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1、 單詞復(fù)習(xí): Shaft Coupling Clutches Spring Rigid coupling Flexible coupling Hydraulic 齒輪 機(jī)床 曲柄 振動(dòng)上一課回顧Lesson 2 Lubrication潤(rùn)滑潤(rùn)滑 重點(diǎn)詞匯: gaseous/gas/liquid/solid interpose/pavement portion, sophisticated, interrelate, available, proportional, combat, assist, twofoldParagraph 1 Although one of the main purpos

2、es of lubrication is to reduce friction, any substance liquid, solid, or gaseouscapable of controlling friction and wear between sliding surfaces(滑動(dòng)表面) can be classed as (定義為)a lubricant. 盡管潤(rùn)滑的主要目的之一是為了減少摩擦力,任何盡管潤(rùn)滑的主要目的之一是為了減少摩擦力,任何可以控制兩滑動(dòng)表面之間的摩擦和磨損可以控制兩滑動(dòng)表面之間的摩擦和磨損(wear) 的物的物質(zhì)質(zhì)不管是液體、固體或者氣體,都可以歸類(lèi)為不管

3、是液體、固體或者氣體,都可以歸類(lèi)為(be classed as)潤(rùn)滑劑。潤(rùn)滑劑。Varieties of lubrication Paragraph 2: Unlubricated(無(wú)潤(rùn)滑無(wú)潤(rùn)滑) sliding. Metals that have been carefully treated to remove all foreign materials(異物) seize and weld to one another when slid together. 經(jīng)過(guò)精心處理去除了所有雜質(zhì)經(jīng)過(guò)精心處理去除了所有雜質(zhì)(foreign material)的金的金屬在相互滑動(dòng)時(shí),會(huì)粘附屬在相互滑動(dòng)時(shí)

4、,會(huì)粘附(seize)或熔接或熔接(weld)到一起到一起. In the absence of(如果沒(méi)有) such a high degree of cleanliness, adsorbed(吸附的) gases, water vapor, oxides(氧化物), and contaminants (雜質(zhì))reduce friction and the tendency to seize but usually result in severe wear, this is called “unlubricated” or dry sliding (干滑動(dòng)). 當(dāng)達(dá)不到高的清潔度當(dāng)達(dá)不到

5、高的清潔度(cleanliness)時(shí),吸附在表面的時(shí),吸附在表面的氣體、水蒸汽、氧化物氣體、水蒸汽、氧化物(oxide)和污染物會(huì)降低摩擦力和污染物會(huì)降低摩擦力并減少黏附的趨勢(shì),但通常會(huì)產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的磨損,這種并減少黏附的趨勢(shì),但通常會(huì)產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的磨損,這種現(xiàn)象被稱(chēng)為現(xiàn)象被稱(chēng)為“無(wú)潤(rùn)滑無(wú)潤(rùn)滑”摩擦或干摩擦摩擦或干摩擦(dry sliding)。Paragraph 3: Fluid-film(流體膜流體膜) lubrication. Interposing a fluid film that completely separates the sliding surfaces results in f

6、luid-film lubrication. 在滑動(dòng)面之間引入一層流體膜,把潤(rùn)滑表面完全隔離在滑動(dòng)面之間引入一層流體膜,把潤(rùn)滑表面完全隔離開(kāi),就產(chǎn)生了(開(kāi),就產(chǎn)生了(result in)流體膜潤(rùn)滑。)流體膜潤(rùn)滑。 The fluid may be introduced intentionally as the oil in the main bearing(主軸承) of an automobile, or unintentionally, as in the case of water between a smooth rubber tire(橡膠輪胎) and a wet pavement

7、(路面). 這種流體可能是有意引入的,例如汽車(chē)主軸承中的潤(rùn)這種流體可能是有意引入的,例如汽車(chē)主軸承中的潤(rùn)滑油;也可能是無(wú)意中引入的,例如在光滑的橡膠輪滑油;也可能是無(wú)意中引入的,例如在光滑的橡膠輪胎與潮濕的路面胎與潮濕的路面pavement之間的水。之間的水。 Although the fluid is usually a liquid such as oil, water, and a wide range of other materials, it may also be a gas. The gas most commonly employed is air. 盡管流體通常是油、水和很

