建筑環(huán)境與設(shè)備工程專業(yè)英語翻譯

1、芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋

2、蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂

3、芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆

4、薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁

5、莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅

6、芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿

7、蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆

8、節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀

9、薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅

10、莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿

11、膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅

12、蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇

13、芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄

14、薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿

15、莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂蚈羅芇薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈薈螄肁芄薈袆芇膀蚇罿肀蒈蚆蚈芅莄蚅螁肈莀蚄羃莃芆蚃肅膆薅螞螅罿蒁螞袇膅莇蟻羀羇芃螀蠆膃腿蝿螂羆蒈螈襖膁蒄螇肆羄荿螆螆艿芅螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀螄肅肁莆袃螂芆節(jié)蒀裊聿膈葿羇芄薇蒈螇膇蒃蕆衿莃荿蒆羈膅芅蒅肄羈薃蒄螃膄葿薄袆羇蒞薃羈膂芁薂 a thermodynamic system is a region in space or a quantity

16、 of matter bounded by a closed surface. the surroundings include everything external to the system, and the system is separated from the surroundings by the system boundaries. these boundaries can be movable or fixed, real or imaginary.一個熱力學(xué)系統(tǒng)是一個在空間或有事項的數(shù)量由一個封閉的表面范圍熱量q與不同的溫度，跨系統(tǒng)的邊界傳輸能量總是向溫度較低的機(jī)制。熱是積

17、極的，當(dāng)能量被添加到系統(tǒng)中。功是指通過存在壓差（任一種力）的系統(tǒng)邊界傳遞能量的作用過程，總是指向低壓，如果系統(tǒng)中產(chǎn)生的總效果能被簡化為一個重物的提升，那么只有功通過了邊界，當(dāng)能量從系統(tǒng)中一出時，功是正的。a property of a system is any observable characteristic of the system. the state of a system is defined by listing its properties. the most common thermodynamic properties are temperature t, pressur

18、e p, and specific volume v or density . additional thermodynamic properties include entropy, stored forms of energy, and enthalpy.frequently, thermodynamic properties combine to form other properties. enthalpy h, a result of combining properties, is defined as: h=u+pv where u is the internal energy

19、per unit mass系統(tǒng)屬性是系統(tǒng)的任何觀察到的特征。系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)的定義是通過列出其屬性。最常見的熱力學(xué)性質(zhì)的溫度t，壓力p，和特定的體積v或密度。其他熱力學(xué)性質(zhì)包括熵，能量儲存形式，和焓。通常情況下，熱力學(xué)性質(zhì)相結(jié)合，形成其他屬性。焓h，一個屬性相結(jié)合的結(jié)果，被定義為：h = u + pv其中u是每單位質(zhì)量的內(nèi)部能量each property in a given state has only one definite value, and any property always has the same value for a given state, regardless of how

20、 the substance arrived at that state.is a change in state that can be defined as any change in theproperties of a system. a process is described by specifying the initial and final equilibrium states, the path (if identifiable), and the interactions that take place across system boundaries during th

21、e process.中的每一個給定的狀態(tài)的屬性只有一個定值，和任何財產(chǎn)總是有相同的值給定的狀態(tài)，不管如何抵達(dá)該國的物質(zhì)。一個進(jìn)程是一個狀態(tài)的改變，在系統(tǒng)屬性的任何改變，可作為定義。一個過程是指定的初始和最終的平衡狀態(tài)，路徑（如果識別），并采取跨系統(tǒng)的邊界，在這個過程中發(fā)生的相互作用。are identical. therefore, at the conclusion of a cycle, all the properties have the same valuea pure substance has a homogeneous and invariable chemical compo

22、sition. it can exist in more than one phase, but the chemical composition is the same in all phases 一個周期進(jìn)程的一個過程或一個系列，其中系統(tǒng)的初始和最終狀態(tài)是相同的的。因此，在一個周期結(jié)束時，所有屬性具有相同的價值，他們開始。純物質(zhì)均勻的和不變的化學(xué)成分。它可以存在于超過一個階段，但在各個階段的化學(xué)成分是一樣的liquid. if the temperature of the liquid is lower than the saturation temperature for the exi

