2010年中考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解及其解題策略(精)

1、九年級(jí)專(zhuān)項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)閱讀理解及其解題方法閱讀理解能力的培養(yǎng)是中學(xué)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的一 項(xiàng)重要任務(wù)，也是中考的一項(xiàng)重要內(nèi)容。中考 閱讀理解題主要考查學(xué)生的語(yǔ)篇閱讀能力、分 析和判斷力。要求學(xué)生能較快地通過(guò)閱讀理解 短文大意，獲取其中的主要信息，能做出正確 判斷，然后根據(jù)試題的要求從A, B, C, D四個(gè) 選項(xiàng)中選出最佳答案或回答出所提問(wèn)題等等。 要求閱讀速度為每分鐘40-50個(gè)詞。閱讀理解的閱讀材料的選取一般遵循三個(gè)原則:1.閱讀文章不少于三篇，閱讀量在I, 000單詞左右;2題材廣泛，包括科普，社會(huì)，文化，政治，經(jīng)濟(jì)等;3體裁多樣，包闊記敘文，說(shuō)明文，應(yīng)用文等；、中考閱讀理解考査的主要內(nèi)容此類(lèi)考査主旨和大

2、意的題大多數(shù)針對(duì)段落（或短文）的主題，主題思想，標(biāo)題或目的，其主要提問(wèn) 方式是：(1) Which is the best title of the passage?(2) Which of the following is this passageabout?(3) In this passage the writer tries to tell usthat_ (4) The passage tells us that_ (5) This passage mainly talksabout_2.考査把握文章的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的能力。 此類(lèi)考查事實(shí)和細(xì)考査掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意的能力o節(jié)的題目大

3、多數(shù)是針對(duì)文章的 細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)的，其主要提問(wèn)方式是：(1) Which of the following is right?(2) Which of the following is not mentioned?(3) Which of the following is Not True in thepassage?(4) Choose the right order of this passage (5) From this passage we know_ 3.考査根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)生詞的含義的能力。此類(lèi)猜測(cè)詞義的題目要求考生根據(jù)上下文確定 某一特定的詞或短語(yǔ)的準(zhǔn)確含義。其主要提問(wèn)方式 是：(1)

4、 The word “ ” in the passage probablymeans_(2) The underlined word “It” in the passagerefers to_.(3) In this story the underlined word “ ”means_ .(4) Here “it” means_ 4考査對(duì)閱讀材料全篇的邏輯關(guān)系的理解，對(duì)文章 各段，各句之間的邏輯關(guān)系的理解能力。此類(lèi)題目主要考査的是句與句之間，短語(yǔ)短之 間的邏輯關(guān)系，其主要提問(wèn)方式是：(1) Many visitors come to the writercity to_.(2) Air po

5、llution is the most serious kind ofpollution because_ (3) Why did the writer get off the train two stopsbefore Vienna station?5.考查依據(jù)短文內(nèi)容和考生應(yīng)有的常識(shí)進(jìn)行推理和判 斷的能力。此類(lèi)題目文章中沒(méi)有明確的答案，需要考生再 理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行推理和判斷。其主要提問(wèn)方式 是：(1) We can guess the writer of the letter maybe a_ (2) We can infer from the text that_.(3) From

6、the letters wePe learned that ifsvery_to know something aboutAmerican social customs (4) From the story we can guess_ (5) What would be happy if?6.考査推斷作者意圖和態(tài)度的能力。 其主要提問(wèn)方式是：(1) How did the writer feel at Vienna station?(2) The writer writes this text to_ (3) The writer believes that_ (4) The writer s