8、多其它種類(lèi)的液體,也可盡管流體通常是油、水和很多其它種類(lèi)的液體,也可以是氣體,最常用的氣體是空氣。以是氣體,最常用的氣體是空氣。 Paragraph 4: To keep the parts separated, it is necessary that the pressure within the lubrication film balance(與保持平衡) the load on the sliding surfaces. 為了把零件隔離開(kāi),潤(rùn)滑膜中的壓力必須和作用在滑為了把零件隔離開(kāi),潤(rùn)滑膜中的壓力必須和作用在滑動(dòng)面上的負(fù)載(荷)保持平衡。動(dòng)面上的負(fù)載(荷)保持平衡。 If the

9、lubricating films pressure is supplied by an external source, the system is said to be lubricated hydro-statically(靜壓地). 如果潤(rùn)滑膜的壓力來(lái)自于外界,這種系統(tǒng)被稱(chēng)為流體如果潤(rùn)滑膜的壓力來(lái)自于外界,這種系統(tǒng)被稱(chēng)為流體靜壓靜壓hydrostatically潤(rùn)滑。潤(rùn)滑。 If the pressure between the surfaces is generated as a result of the shape and motion of the surfaces thems

10、elves, however, the system is hydro-dynamically(動(dòng)壓地) lubricated. 如果潤(rùn)滑表面之間的壓力是由于滑動(dòng)面本身的形狀和如果潤(rùn)滑表面之間的壓力是由于滑動(dòng)面本身的形狀和運(yùn)動(dòng)所共同產(chǎn)生的,這種系統(tǒng)就稱(chēng)為流體運(yùn)動(dòng)所共同產(chǎn)生的,這種系統(tǒng)就稱(chēng)為流體動(dòng)壓動(dòng)壓(hyrodynamically)潤(rùn)滑。)潤(rùn)滑。 This second type of lubrication depends upon the viscous properties(粘度特性) of the lubricant. 第二種潤(rùn)滑與潤(rùn)滑劑的粘性密切相關(guān)。第二種潤(rùn)滑與潤(rùn)滑劑的粘性密切相

11、關(guān)。 Paragraph 5 Boundary lubrication. A condition( that lies between unlubricated sliding and fluid film lubrication )is referred to as(稱(chēng)作) boundary lubrication, also defined as that condition of lubrication (in which the friction between surfaces is determined by the properties of the surfaces and p

12、roperties of the lubricant other than viscosity(粘度). ) 處在無(wú)潤(rùn)滑滑動(dòng)和流體膜潤(rùn)滑之間的狀態(tài)被稱(chēng)為邊界處在無(wú)潤(rùn)滑滑動(dòng)和流體膜潤(rùn)滑之間的狀態(tài)被稱(chēng)為邊界潤(rùn)滑,也可以被定義為這樣一種潤(rùn)滑狀態(tài),在這種狀潤(rùn)滑,也可以被定義為這樣一種潤(rùn)滑狀態(tài),在這種狀態(tài)中,表面之間的摩擦力取決于表面性質(zhì)和潤(rùn)滑劑中態(tài)中,表面之間的摩擦力取決于表面性質(zhì)和潤(rùn)滑劑中除粘度以外的其他因素。除粘度以外的其他因素。 Boundary lubrication encompasses(包含) a significant portion of lubrication phenomena(

13、潤(rùn)滑現(xiàn)象) and commonly occurs during the starting and stopping of machines. 邊界潤(rùn)滑包括大部分的潤(rùn)滑現(xiàn)象,通常在機(jī)器的啟停邊界潤(rùn)滑包括大部分的潤(rùn)滑現(xiàn)象,通常在機(jī)器的啟停時(shí)出現(xiàn)。時(shí)出現(xiàn)。 Paragraph 6 Solid lubrication. Solids such as graphite(石墨) and molybdenum disulfide(二硫化鉬) are widely used when normal lubricants do not possess sufficient resistance to load

14、 or temperature extremes. 當(dāng)普通潤(rùn)滑劑沒(méi)有足夠的承載能力或者不能在極限溫當(dāng)普通潤(rùn)滑劑沒(méi)有足夠的承載能力或者不能在極限溫度下工作時(shí),度下工作時(shí),石墨石墨(graphite)和和二硫化鉬二硫化鉬 (molybdenum disulfide) 這類(lèi)固體潤(rùn)滑劑得到廣泛這類(lèi)固體潤(rùn)滑劑得到廣泛的應(yīng)用。的應(yīng)用。 But lubricants need not take only such familiar forms as fats, powders, and gases; even some metals commonly serve as sliding surfaces in