23、sting pressure, it is called either a subcooled liquid (the temperature is lower than the saturation temperature for the given pressure) or a compressed liquid (the pressure is 如果一種物質(zhì)在飽和溫度和壓力的液體，它被稱為飽和液體。如果液體的溫度低于現(xiàn)有的壓力的飽和溫度，它被稱為是過冷液體（溫度低于給定壓力的飽和溫度）或壓縮液體（壓力大于飽和為給定的溫度壓力）。exists as a vapor at saturatio

24、n temperature and pressure, it is called a saturated vapor. when the vapor is at a temperature greater than the saturation temperature, it is a superheated vapor. pressure and temperature of a superheated vapor are independent properties, because the temperature can increase while pressure remains c

25、onstant. gases such as air at room temperature and pressure are highly 如果一種物質(zhì)在飽和溫度和壓力的蒸氣存在，它被稱為飽和蒸氣。當(dāng)蒸汽溫度大于飽和溫度，它是一個熱蒸氣。過熱蒸汽壓力和溫度是獨(dú)立的屬性，因為溫度增加，而壓力保持不變。如在常溫常壓下空氣的氣體是高度過熱蒸汽。 and the irreversibility associated with the process. the concept of irreversibility provides added insight into the operation of

26、 cycles.熱力學(xué)第二定律的區(qū)別和量化，只有在某一個方向，是可逆的（不可逆）進(jìn)行的過程。第二定律可能在幾個方面。一種方法是使用在一個開放的系統(tǒng)，并與進(jìn)程關(guān)聯(lián)的不可逆性的熵流的概念。不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的概念到周期的運(yùn)作提供額外的洞察力。the carnot cycle, which is completely reversible, is a perfect model for a refrigeration cycle operating between two fixed temperatures, or between two fluids at different temperatures a

27、nd each with infinite heat capacity. reversible cycles have two important properties: (1) no refrigerating cycle may have a coefficient of performance higher than that for a reversible cycle operated between the same temperature limits, and (2) all reversible cycles, when operated between the same t

28、emperature limits, have the same coefficient of performance 卡諾循環(huán)，這是完全可逆的，是一個完美的模型之間的兩個固定的溫度，或在不同溫度和熱容量無限每個的兩種流體之間的制冷循環(huán)的運(yùn)行?？赡嫜h(huán)有兩個重要的屬性：（1）無制冷循環(huán)的性能系數(shù)之間相同的溫度限制經(jīng)營的可逆循環(huán)高于，（2）之間相同的溫度極限運(yùn)行時，所有可逆循環(huán)，同樣的性能系數(shù)flowing fluids in heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration systems can transfer heat,

29、mass, and momentum. this chapter introduces the basics of fluid mechanics related to hvac processes, reviews pertinent flow processes, and presents a general discussion of single-phase fluid flow analysis.流動的液體在加熱，通風(fēng)，空調(diào)和制冷系統(tǒng)，可以傳遞熱量，質(zhì)量和動量。本章介紹有關(guān)暖通空調(diào)過程的流體力學(xué)，評論相關(guān)的流程，基礎(chǔ)知識，并提出了一種單相流體流動分析的一般性討論。fluids dif

30、fer from solids in their reaction to shearing. when placed under shear stress, a solid deforms only a finite amount, whereas a fluid deforms continuously for as long as the shear is applied. both liquids and gases are fluids. although liquids and gases differ strongly in the nature of molecular acti

31、ons, their primary mechanical differences are in the degree of compressibility and liquid formation of a free surface. in general, liquids are considered incompressible fluids; gases may range from compressible to nearly incompressible.流體與固體區(qū)別在于他們對剪切力的反應(yīng)作用。在施加剪切力時，固體只發(fā)生有限的變形，而只要有剪切力的作用流體就會連續(xù)變形。流體不同于