7、uggests that_ 二、閱讀理解題的方法和技巧1.如何獲取段落的主旨和大意？最有效的辦法是找出主題句。一篇文章(或一段文 章)通常都是圍繞一個(gè)中心意思展開(kāi)的。而這個(gè)中心 意思往往由一個(gè)句子來(lái)概括。這個(gè)能概括文章或段落 中心意思的句子叫做主題句。因此， 理解一個(gè)段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要學(xué)會(huì)尋找主題句。在一 篇短文或一個(gè)段落中，大部分主題句的情況有三種：(1)主題句在段首或篇首。主題句在段首或篇首的情況相當(dāng)普遍。一般新 聞報(bào)道、說(shuō)明文，議論文大都釆用先總述，后分述 的敘事方法。例如：2003年陜西省英語(yǔ)中考試題閱讀材料B的第一 段：All living things on the e

8、arth need other livingthings to live Nothing lives alone Most animalsmust live in a group, and even a plant grows closetogether with others of the same kind Sometimes one living thing kills another, one eatsand the other is eaten Each kind of life eatsanother kind of life in order to live, and toget

9、herthey form a food chain（食物鏈） 。Some food chainsbecome broken up if one of the links disappears59 Which of the following do you think is thebest title for this passage?A Animals B Plants C Food Chains D LivingThinasl=i 1=1評(píng)析：找出主題句即第一句。這個(gè)句子概括了本段的中 心意思，“地球上所有的生物要生存都離不開(kāi)其它的生 物”o后面講述了大量的事實(shí)，“大部分動(dòng)物必須成群的 生活

10、，甚至一種植物也要和其它同類(lèi)的植物靠在一起生長(zhǎng)。有時(shí)一種生物殺死另一種生物，一種生物吃另一種生物， 而另一種生物被吃”。在列舉了大量的事實(shí)之后，作者指 出：如果這些食物鏈中的一個(gè)鏈環(huán)消失，所有的食物都會(huì) 斷掉。所有這些事實(shí)都是圍繞第一個(gè)句子展開(kāi)的。根據(jù)主題句的意思，我們可以很容易判斷:Food Chains（2）主題句在段末或篇末。用歸納法寫(xiě)文章時(shí)，往往表述細(xì)節(jié)的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此結(jié)尾。這種位于段末或 篇末的主題句往往是對(duì)前面細(xì)節(jié)的總結(jié)，歸納或結(jié) 論。例如2002年陜西省中考試題閱讀材料A的最后 一段：If you buy some well-made clothes, you

11、 cansave money because they can last longer. They lookgood even after they have been washed many times Sometimes some clothes cost more money, but itdoes not mean that they are always better made, orthey always fit better. In other words, some lessexpensive clothes look and fit better than moreexpen

12、sive clothes 評(píng)析：這段文章前面列舉了兩件事實(shí)：如果你買(mǎi)一些制作優(yōu)良的衣服，你會(huì)省錢(qián)，因?yàn)檫@些衣服能穿 得時(shí)間長(zhǎng)一些。即使他們洗了很多次，仍然看起來(lái)很好。有時(shí)有些衣服花得前更多，但并不意味著這些衣服做得更好。最后一句話是對(duì)這兩個(gè)事實(shí)的概括：有些價(jià)錢(qián)便宜的衣服比價(jià)錢(qián)貴的衣服更好看, 更合身。段末這個(gè)句子就是主題句。(3)無(wú)主題句有時(shí)，一篇文章里并沒(méi)有明顯的主題句。這時(shí)我們應(yīng)該 怎樣來(lái)確定文章的主題或中心意思呢？其實(shí)這也不難。我們可以首先找出每一段的中心意思，各段的中心意思 往往都是圍繞一個(gè)中心來(lái)展開(kāi)的，或者說(shuō)是來(lái)說(shuō)明一個(gè) 問(wèn)題的。這個(gè)中心或這個(gè)問(wèn)題就是這篇文章的主題或中 心意思。請(qǐng)看

13、2004年江西省中考試題閱讀理解A:Killer bees started in Brazil 1957 A scientistin Sao Paulo wanted bees to make more honey（蜂蜜）.So he put forty-six African bees with someBrazilian bees The bees bred（繁殖）and made anew kind of bees But the new bees were amistake They didnt want to make more honey.They wanted to attack

