個人主義和集體主義

1、Individualism Group members : 陳林苗 李海螺 李青夢 賴曉燕Contents31241 A General Introduction of Individualism1Manifestation of Individualism in American Society A comprehensive appraisal of individualismComparison between American Individualism and Chinese CollectivismA General Introduction of IndividualismBy

2、李青夢李青夢Contents Definitions of Individualism Manifestations of Individualism (general) The Origination of Individualism Ranking of IndividualismWhat Value Differences Can We See?美國人問: 中美人的主要區(qū)別是什么? 我說:你們就像你們的菜, 這是雞, 這是炸土豆條, 這是檸檬, 全部分開擺, 由你挑著吃. 我們就像我們的菜, 都切碎了, 拌在一起炒, 還嫌粘不到一塊兒, 再勾上些團粉, 這樣味兒才出來. 大笑.你們與人接

3、觸,首先是拉開距離, 然后選擇; 我們是先混在一起, 然后區(qū)別. 我們的麻煩往往是絞成一團, 人與人之間的關(guān)系比較瑣碎; 你們的麻煩往往是孤獨.- 馮驥才,侃洋人, ,2005.7.P18Definitions of Individualism Wikipedia Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that stresses the moral worth of the individual. Definitions of Individualism 1 Th

4、e quality of being different from other people and doing things in your own way個性個性 2 The belief that individual people in society should have the right to make their own decisions, etc. rather than to be controlled by the governmentIn political senseOxford Advanced Learners English-Chinese Dictiona

5、ryManifestations of IndividualismuIndividual Initiative 個體的主動性uIndependence 獨立uIndividual Expression 言論自由uPrivacy 隱私權(quán)The Origination of Individualism From a historical point of view From a religious perspectiveRanking of IndividualismU.S.A1Taiwan, China36Australia2Peru37Great Britain3Pakistan38Canad

6、a4Colombia39Netherlands5Venezuela40Ranking of IndividualismManifestation of Individualism in American SocietyBY 陳林苗陳林苗Personal privacyPersonal freedomPersonal equalitySelf -relianceSelf-expression12435Personal Privacy In America, personal privacy is respected highly and protected by the law. e.g. Cu

7、ltural taboo in greeting, age, marriage, job, salary, etc One must telephone before he pays a visit to another even including his friends or relatives. Anybody mustnt step into anothers house without permission. No one has the right to read any others letter even parents mustnt read their childrens

8、private letters.Personal Freedom Personal freedom, as well as equal opportunity, is the basic foundation for every member of the society to achieve their self-fulfillment.e.g. the freedom to be occupied in any vocation the freedom to obtain knowledge the freedom to marry someone and have a child the

9、 freedom to believe in GodPersonal Equality They believe in equality of opportunity. It means each individual should have an equal chance for success. e.g. Benjamin Franklin Poor young guy great efforts wealthy and successful manSelf-reliance This means achieving both financial and emotional indepen

10、dence from their parents as early as possible.e.g. take care of themselves solve their own problems stand on their own two feet Self-expression Brave enough to express themselves, fond of being the center of attention, enjoy taking a risk.e.g. American students are active in the class, putting up ha

11、nds and striving to be the first. One may fail to get a job if he or she declares the capacities are limited. The host are used to say the dishes are the best prepared.The Comparison Between American individualism and Chinese collectivismBy 賴曉燕賴曉燕Case 1Americans would pay more attention to fishes;Ch

12、inese would pay more attention to the context.Fish tankCase 2Americans: A + CChinese: B+CA. Chicken （雞）（雞）B. Hay （干草）（干草）C. Cattle （牛）（牛）Comparison with several representative examples 1. Linguistic culture 2. Greeting 3. Family and marriage 4. EducationAmerican idioms and phrases God helps those wh