32、固體剪切他們的反應(yīng)。當(dāng)剪切應(yīng)力下了堅實的變形量只有有限的，而流體的剪切變形。液體和氣體都是流體。雖然液體和氣體的分子運(yùn)動特性有著很大的區(qū)別，但是他們的主要的力學(xué)區(qū)別在于可壓縮性的程度和液體自由表面（界面）的形成。在一般來說，液體被認(rèn)為是不可壓縮的流體，氣體可能范圍從可壓縮到幾乎不可。viscosity is a measure of a fluids resistance to shear. viscous effects are taken into account by categorizing a fluid as either newtonian or non-newtonian. i

33、n newtonian fluids, the rate of deformation is directly proportional to the shearing stress; most fluids in the hvac industry (e.g., water, air, most refrigerants) can be treated as newtonian. in non-newtonian fluids, the relationship between the rate of deformation and shear stress is more complica

34、ted.粘度是流體的抗剪切的措施?？紤]采取分類流體為牛頓或非牛頓粘性的影響。在牛頓流體，變形率是成正比的剪應(yīng)力;在暖通空調(diào)行業(yè)（如，水，空氣，大部分制冷劑）牛頓流體可以作為治療。在非牛頓流體，變形和剪切應(yīng)力率之間的關(guān)系更為復(fù)雜。heat is energy in transit due to a temperature difference. the thermal energy is transferred from one region to another by three modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radia

35、tion. heat transfer is among a group of energy transport phenomena that includes mass transfer, momentum transfer or fluid friction and electrical conduction.熱是由于溫差在傳輸過程中的能量。熱能是從一個地區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個傳熱的三種模式：傳導(dǎo)，對流和輻射。傳熱之間的能源運(yùn)輸?shù)默F(xiàn)象，其中包括傳質(zhì)，動量傳遞或流體摩擦和導(dǎo)電。thermal conduction is the mechanism of heat transfer whereby e

36、nergy is transported between parts of continuum by the transfer of kinetic energy between particles or groups of particles at the atomic level. in gases, conduction is caused by elastic collision of molecules; in liquids and electrically nonconducting solids, it is believed to be caused by longitudi

37、nal oscillations of the lattice structure. thermal conduction in metals occurs, like electrical conduction, through the motion of free electrons. thermal energy transfer occurs in the direction of decreasing temperature. in solid opaque bodies, thermal conduction is the significant heat transfer mec

38、hanism because no net material flows in the process and radiation is not a factor.熱傳導(dǎo)傳熱，使能量是連續(xù)部分之間的運(yùn)輸粒子在原子水平上的顆粒或團(tuán)體之間的動能轉(zhuǎn)移的機(jī)制。氣體中，分子的彈性碰撞引起的傳導(dǎo);電導(dǎo)電液體和固體，它被認(rèn)為是造成晶格結(jié)構(gòu)的縱向振蕩。金屬的熱傳導(dǎo)時，如導(dǎo)電，通過自由電子的運(yùn)動。熱能量轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生在溫度降低的方向。在堅實的不透明機(jī)構(gòu)，熱傳導(dǎo)是顯著的傳熱機(jī)制，因為沒有凈物資流動的過程中，輻射是不是一個因素。when fluid currents are produced by external so

39、urces (for example, a blower or pump), the solid-to-fluid heat transfer is termed forced convection. if the fluid flow is generated internally by nonhomogeneous densities caused by temperature variation, the heat transfer is termed natural convection or free convection.when fluid currents are produc

40、ed by external sources (for example, a blower or pump), the solid-to-fluid heat transfer is termed forced convection. if the fluid flow is generated internally by nonhomogeneous densities caused by temperature variation, the heat transfer is termed natural convection or free convection.當(dāng)流體的電流是由外部來源（