14、 Then, by accident,twenty-six African bees escaped and bred with theBrazilian bees outside Scientists could not control（控制）the problem The bees increased fast. They went from Brazil toVenezuela Then they went to Central America Now they are in North America They travel about390 miles a year. Each gr

15、oup of bees grows fourtimes a year This means one million new groupsevery five years Why are people afraid of killer bees?People are afraid for two reasons First, thebees sting（叮）many more times than usual bees Killer bees can sting sixty times a minutenonstop for two hours Second, killer beesattack

16、 in groups Four hundred bee stings cankill a person Already several hundred people are dead.Now killer bees are in Texas In a few yearsthey will reach all over the United States People can do nothing but wait潼在這篇短文的后面就出了一道這樣的閱讀理耀題：59 The best title of the passage is_ A How to make more honey B Kille

17、r beesC A foolish scientistD How to feed killer bees評(píng)析：這篇短文就沒(méi)有主題句，那末怎樣來(lái)確定它的中 心意思呢？按照上面的說(shuō)明，我們可以得出每一段的大就：第一段講的是“killer bees的產(chǎn)生。 第二段講的是killer bees”的急劇增加。第三段講的是人們害怕“killer bees-的原因。 第四段講的是“killer bees-已經(jīng)殺死的人數(shù)和將來(lái)的 狀況。從這幾段的大意可以看出這篇文章自始至終都是 圍繞“killer bees-這一中心展開(kāi)的。換句話說(shuō)，killer bees-就是這篇文章的主題。 |=;2.如何根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)詞

18、義？ 猜測(cè)詞義也是一種英語(yǔ)閱讀能力。英語(yǔ)閱讀理解試題 中有不少這樣的題目。任何一個(gè)實(shí)詞，只有在一定的 上下文中才能表示一個(gè)確定的詞義。所謂上下文（context）,正如英語(yǔ)辭典所解釋的，其作用就是幫助 確定上下文中的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子的意義。據(jù)此，我們 可以盡可能地利用上下文來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義，即從 已知推求 未知，也就是用我們所熟悉的詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)猜測(cè)我們不 熟悉的詞的詞義。猜測(cè)詞義時(shí)，我們可以從三個(gè)方面 來(lái)考慮：1）根據(jù)上下文已知部分進(jìn)行邏輯上的推理。2）運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法知識(shí)進(jìn)行語(yǔ)法分析。3）依靠常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)做出判斷。（1）根據(jù)上下文已知部分進(jìn)行邏輯上的推理猜測(cè)義： 例 X甘肅省2002年中考英語(yǔ)試題閱讀材料B:A

19、 bag is useful and the word “bag” is useful.It gives us some interesting phrases（短 語(yǔ)）.Oneis “ to let the cat out of the bag.” It is the same as“to tell a secret”. Now when someone lets out（泄漏）a secret, he “l(fā)ets the cat out of the bag.”短文后面有一個(gè)理解題目:John “l(fā)ets the cat out of the bag” means heA makes ev

20、eryone know a secretB the woman bout a catC buys a cat in the bagD sells the cat in the bag 1=1評(píng)析：在這篇文章里，“l(fā)et the cat out of the bag”雖然是一個(gè)新出現(xiàn)的短語(yǔ)，但緊接著 后面就給出解釋It isthe same as “to tell a secret”.例2：2004年北京市海淀區(qū)中考試題閱讀材料As they go around town, the police help people Sometimes they find lost children. The

21、y take the childrenhome. If the police see a fight, they put an end to it rightaway. Sometimes people will ask the police how to get to aplace in town. The police can always tell the people whichway to go. They know all the streets and roads well.文章后面有這樣一道題：53. In the text, “put an end to means “_1A

