學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)(理工)_Unit 5

1、學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ) 理工理工Academic English for Science and EngineeringUnit Contents1 Definition2 Two types of research paper3 Writing an introduction4 Writing the body of a secondary research essay5 Writing the body of a primary research essay6 Writing a discussion or/and conclusion7 Writing an abstract8 Writing

2、 a reference list9 Academic writing style10 Proofreading11 ListeningUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 DefinitionTask 1Text 15 Genetically Modified FoodsFeed the World?Text 16 Influence of Genetically Modified Soya on the Birth Weight and Survival of Rat PupsText 17 Clinical Risk Assessment

3、 of GM FoodsTask 2Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Text 15 is an ordinary essay while text 16 and 17 are research articles.2 For example, Text 16 and 17 use many previous findings and have their abstracts and reference lists, all of which Text 15 lacks.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Defi

4、nitionUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssayl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 151 Definition1 Definition1 What does “the genetic is out of the bottle” mean according to the author?The author means that in fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives.l Additi

5、onal questions for your understanding of Text 152 How can biotech help?Biotechnologists have developed genetically modified rice that is fortified with beta carotenewhich the body converts into vitamin Aand additional iron, and they are working on other kinds of nutritionally improved crops. Biotech

6、 can also improve farming productivity in places where food shortages are caused by crop damage attribution to pests, drought, poor soil, and crop viruses, bacteria or fungi.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definitionl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 153 Why does the a

7、uthor think that biotech is far from the whole answer?In developing countries, lost crops are only one cause of hunger. Poverty plays the largest role.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definitionl Enhancing your academic languageMatch the words with their definitions.5 c 10 d 1 b 2 i3 e4 f

8、6 h7 g8 a9 j Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definitionl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.1 (基因上地) engineering2 advantages (比重要) disadvantages greatly3 (基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施) construction4 (統(tǒng)計(jì)) analysis5 will soon (解決) all the difficulties6 (金融的) institutio

9、n7 (嚴(yán)格的) discipline8 (點(diǎn)燃) the flames of revolution9 be in (合作) with your partner10 a(n) (絕望的) cry for help11 (改變) the bad habitgeneticallyoutweighinfrastructurestatisticsresolvefinancialrigoroussparkcollaborationdesperatealterUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definitionl Enhancing your aca

10、demic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.12 resources of (可耕種的) land13 (緩和) criticism with reason14 (游說(shuō)以爭(zhēng)取) for the funds15 He is at the (領(lǐng)先地位).16 a(n) (一系列) of information17 be (缺乏的) in nutrition18 be (限制) to adults19 (沒(méi)有根據(jù)的) suspicions20 Coal can be (使轉(zhuǎn)變) to gas.21 a(n) (毀滅性的)

11、 hurricane22 (主要的) exports of this country23 (轉(zhuǎn)變) dream into realitycultivabletemperlobbyleading-edgearraydeficientrestrictedunfoundedconverteddevastatingstapletransformUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definitionl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the paragraph.True, GM foods are (

12、已成為我們生活的一部分), and farmers (迫切地想要) use the biotechnology as (能提高稻谷產(chǎn)量), yet we need a deep philosophical discussion of its implication. We still remember that when pesticides were first introduced, they also were praised as absolutely safe and as a miracle cure for farmers. (盡管這么多保證), decades later th

13、e technology revealed its truer lethal implications. Hence, any technology (應(yīng)該進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格的測(cè)試) before its wide application. already very much a part of our liveshave a strong incentive toit can raise overall crop productivityBut for all that promisesubjected to rigorous testingshould beUnit 5Writing an Acad

14、emicEssay1 Definition1 Definitionl Enhancing your academic language1 特別是在有悠久的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)傳統(tǒng)和主張環(huán)保的游說(shuō)集團(tuán)的國(guó)家里，轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。2 在富裕的國(guó)家里，由于有大量豐富的食品可供選擇，而且供應(yīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)需求，所以關(guān)于生物技術(shù)的爭(zhēng)論相對(duì)緩和一些。3 生物技術(shù)專家已經(jīng)培育出了含有-胡蘿卜素身體可將之轉(zhuǎn)化為維生素A和更多鐵元素的轉(zhuǎn)基因水稻，目前正在研究培育其他一些增進(jìn)營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分的農(nóng)作物。Translate the following sentences from Text 15 into Chinese.Unit

15、 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definitionl Enhancing your academic languageTranslate the following sentences from Text 15 into Chinese.4 轉(zhuǎn)基因的抗病毒作物可以減少這種損失，就像抗干旱種子在耕地面積因缺水而受到限制的地區(qū)起到的作用一樣。5 尤其在運(yùn)輸基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施落后的國(guó)家，地理?xiàng)l件對(duì)食物供給的限制正如遺傳學(xué)為食物供給帶來(lái)的希望一樣大。Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definitionl A

