluding Sentence: Therefore, a diet that is exclusively made up of such food is bound to be unhealthy2.

15、Topic sentence: Teenagers find many ways to drive their parents crazy。Supporting Sentence 1: First, they may dye their hair purple or they may shave their heads bald. They may also shred their new and expensive jeans and sit hours after hours in front of computers playing games or chatting with some

16、one they never see。Supporting Sentence 2: In addition, they spend hours windowing-shopping and on the phone. They have time to watch TV, but they do not have time to do their homeworkSupporting Sentence 3: Also, they are always too busy to clean their rooms, but they are never too busy to hang aroun

17、d in the streets。Concluding Sentence: It is hard to be a teenager, but it is even harder to be parent of one。3. Topic Sentence: In the second place, corporal punishment is by no means a desirable way of education a child。Supporting Sentence 1: Numerous studies have shown that it does far more harm than good to children in their mental as well as physical develo