22、. stop B. cut C. kill D. fly評(píng)析： 根據(jù)文章所提供的情景， 如果警察看到有人 在打架，他們肯定會(huì)去制止。因?yàn)橹浦勾蚣芏窔蔷?的職責(zé)。例3：福州市2004年中考英語(yǔ)試題的閱讀材料There is a place on our earth where hot water andsteam come up under the ground It is on a largeisland in the Pacific Ocean The island is NorthIsland in New Zealand 文章后面有這樣一道題:What does the word “

23、steam” mean in Chinese?潼A 自來(lái)水B.大氣C.冰川D.蒸汽D評(píng)析：從語(yǔ)法上看，steam和hot water是并列關(guān)系,我們就以斷定這兩種東西是相關(guān)的，是同一類(lèi)第物質(zhì)。在所給第四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有“蒸汽”有這種可能。 3.如何確定細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)？在閱讀理解題目中，有相當(dāng)一部分是考査細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí) 的題目。這類(lèi)題目相對(duì)容易一些。這些題目有兩個(gè)共同特 點(diǎn)：(1)凡屬針對(duì)特定細(xì)節(jié)的考題，其正確答案大都可 以在閱讀材料中找到對(duì)應(yīng)的文字部分作為驗(yàn)證。 這一部分 可能是一個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)，也可能是一個(gè)句子或相關(guān)的若干句 子，但句式、用詞和表達(dá)方式不同。( (2)干擾項(xiàng)往往是 主體思想與細(xì)節(jié)混雜，正確答

24、案細(xì)節(jié)和非正確答案的細(xì)節(jié) 混雜，甚至真假混雜。因此，要做好閱讀理解中的確定細(xì) 節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目，一要在文章中找出相應(yīng)的信息點(diǎn)，二要 排除干擾項(xiàng)。請(qǐng)看2003年陜西省中考英語(yǔ)試題閱讀理解 題第48小j What do plants make food from? They make foodfrom_ .A. sunlight, water and things in the soil and airB water, sunlight and things in the soilC water and things in the soil and air D water,sunlight and

25、things in the soil評(píng)析：這一小題考査的就是文章的細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)。這 一細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的表述在文章中可以直接找到：Plants are “factories”. They make food fromsunlight, water and things in the soil and air.4 如何進(jìn)行推斷？所謂推斷，就是根據(jù)閱讀材料中所提供的信息， 推斷出未知的信息。即把有關(guān)的文字作為已知部分, 從中推斷出未知部分。據(jù)以推斷的有關(guān)文字可能是 詞或句子，也可能是若干句子，甚至是全文。中考英語(yǔ)試題中的推斷題很多，包括的面也很大。 其類(lèi)型主要有以下幾種：(1)事實(shí)推斷：這種推斷常常針對(duì)某

26、一個(gè)或幾個(gè)具體 細(xì)節(jié)，是比較簡(jiǎn)單的推斷。進(jìn)行這種推斷，要首先在 文章中找出據(jù)以推斷的有關(guān)文字，然后加以分析，尤 其要悟出字里行間的意思。請(qǐng)看2002年南京市中考英語(yǔ)試題閱讀理解第14小題According to the passage, which of thefollowing can you most possibly watch on TV?A.You often play football with your friends afterschool.B Your teacher has got a cold C A tiger in the city zoo has run out a

27、nd hasntbeen caught D The bike in front of your house is lost.在閱讀材料中，有這樣一段文字：Secondly, a news story has to be interestingand unusual. People dorft want to read storiesabout everyday life. As a result, many storiesare about some kind of danger and seem to be“bad news Q評(píng)析：根據(jù)這段文字，我們可以推斷：電視報(bào)道的新聞故事硬是有趣的和