16、dditional questions for your understanding of Text 16 What are the three study groups in the investigation of the influence of GM soya on the birthrate and survival of the offspring of Wistar rats? A group of female rats fed by GM soya flour beforemating and pregnancy; A control group of females fed

17、 by traditional soya; A positive control group received feed without any soya.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definitionl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 162 What are the four main sources of hazards of GMO that are discussed by scientists worldwide? 1) those due to t

18、he new genes, and gene productsintroduced; 2) unintended effects inherent to the technology; 3) interactions between foreign genes and host genes; 4) those arising from the spread of the introduced genes by ordinary cross-pollination as well as byhorizontal gene transfer.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEss

19、ay1 Definition1 Definitionl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 163 What are the two possible factors that the negative effect of GM soya on the newborn pups could be mediated?Firstly, it can be the result of transformation, and insertion of the foreign genes, which could enter into

20、the sexual/stem cells, or/and into cells of the fetus, as it was observed by Schubbert et al. (1998). Secondly, negative effect of GM soya could be mediated by the accumulation of Roundup residues in GM soya residues.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definitionl Enhancing your academic lan

21、guageMatch the words with their definitions.5 i 10 d 1 f 2 c3 e4 a6 h7 g8 j9 b Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definitionl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.1 Fog (限制) visibility.2 The sun rises from the (水平的) line.3 Early detection of cancer

22、s is (重要地) important.4 put a coin into the (插入) slot5 failed to (獲得) a scholarship6 the (功能) of an adjective7 The magician (改變) the frog into a princess.8 the official (文件) concerning the sale of this land9 the determinate (因素) of our economy10 make a thorough (調(diào)查) into the affairrestrictshorizontal

23、vitallyinsertionobtainfunctiontransformeddocumentsfactorinvestigationUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definitionl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.11 (堅(jiān)持) in ones efforts12 The artwork was a (構(gòu)成物) of wire and tubes.13 working out a payment (方

24、案)14 Falling rates of child (死亡率) are also significant.15 eat a small (部分) of food16 A (殘留物) of the shampoo can build up on the hair.17 (承擔(dān)) a project with significance18 be complained of (性別的) harassment19 have difficulty in becoming (懷孕的)persistconstructschememortalityportionresidueundertakesexual

25、pregnantUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition20 The demonstrators (分配) leaflets to passers-by.21 the old salary paled in (相比) with the offer22 (組織學(xué)) involves looking at cells under a microscope.23 I (假定) that an agreement will eventually be reached.24 A(n) (積累) of data will be proce

26、ssed.25 Smoking is (有害的) to health.26 All (途徑) to the city were blocked.27 lose the (最佳的) time to defeat the enemy28 a system used to (分配) a scarce commodityl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.distributedcomparisonHistologypresumeaccumulationdetrimentala

27、pproachesoptimalallocateUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 DefinitionAccording to our literature review, (早已得到證實(shí)) that there are diverse relationships between early life factors and adult health. (以前一些論文認(rèn)為) that these relationships span a range of health outcomes which, in some instances, m

28、anifest several decades later. (論文假定) health outcomes of early biological insults could depend on the subsequent social and biological environment. Our studies prove that adult disease will be more fully understood when account is taken of the combined effects of social and biological risk occurring

29、 at different life stages, (正如圖表五所顯示的).l Enhancing your academic languageComplete the paragraph.it has been well establishedIt was thought in several previous papersIt was supposed thatas is evident from Table 5Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definitionl Enhancing your academic language1

30、 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估文件中提到，被轉(zhuǎn)變植物中的轉(zhuǎn)基因成分與植物中所含的其它基因材料都在人和動(dòng)物的消化道中一并被摧毀。2 因此，我們決定進(jìn)行一項(xiàng)研究來(lái)探尋雌性鼠的主要飲食為美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)大豆（一種轉(zhuǎn)基因食品）的情況下，最常見(jiàn)的轉(zhuǎn)基因作物對(duì)大鼠幼崽生育率、死亡率和體重增加的影響。3 眾所周知，生大豆含有大量的抗?fàn)I養(yǎng)素如凝集素，胰蛋白酶抑制劑（普茲泰等人, 1998），以及女性激素類物質(zhì)，因此，有必要將沒(méi)有補(bǔ)充大豆粉控制對(duì)照組的動(dòng)物與這些數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行對(duì)照研究。Translate the following sentences from Text 16 into Chinese.Unit 5Writing an Acade