15、 some sophisticated(精密的) machines. 但潤(rùn)滑劑不僅僅以油脂、粉末和氣體這樣一些為人們但潤(rùn)滑劑不僅僅以油脂、粉末和氣體這樣一些為人們所熟悉的形態(tài)出現(xiàn),在一些所熟悉的形態(tài)出現(xiàn),在一些精密精密的機(jī)器中,金屬也常的機(jī)器中,金屬也常作為潤(rùn)滑面。作為潤(rùn)滑面。 Functions of lubricants Paragraph 7: Although a lubricant primarily controls frictions and wear, it can and ordinarily does perform numerous other functions, wh

16、ich vary with the application and usually are interrelated. 盡管潤(rùn)滑劑主要是用來(lái)控制摩擦和磨損的,能夠且通盡管潤(rùn)滑劑主要是用來(lái)控制摩擦和磨損的,能夠且通常也常也確實(shí)確實(shí)起到許多其他的作用,這些作用隨其用途的起到許多其他的作用,這些作用隨其用途的不同而不同,但通常是相互聯(lián)系。不同而不同,但通常是相互聯(lián)系。 Paragraph 8 Friction control. The amount and character of the lubricant made available to sliding surfaces have a pro

17、found effect upon the friction that is encountered. 潤(rùn)滑面之間潤(rùn)滑劑的數(shù)量和性質(zhì)對(duì)摩擦力的產(chǎn)生有極潤(rùn)滑面之間潤(rùn)滑劑的數(shù)量和性質(zhì)對(duì)摩擦力的產(chǎn)生有極大影響。大影響。 For example, disregarding such related factors as heat and wear but considering friction alone between two oil-film lubricated surfaces, the friction can be 200 times less than that between the

18、 same surfaces with no lubricant. 例如不考慮熱和磨損這些相關(guān)因素,只考慮兩個(gè)油膜例如不考慮熱和磨損這些相關(guān)因素,只考慮兩個(gè)油膜潤(rùn)滑表面間的摩擦力,它比兩個(gè)同樣表面但沒(méi)有潤(rùn)滑潤(rùn)滑表面間的摩擦力,它比兩個(gè)同樣表面但沒(méi)有潤(rùn)滑時(shí)小時(shí)小200倍。倍。 Under fluid-film conditions, friction is directly proportional to(與成正比) the viscosity of the fluid. 在流體膜潤(rùn)滑狀態(tài)下,摩擦力與流體的黏度成在流體膜潤(rùn)滑狀態(tài)下,摩擦力與流體的黏度成正比正比(be proportional t

19、o-與與成正比)。成正比)。 Some lubricant, such as petroleum derivatives(衍生物), is available in a great range of viscosities(具有較大的粘度范圍) and thus can be satisfy a broad spectrum of functional requirements. 一些諸如石油衍生物這類(lèi)潤(rùn)滑劑,可以有很多種黏度,一些諸如石油衍生物這類(lèi)潤(rùn)滑劑,可以有很多種黏度,因此滿(mǎn)足廣泛的潤(rùn)滑要求。因此滿(mǎn)足廣泛的潤(rùn)滑要求。 Under boundary lubrication conditio

20、ns, the effect of viscosity on friction becomes less significant than the chemical nature(化學(xué)性質(zhì)) of the lubricant. 在邊界潤(rùn)滑狀態(tài),潤(rùn)滑劑粘度對(duì)摩擦力的影響不像其在邊界潤(rùn)滑狀態(tài),潤(rùn)滑劑粘度對(duì)摩擦力的影響不像其他化學(xué)性質(zhì)的影響那樣顯著。他化學(xué)性質(zhì)的影響那樣顯著。 Paragraph 9 Wear control. Wear occurs on lubricated surfaces by abrasion(磨蝕), corrosion, and solid to-solid conta

21、ct. 磨損發(fā)生在由擦傷(磨損發(fā)生在由擦傷(abrasion)、腐蝕)、腐蝕(corrosion)引引起的潤(rùn)滑表面以及固體與固體接觸的表面。起的潤(rùn)滑表面以及固體與固體接觸的表面。 Proper lubricants will help combat(克服) each type. 適當(dāng)?shù)臐?rùn)滑劑將能幫助克服上面提到的每種磨損現(xiàn)象適當(dāng)?shù)臐?rùn)滑劑將能幫助克服上面提到的每種磨損現(xiàn)象 They reduce abrasive and solid-to-solid contact wear by providing a film that increases the distance between the