28、不平常的O( (2)邏輯推斷這類(lèi)題目往往是要求根據(jù)文章所提供的背景， 人物的表情， 動(dòng)作和語(yǔ)言來(lái)推斷出人物的 態(tài)度或感覺(jué)。(3)對(duì)作者的意圖和態(tài)度的推斷這一類(lèi)考題大都要求考生就作者對(duì)論述對(duì)象持什么樣 的態(tài)度做出推斷，如作者對(duì)所陳述的觀點(diǎn)是贊同、反對(duì), 還是猶豫不定，對(duì)記述或描寫(xiě)的人、物或事件是贊頌. 同情.冷漠，還是厭惡。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色 彩不一定直接表述出來(lái)，而往往隱含在字里行間。因此, 進(jìn)行這種推斷時(shí)，我們既要依靠短文的主題思想作為推 力的前提，又要注意作者的措辭，尤其是形容詞一類(lèi)的 修飾語(yǔ)。Lefs have a tryThe undersea world is very be

29、autiful. Now more andmore people want to dive in the water to find the secretsthere Scuba diving is a new sport today It can take youinto a wonderful undersea world.You will find many strange animals in the sea. Someare as large as a school bus Many sea animals give outlight in the dark and some hav

30、e sharp teeth.During the day, there is enough light. Herezunder thesea, everything is blue and green When fish swim nearby,you can catch them with your hands. When you havebottles of air on your back, you can stay in deep water for along time. However, you cant dive too deep. And you mustbe very car

31、eful when you dive in deep water.The deep sea is not an easy place to live in. Its cold, andits dark, too. The deeper it is, the less sunlight there is.At about 3,000 feetzthere is no light at all. It is dark in thesea Many fishes have no eyes Some have big eyes. A fewhave eyes on one side Besides（除

32、了）the cold and darkness, deep-seaanimals face a third danger other animals Animals eat! They must find food to eat Manyanimals eat plants However, some Animals eat meat Thismeans these sea animals have animals have two big jobs They need to find animals as food, and they have to try notto become oth

33、er animals9meal.1 Why do people want to dive in the sea? BecauseA they want to catch fishB they want to find the secrets of the undersea world C the sea is deepD there are all kinds of plants in the sea2. In the daytime, when you dive in the sea, you_ A. can see everything green and blueB. carYt be

34、in dan gerC. can catch nothingD cant see anything clearly3. How many dan gers will animals meet in the deep sea?A. One. B Two. C Three D Four4. When you do scuba diving, you can_ A. stay in deep water for a long timeB. dive very, very deepC. live in deep water easilyD dive freely without any dangers

35、5. Which of the following is WRONG? A. One animals findssomething to eatzand it may be eaten by others B. At the depthof3,000 feet under the sea, many animals can find their way byhearing and feeling. C The deeper the sea is, the darker andcolder it is. D. At the depth of 3,000 feet under the sea, a

36、ll animalscan find their way by seeing 1. Bo這是一道考査細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目。文章開(kāi)頭的第二句 明確說(shuō)明了這一點(diǎn)?！艾F(xiàn)在越來(lái)越多的人想潛水，為的是尋 粉汾卞卅農(nóng)鮒撅宓”2. Ao這是一道考查為節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目。文章第三段開(kāi)頭就 說(shuō)明了這一事實(shí)。aDuring the day, there is enough light Here,under the sea, everything is blue and green.3. Co這是一道考查細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目。文章的第5段說(shuō)明了 這一問(wèn)題：Besides（除了）the cold and darkness, de

37、ep-seaanimals face a third danger一other animals 4. Ao這是一道考查細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目。文章的第三段有 這樣一句話：When you have bottles of air on your back, you can stayin deep water for a long time 背著 空氣瓶潛水就是scubadiving5 6 7 8 9o5 Do這是一道考查細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目。文章的第四段有這樣的敘述：At about 3,000 feet, there isno light at all. It is dark in the sea Many fisheshave no eyes.在3, 000米的深處，一點(diǎn)光線都沒(méi)有，很多于都沒(méi)有眼睛，他們?cè)觞N能夠通過(guò)A. walk bet