13、o help themselves. （天助自助者） All men are created equal. （人生而平等） Self-made （靠自我力量成功的） Self-absorption （自我專注） Self-admiration （自我贊賞） Self-centered(自我為中心的) Self-fulfilling（自我滿足的）Chinese Idioms and Phrases 先天下之憂而憂，后天下之樂而樂 天下興亡，匹夫有責(zé) 精忠報國，死而無憾 循規(guī)蹈矩 克己守道 三綱五常 貴有自知之明 人言可畏（死要面子）Different manifestations in Gree

14、tingIn America, personal privacy is respected highly and protected by the law.Personal privacy: age, marriage, religion, economic situation and so onDaily greeting: A: Hi, Jack, how are you? B: Fine, thanks. And you? A: Im terrific. Thank you. In China, people always ask ones age, job and salary whe

15、n they meet with each other. These greetings that are considered very common in China are cultural taboo in America because Americans believe that these are personal privacy. Popular greetings in China:“Where are you going?”“Have you eaten your meal? “How old are you?”Different Opinions on FamilypTh

16、e American family is a nuclear family, consisting usually of parents and their unmarried children. And every family member has their own equal rights.pAfter the children getting married, they should move out to rent or buy a house.pWhen the children reach 18 years old, they should be economic-indepe

17、ndent. But they also have no duty to support their parents when they become old.pIn Chinese family, the young and the old always live together.pIts the youngs duty to respect the seniority and to support them.Different Opinions on marriage Americans believe that marriage is a very private thing and

18、once two people fall in love with each other they will try to overcome difficulties to pursue the true love. Parents have no rights to decide their childrens marriage partner and its all upon their children. And children also dont interfere into their parents marriage. So its common to see: “He is m

19、y mothers boyfriend”.In China, a childs marriage is not only his/her own thing but the whole familys thing. Children also can freely choose their boyfriend/girlfriend, but once they mention marriage it must be agreed by parents of each families. The parents will consider a lot of factors to make sur

20、e that their children will lead a happy life.Chinese families are much more stable than American families.Different opinions on educationlAmerican parents pay much attention to foster childrens independence from very little.lChinese parents will focus entire love on their children and give what they

21、 have to their children to make their life better and easier.l In American classes, students are encouraged to build up their individual character and to question teachers opinions. So the classroom atmosphere is very active.l However, in China, due to prolonged exposure under the an education syste

22、m which emphasizes cramming and unidirectional teaching, students do not like to speak out or to ask questions.A comprehensive appraisal of individualismBy 李海螺李海螺 Alexis de Tocqueville Democracy in America 論美國民主 An influential study of Americas national government, egalitarian ideals, and character

23、offers reflections on the effect of majority rule on the rights of individuals and provides insight into the rewards and responsibilities of a democratic government.Dialectic PerspectiveAdvantagesPoliticsEconomyCultureSocial lifeExcessive disparities in wealthThe existence of racial discriminationOt

24、her social problemsDisadvantagesIndividualismPoliticsTypical representation ：Liberty and EqualityGreat achievements：The Declaration of Independence1787,the United States Constitution獨立宣言獨立宣言與與美國憲法美國憲法 應(yīng)當(dāng)常備案頭，應(yīng)當(dāng)常備案頭，反復(fù)誦讀，對每個人都有好處。反復(fù)誦讀，對每個人都有好處。EconomicTypical representation ：Competition Great achieve

25、ments：The thriving economicIndividualismDiversificationCreativityProsperityCompetitionCultureTypical representation ：Personal HeroismSpecific Examples：Movies Social lifeTypical representation ：Personal desire comes firstSpecific Examples：InstalmentExcessive disparities in Wealth The excessive compet

26、ition leads the American economy to an extreme the social treasure is concentrated in a few economic giants hands. 1% 40%據(jù)美聯(lián)社報道，占全美國20比例的最貧困家庭在過去20年的收入平均僅增長了2660美元，增長幅度為19；而占全美5比例的最富裕家庭的收入平均增長了451萬美元，增長幅度為59。The Existence of Racial Discrimination The racial discrimination can not be abolished completely because of individualism. Politics: The black are still considered as second-class citizen. Economy