22、sliding surfaces, thereby lessening the damage by abrasive contaminants and surfaces asperities(粗糙不平). 潤(rùn)滑劑通過(guò)增加滑動(dòng)面之間的距離,從而減輕了由于潤(rùn)滑劑通過(guò)增加滑動(dòng)面之間的距離,從而減輕了由于磨料污染物和表面粗糙磨料污染物和表面粗糙(asperity)造成的損傷。造成的損傷。 Paragraph 10 Temperature control. Lubricants assist in controlling temperature by reducing friction and carr

23、ying off(帶走) the heat that is generated. 潤(rùn)滑劑通過(guò)減少磨損和帶走潤(rùn)滑劑通過(guò)減少磨損和帶走(carry off)產(chǎn)生的熱量來(lái)產(chǎn)生的熱量來(lái)控制溫度??刂茰囟?。 Effectiveness(效果) depends upon the amount of lubricant supplied, the ambient temperature, and the provision for external cooling. 其效果取決于潤(rùn)滑劑的用量,環(huán)境溫度和外部冷卻措其效果取決于潤(rùn)滑劑的用量,環(huán)境溫度和外部冷卻措施。施。 To a lesser extent(在

24、小范圍內(nèi)), the type of lubricant also affects surface temperature. 冷卻劑的種類(lèi)也會(huì)在較小程度上冷卻劑的種類(lèi)也會(huì)在較小程度上(to a lesser extent),影響表面溫度。影響表面溫度。 Paragraph 11 Corrosion control. The role of lubricants in controlling corrosion of the surfaces themselves is twofold(雙重的). 潤(rùn)滑劑在控制表面腐蝕時(shí)有雙重作用。潤(rùn)滑劑在控制表面腐蝕時(shí)有雙重作用。 When machinery

25、 is idle(閑置), the lubricants act as a preservative(防銹劑). 當(dāng)機(jī)器閑置不工作時(shí)潤(rùn)滑劑起防腐劑當(dāng)機(jī)器閑置不工作時(shí)潤(rùn)滑劑起防腐劑(preservative)的作用。的作用。 When machinery is in use, the lubricant controls corrosion by coating lubricated parts with a protective film that may contain additives(添加劑) to neutralize(中和) corrosive materials. 當(dāng)機(jī)器工作時(shí),

26、潤(rùn)滑劑通過(guò)給被潤(rùn)滑零件涂上一層可當(dāng)機(jī)器工作時(shí),潤(rùn)滑劑通過(guò)給被潤(rùn)滑零件涂上一層可能含有添加劑能含有添加劑(additive),能使腐蝕材料中和的保護(hù),能使腐蝕材料中和的保護(hù)膜來(lái)控制腐蝕。膜來(lái)控制腐蝕。 The ability of a lubricant to control corrosion is directly related to the thickness of the lubricant film remaining on the metal surfaces and the chemical composition(化學(xué)成分)of the lubricant. 潤(rùn)滑劑控制腐蝕的能

27、力與潤(rùn)滑劑保留在金屬表面的潤(rùn)潤(rùn)滑劑控制腐蝕的能力與潤(rùn)滑劑保留在金屬表面的潤(rùn)滑膜的厚度和潤(rùn)滑劑的化學(xué)成分有直接關(guān)系?;さ暮穸群蜐?rùn)滑劑的化學(xué)成分有直接關(guān)系。 Other functions Paragraph 12: Lubricants are frequently used for purposes other than the reduction of friction. 除了減少摩擦外,潤(rùn)滑劑還經(jīng)常有其他的用途。除了減少摩擦外,潤(rùn)滑劑還經(jīng)常有其他的用途。 Some of these applications are described below. 其中一些用途如下所述。其中一些用途如下

28、所述。 Paragraph 13: Power transmission. Lubricants are widely employed as hydraulic fluid(液壓流體) in fluid transmission devices. 傳遞動(dòng)力:潤(rùn)滑劑被廣泛用來(lái)作為液壓傳動(dòng)中的工作傳遞動(dòng)力:潤(rùn)滑劑被廣泛用來(lái)作為液壓傳動(dòng)中的工作液體。液體。 Paragraph 14 Insulation. In specialized applications such as transformers and switchgear, lubricants with high dielectric

29、constants(介電常數(shù)) act as electrical insulators. 絕緣:在像變壓器絕緣:在像變壓器(transformer)和配電裝置和配電裝置(switchgear)這些特殊用途中,具有很高介電常數(shù)的這些特殊用途中,具有很高介電常數(shù)的潤(rùn)滑劑起絕緣材料的作用。潤(rùn)滑劑起絕緣材料的作用。 For maximum insulating properties, a lubricant must be kept free of(不能含有) contaminants and water. 為了獲得最高的絕緣性能,潤(rùn)滑劑中不能含有任何雜為了獲得最高的絕緣性能,潤(rùn)滑劑中不能含有任何雜