41、例如，一個鼓風(fēng)機(jī)或泵），固 - 液傳熱被稱為強(qiáng)迫對流。如果是內(nèi)部所產(chǎn)生的溫度變化所造成的非均質(zhì)密度的流體流動，傳熱稱為自然對流或自然對流。當(dāng)流體的電流是由外部來源（例如，一個鼓風(fēng)機(jī)或泵），固 - 液傳熱被稱為強(qiáng)迫對流。如果是內(nèi)部所產(chǎn)生的溫度變化所造成的非均質(zhì)密度的流體流動，傳熱稱為自然對流或自然對流。equation 1 states that the heat flow rate q in the x direction is directly proportional to the temperature gradient dt/dx and the cross-sectional are

42、a a normal to the heat flow. the proportionality factor is the thermal conductivity k. the minus sign indicates that heat flow is positive the direction of decreasing temperature. conductivity values are sometimes given in other units，but consistent units must be used in equation 1 .equation 1 state

43、s that the heat flow rate q in the x direction is directly proportional to the temperature gradient dt/dx and the cross-sectional area a normal to the heat flow. the proportionality factor is the thermal conductivity k. the minus sign indicates that heat flow is positive the direction of decreasing

44、temperature. conductivity values are sometimes given in other units，but consistent units must be used in equation 1 .公式（1）在x方向的熱流率q是成正比的溫度梯度dt/ dx和橫截面積一個正常的熱流。比例系數(shù)，導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)k。減號表示熱流溫度降低的方向積極。電導(dǎo)率值有時在其他單位，但一致的單位，必須在使用公式1。公式（1）在x方向的熱流率q是成正比的溫度梯度dt/ dx和橫截面積一個正常的熱流。比例系數(shù)，導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)k。減號表示熱流溫度降低的方向積極。電導(dǎo)率值有時在其他單位，但一致的單

45、位，必須在使用公式1。basic parametersn humidity ratio w (alternatively, the moisture content or mixing ratio) of a given moist air sample is defined as the ratio of the mass of water vapor to the mass of dry air in the sample: w = mw/mda (7)the humidity ratio w is equal to the mole fraction ratio xw/xda multi

46、plied by the ratio of molecular masses:w = 0.621 98 xw /xda (8)n specific humidity is the ratio of the mass of water vapor to total mass of the moist air sample: = mw/(mw + mda) (9a)基本參數(shù)濕度比w（另外，水分含量或比例混合），一個給定的潮濕空氣樣品是干燥的空氣質(zhì)量比樣品中的水蒸汽的質(zhì)量定義為：w = mw/ mda（7）濕度比w是相等的摩爾分?jǐn)?shù)比xw/ xda分子群眾的比例乘以：w =0.62198 xw/ xd

47、a（8）具體的濕度潮濕的空氣樣本的總質(zhì)量之比是水汽質(zhì)量：= mw /（mw + mda）（9a）in terms of the humidity ratio, = w/(1 + w) (9b)n absolute humidity (alternatively, water vapor density) dv is the ratio of the mass of water vapor to total volume of the sample:dv = mw/v (10)n density of a moist air mixture is the ratio of total mass

48、to total volume: = (mda + mw )/v = (1/v)(1 + w) (11)where v is the moist air specific volume, m3/kgda, as defined by equation (27). 濕度比例方面，= w /（1+ w）（9b）絕對濕度（另外，水蒸氣密度）dv的水蒸氣的質(zhì)量樣品總量的比例： dv = mw/ v（10）潮濕的空氣混合物的密度總量的比例是總質(zhì)量：=（mda+ mw）/ v =（1 / v）（1+ w）（11）其中v是潮濕的空氣中特定卷，m3/kgda，由方程（27）定義。thermodynamic w

49、et-bulb temperature t* is the temperature at which water (liquid or solid), by evaporating into moist air at a given dry-bulb temperature t and humidity ratio w, can bring air to saturation adiabatically at the same temperature t* while the total pressure p is maintained constant. this parameter is