31、micEssay1 Definition1 Definitionl Enhancing your academic languageTranslate the following sentences from Text 16 into Chinese.4 更令人吃驚的是，由于幼崽更小，約一半大小，因此會(huì)有更多奶提供給單個(gè)的幼崽。5 然而，沒(méi)有觀測(cè)到雌性大鼠的死亡率，也沒(méi)有觀察到存活的幼崽的死亡率，盡管它們也開(kāi)始吃轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆，可以推測(cè)，（轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆的）負(fù)面影響可能被前面的兩個(gè)因素中和了。Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definitionl

32、 Additional questions for your understanding of Text 171 What are the main concerns about adverse effects of genetically modified foods on health?The main concerns about adverse effects of genetically modified (GM) foods on health are the transfer of antibiotic resistance, toxicity and allergenicity

33、.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definitionl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 172 What are the four main approaches by which plants are manipulated by genetic “engineering”?gene insertion using a bacterial vector; (ii) micro ballistic impregnation;(iii) poration(iv) ge

34、ne neutralisation by means of antisense technology, homologous recombination (gene knock out) and gene replacement.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definitionl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 173 Compared to which are GM foods a precise and safe manner of genetic alter

35、ation in plants?Traditional plant breeding methods.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definitionl Enhancing your academic languageMatch the words with their definitions.5 a 10 h 1 c 2 f3 i4 g6 b7 d8 j9 e Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition1 (嚴(yán)厲的) safety measures2 (操作) the

36、 lights to get the desirable effect3 (辨別) between right and wrong4 (促使) her to renew her insurance5 (進(jìn)步) in ones career6 The (方案) no longer seems unrealistic.7 (推論) a conclusion from facts8 close (繁殖)9 a(n) (相反的) decisionl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentenc

37、es.stringentmanipulatedistinguishpromptadvancescenarioderivebreedingadverseUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definitionl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.10 illness (導(dǎo)致) by overwork11 (引起) ones interest12 a great (多樣的) of methods13 (保持) appear

38、ance of youth14 (共識(shí)) politics15 (轉(zhuǎn)移) of wealth from taxpayers to savers16 social (穩(wěn)定)17 make a few (改變) to the house18 (合并) of the organizationinducedprovokediversityretainconsensustransferstabilityalterationsincorporationUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition19 a(n) (關(guān)鍵的) point in t

39、he campaign20 a somewhat haphazard and (斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的) schooling21 the (取代) of conventional weapons by nuclear weapons22 (修改) a thesis23 loss (估計(jì))24 a TV program (著重反映) the unemployment probleml Enhancing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.criticaldiscontinuousreplacementr

40、eviseassessmenthighlightingUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition (有證據(jù)表明) the benefits of cloning are limitless. (提供了一種可能) able to create human organs in order to replace faulty ones. (還確保這樣一種可能) stem cells that could be used to cure terminal illnesses, cancer, and several other phys

41、ical anomalies. (盡管這個(gè)技術(shù)有很多潛在優(yōu)點(diǎn)), (但出現(xiàn)一些深深的擔(dān)憂，涉及到) medical and ethical problems. l Enhancing your academic languageComplete the paragraph.There is evidence thatIt offers a possibility of beingcreatingpotential benefits of this technologyserious concerns have been raised concerning bothIt also ensure

42、a probability ofDespiteUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition(To be continued)l Enhancing your academic languageComplete the paragraph. (主要的擔(dān)憂是) the frightening possibilities of the creation of “super-humans” with unnatural physical and mental capabilities and idealized “perfect chil

43、dren” for prospective parents. Hence, (我們要謹(jǐn)慎發(fā)展) in the future, assessing cloning (在把其運(yùn)用到實(shí)踐中之前，考慮其優(yōu)點(diǎn)和危險(xiǎn)性).The main concerns areon the basis of its merits and risks prior to applying it into practical useproceed cautiouslyUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definitionwe need tol Enhancing your

44、 academic language1 詳細(xì)的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明：巴西堅(jiān)果中2S蛋白是巴西堅(jiān)果的主要過(guò)敏原；轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆中的最新顯露的蛋白保持了其過(guò)敏性，因此，可能促使對(duì)巴西堅(jiān)果過(guò)敏的病人發(fā)生臨床反應(yīng)。2 第二個(gè)問(wèn)題是：由于不清楚為什么有的蛋白過(guò)敏，而有的不會(huì)，因此更難預(yù)測(cè)新的轉(zhuǎn)基因是否表達(dá)新的過(guò)敏原、是否導(dǎo)致再次過(guò)敏。3 但是也存在明顯的例外，特別是關(guān)于水果過(guò)敏原，缺乏這些特征就不能大膽地預(yù)測(cè)蛋白不引發(fā)過(guò)敏。Translate the following sentences from Text 17 into Chinese.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Defin