30、質(zhì)和水分。質(zhì)和水分。 Paragraph 15 Shock dampening. Lubricants act as shock-dampening fluids in energy-transferring devices such as shock absorbers(減震器) and around machine parts such as gears that are subjected to high intermittent(間歇性的) loads. 減振:在像減振器這種能量傳遞裝置中和在承受很高減振:在像減振器這種能量傳遞裝置中和在承受很高的周期性載荷的齒輪這樣的機(jī)器零件的周?chē)?/p>

31、潤(rùn)滑劑的周期性載荷的齒輪這樣的機(jī)器零件的周?chē)?,?rùn)滑劑被作為減振液使用。被作為減振液使用。 Paragraph 16 Sealing. Lubricating grease(潤(rùn)滑脂、黃油) frequently performs the special function of forming a seal(密封圈) to retain lubricants or to exclude contaminants. 密封密封(sealing):潤(rùn)滑脂:潤(rùn)滑脂(grease)通常還有一個(gè)特殊作通常還有一個(gè)特殊作用,就是形成密封層以防止?jié)櫥瑒┩庑购臀廴疚镞M(jìn)入。用,就是形成密封層以防止?jié)櫥瑒┩庑购臀廴疚镞M(jìn)

32、入。 作業(yè): 1、復(fù)習(xí)本課單詞,預(yù)習(xí)下一課單詞 2、翻譯paragraph3 單詞復(fù)習(xí): 1.locate 2.clamp 3. Mass production 4. Screw/Bolt/Nut 5.torque 6.washer 7.helical spring lockwasher上一課回顧Lesson 5 Working Drawing 生產(chǎn)圖紙生產(chǎn)圖紙 重點(diǎn)詞匯: 1.implement 2.detail drawing 零件圖 3. specification n. 技術(shù)要求 4.represent 5.consolidate 6.tolerance 公差 7.title bloc

33、k 標(biāo)題欄 8.association Paragraph 1Working Drawings are the drawings from which a design is implemented. All principles of orthographic projection(正交投影) and techniques of graphics(制圖技術(shù)) can be used to communicate the details of a project in working drawings. 工作圖是將設(shè)計(jì)變?yōu)閷?shí)際產(chǎn)品所依據(jù)的圖樣。所有工作圖是將設(shè)計(jì)變?yōu)閷?shí)際產(chǎn)品所依據(jù)的圖樣。所有的

34、正投影(的正投影(orthographic projection)原理和繪圖)原理和繪圖技術(shù)都可用來(lái)在工作圖中表達(dá)項(xiàng)目中的細(xì)節(jié)。技術(shù)都可用來(lái)在工作圖中表達(dá)項(xiàng)目中的細(xì)節(jié)。 A detail drawing(零件圖) is a working drawing of a single part (or detail) within the set of working drawings. 零件圖零件圖(detail drawing)是在一整套工作圖中一個(gè)零是在一整套工作圖中一個(gè)零件(或細(xì)節(jié))的工作圖。件(或細(xì)節(jié))的工作圖。 Paragraph 2: Specifications(技術(shù)要求) are

35、the written instructions that accompany working drawings. When the design can be represented on a few sheets, the specifications are usually written on the drawings to consolidate(將合并) the information into a single format. 技術(shù)要求(技術(shù)要求(specificaion)是工作圖中所附的文字說(shuō))是工作圖中所附的文字說(shuō)明部分。當(dāng)一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)方案需要用幾張圖紙來(lái)表示時(shí),明部分。當(dāng)一個(gè)設(shè)

36、計(jì)方案需要用幾張圖紙來(lái)表示時(shí),通常將技術(shù)要求以統(tǒng)一通常將技術(shù)要求以統(tǒng)一(consolidate)的格式寫(xiě)在工作的格式寫(xiě)在工作圖上圖上 。Paragraph 3: All parts must interact with other parts to some degree to yield the desired function from a design(設(shè)計(jì)期望的功能). 所有的零件都必須在某種程度上與其他零件相互影響,所有的零件都必須在某種程度上與其他零件相互影響,以產(chǎn)生設(shè)計(jì)方案中要求的功能。以產(chǎn)生設(shè)計(jì)方案中要求的功能。 Before detail drawings of indivi