50、considered separately in the section on thermodynamic wet-bulb and dew-point temperature.熱力學(xué)濕球溫度t *是在水（液體或固體），潮濕的空氣中蒸發(fā)，在一個給定的干球溫度t和濕度比w的溫度，可以使空氣飽和絕熱在同一溫度t*而總壓力p保持不變。此參數(shù)是在熱力學(xué)濕球和露點(diǎn)溫度的部分分開考慮。a principal purpose of heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems is to provideconditions for human ther

51、mal comfort. a widely accepted definition is, “thermal comfort is that condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment”. this definition leaves open what is meant by condition of mind or satisfaction, but it correctly emphasizes that the judgment of comfort is a cognitive

52、process involving many inputs influenced by physical, physiological, psychological, and other processes.供暖，通風(fēng)和空調(diào)系統(tǒng)的一個主要目的是提供人體熱舒適的條件。一個被廣泛接受的的定義是，“熱舒適性，心理狀況，與熱環(huán)境表示滿意”。這個定義葉開放的心態(tài)或滿意的狀況是什么意思，但它正確地強(qiáng)調(diào)，舒適的判斷是一個認(rèn)知的過程，涉及物理，生理，心理，和其他進(jìn)程影響了許多投入。the conscious mind appears to reach conclusions about thermal com

53、fort and discomfort from direct temperature and moisture sensations from the skin, deep body temperatures, and the efforts necessary to regulate body temperatures. in general, comfort occurs when body temperatures are held within narrow ranges, skin moisture is low, and the physiological effort of r

54、egulation is minimized.意識的頭腦似乎達(dá)到熱舒適性和不適的結(jié)論，直接從皮膚，深部體溫，以及必要的努力來調(diào)節(jié)體溫的溫度和水分的感覺。在一般情況下，舒適性發(fā)生時體溫都在窄幅內(nèi)舉行，皮膚水分低，調(diào)節(jié)生理努力最小化。air contaminants are generally either particles or gases. the distinction between particles and gases is important when determining removal strategies and equipment. although the motion

55、 of particles is described using the same equations used to describe gas movement, even the smallest of particles (approximately 1 nm) are much larger than individual gas molecules, have a much greater mass, and a much lower diffusion rate.空氣污染物一般是顆?；驓怏w。確定搬遷戰(zhàn)略和設(shè)備時，粒子和氣體之間的區(qū)別是重要的的。盡管粒子的運(yùn)動是用相同的方程用來描述氣

56、體運(yùn)動，甚至最小的粒子（約1納米），遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于單個氣體分子較大，有更大的質(zhì)量，擴(kuò)散速率低得多。 。the particulate class covers a vast range of particle sizes, from dust large enough to be visible to the eye to submicroscopic particles that elude most filters. particles may be liquid, solid, or have a solid core surrounded by liquid. they are presen

57、t in the atmosphere at顆粒類，涵蓋了從粉塵顆粒大小廣闊的范圍，足夠大的眼睛躲避大多數(shù)過濾器的微觀粒子，可見。粒子可能是液體，固體或液體包圍了堅實的核心。他們中的濃度每立方厘米在受污染的城市環(huán)境的范圍在清潔的環(huán)境中從100 particles/cm3百萬的氣氛。also a central cooling and heating plant provides higher diversity and generally operates more efficiently with lower maintenance and labor costs than a decent

58、ralized plant. however it does require space at a central location and a potentially large distribution system.this lesson address the design alternatives that should be considered when centralizing the cooling and heating sources in a facility.此外，中央制冷和供熱廠提供更高的多樣性和一般的運(yùn)作，更有效地與降低維護(hù)和勞動力成本比分散的工廠。然而，它需要在一個中央位置的空間和一個潛在的大分配制度。這節(jié)課的地址設(shè)計時應(yīng)該考慮的替代品集中在設(shè)施的冷卻和加熱源。 many electric utilities impose very high charges for peak power use or, alternatively, offer incentives for off-peak use. this policy has renewed interest in both water and ice thermal storage. the storage capacity installed for summer lo