45、ition1 Definitionl Enhancing your academic languageTranslate the following sentences from Text 17 into Chinese.4 不能根據(jù)氨基酸序列同源性來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)交叉反應(yīng)性通常是因?yàn)檎郫B蛋白中出現(xiàn)了不連續(xù)（非線性）氨基酸序列組成的構(gòu)象型抗原。5 有一致的報(bào)道建議：對(duì)食物的逐級(jí)評(píng)價(jià)應(yīng)考慮基因的來(lái)源、與已知過(guò)敏原進(jìn)行的氨基酸序列對(duì)比、免疫學(xué)分析（體外和體內(nèi)的）以及基因產(chǎn)物的物理化學(xué)性質(zhì)。Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition1 Gene

46、tically modified crops are the most successful agricultural innovation in history. Theyre good for the environment because they keep less carbon dioxide going from the soil into the atmosphere and they reduce pesticide use. Whats more, they increase crop yield, thus reducing the use of more agricult

47、ural areas and improving soil quality.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition2 The speaker has similar opinion as the writer of Text 15. They have positive attitude towards GM food as it can increase crop yield and solve the problems of starvation and soil. But the writer of Text 16 i

48、s very cautious about GM food, whose experiment proves that there are some harmful influence of GM food on the birth-weight and survival of rat pups. The writer of Text 17 is a little more optimistic though there are some adverse effects of GM foods.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Defini

49、tion2 Two types of research paper2 Two types of research paperTwo types of research paperTask 1Task 2 Task 3Task 4Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssayThere are two major kinds of academic paper:l primary research paper: primary research paper: the study of a subject through firsthand investigation, involv

50、ing presenting original ideas and information on your own - survey-or-experiment-based researchl secondary research paper:secondary research paper:involving gathering and analyzing the research findings from other peoples research - library-or-Internet-based researchUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay2 T

51、wo types of research paper2 Two types of research paper1 Text 16 is a primary research essay while Text 17 a secondary research one.2 Text 16 contains a methods section as it conducts an empirical study. Text 17, however, is an persuasive article based on the analysis of previous and current researc

52、h findings.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay2 Two types of research paper2 Two types of research paper1 The first abstract is from the article of primary research, and the second one is form secondary research. According to the abstract, the article carries out a small scale survey designed to ascertai

53、n details of student knowledge and misconceptions about these environmental issues.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay2 Two types of research paper2 Two types of research paperIn the introduction part of his paper he devises such research questions as “”will the consumers acceptance of GM folds vary from

54、 food to food?”, “Is there any different change in the college students attitude toward different GM food products?” and so on. The method he uses is the questionnaires which are administered to students of different majors. The method is appropriate for it can elicit the answers.Unit 5Writing an Ac

55、ademicEssay2 Two types of research paper2 Two types of research paperTopic 1. Yes. Interviews with some of the students will be much better.Topic 2. Yes. Topic 3. Yes. Interviews with some experts in this field will be much better.Topic 4. Yes. Interviews with some of the children will be much bette

56、r. Topic 5. Yes Topic 6. Yes Topic 7. YesUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay2 Two types of research paper2 Two types of research paperTopic 8. Yes. Interviews with some of the students will be much better.Topic 9. Yes. Topic 10. Yes. Topic 11. Some experiments will be much better. Topic 12. Yes. Topic 13

57、. Yes. Interviews with some of the subjects will be much better.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay2 Two types of research paper2 Two types of research paperElements of an introductionHow to make the statement of purposeTask 1Task 2 Task 3Task 4 3 Writing an introduction3 Writing an introductionUnit 5Wri

58、ting an AcademicEssayElements of an introduction:l 1) Introduce the topic or problem with which the research essay is concerned.l 2) Give a clear definition of the topic and of the related key terms.l 3) Provide the relevant background information/context of the topic.l 4) Review the previous relate

59、d studies and point out their limitation if necessary.l 5) State the purpose/objective of the essay.l 6) Introduce the theoretical perspectives the essay might use.l 7) Justify your choice of the topic or give the reasons for your research.l 8) Explain how the essay will be organized (the outline of

60、 the essay).Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay3 Writing an introduction3 Writing an introductionHow to make the statement of purpose:Purpose + Action Verb + TopicUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay3 Writing an introduction3 Writing an introductionFunctions The Sentence NumberIntroduction to the topicBackgrou