37、dual parts are made the designer must thoroughly analyze the working drawing to ensure that the parts fit properly with mating parts, that the correct tolerances are applied, that the contact surfaces are properly finished, and that the proper motion is possible between the parts. 在繪制零件圖之前,設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該對(duì)工作

38、圖進(jìn)行透徹在繪制零件圖之前,設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該對(duì)工作圖進(jìn)行透徹的分析,以保證每個(gè)零件與其他零件有適當(dāng)?shù)呐浜希姆治?,以保證每個(gè)零件與其他零件有適當(dāng)?shù)呐浜希鶚?biāo)注的公差(所標(biāo)注的公差(tolerance)準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤,接觸表面具有)準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤,接觸表面具有適當(dāng)?shù)拇植诙龋慵g可以產(chǎn)生正確的運(yùn)動(dòng)。適當(dāng)?shù)拇植诙龋慵g可以產(chǎn)生正確的運(yùn)動(dòng)。 Paragraph 4: Much of the work in preparing working drawings is done by the drafter(繪圖員), but the designer, who is usually an engineer, i

39、s responsible for their correctness. It is working drawings that bring products and systems into being. 在準(zhǔn)備工作圖時(shí),大部分工作由繪圖員來(lái)完成,但設(shè)在準(zhǔn)備工作圖時(shí),大部分工作由繪圖員來(lái)完成,但設(shè)計(jì)人員通常是工程師,要對(duì)圖紙的正確與否負(fù)責(zé)。正計(jì)人員通常是工程師,要對(duì)圖紙的正確與否負(fù)責(zé)。正是工作圖使產(chǎn)品得以生產(chǎn)或建造出來(lái)。是工作圖使產(chǎn)品得以生產(chǎn)或建造出來(lái)。 Paragraph 5 Working Drawings are legal contracts(合法的合同構(gòu)件) that docume

40、nt the design details and specifications as directed by the engineer. Therefore drawings must be as clear, precise, and thorough as possible. 工作圖是法律合同,記錄了在工程師的指導(dǎo)下,制定工作圖是法律合同,記錄了在工程師的指導(dǎo)下,制定的設(shè)計(jì)細(xì)則和技術(shù)要求。因此圖紙必須盡可能地清楚、的設(shè)計(jì)細(xì)則和技術(shù)要求。因此圖紙必須盡可能地清楚、準(zhǔn)確和詳盡。準(zhǔn)確和詳盡。 Revisions and modifications of a project at the tim

41、e of production or construction are much more expensive than when done in the preliminary design stages. 對(duì)于一個(gè)項(xiàng)目,在生產(chǎn)或建造時(shí)進(jìn)行修改(對(duì)于一個(gè)項(xiàng)目,在生產(chǎn)或建造時(shí)進(jìn)行修改(revision)或更改或更改(modification)所付出的代價(jià)遠(yuǎn)比在設(shè)計(jì)初始階所付出的代價(jià)遠(yuǎn)比在設(shè)計(jì)初始階段進(jìn)行這項(xiàng)工作花費(fèi)更多的費(fèi)用。段進(jìn)行這項(xiàng)工作花費(fèi)更多的費(fèi)用。 Paragraph 6Poorly executed(制作粗糙的) working drawings result in wasted t

42、ime and resources and increase implementation costs. To be economically competitive, drawings must be as error-free as possible. 質(zhì)量較差的工作圖將會(huì)浪費(fèi)時(shí)間和資源,且會(huì)增加質(zhì)量較差的工作圖將會(huì)浪費(fèi)時(shí)間和資源,且會(huì)增加實(shí)施成本。為了在經(jīng)濟(jì)上有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì),圖紙必須盡實(shí)施成本。為了在經(jīng)濟(jì)上有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì),圖紙必須盡可能地沒(méi)有差錯(cuò)(可能地沒(méi)有差錯(cuò)(error-free)。)。The inch is the basic unit of the English system(英制系統(tǒng)

43、), and virtually all shop drawings(車(chē)間圖紙) in the U.S. are dimensioned in inches. 英寸是英制的基本單位,實(shí)際上在美國(guó)所有的生產(chǎn)圖英寸是英制的基本單位,實(shí)際上在美國(guó)所有的生產(chǎn)圖紙中卻用英寸來(lái)標(biāo)注尺寸。紙中卻用英寸來(lái)標(biāo)注尺寸。Paragraph 7Paragraph 8The millimeter is the basic unit of the metric system(公制系統(tǒng)). Metric abbreviation (mm) after the numerals is omitted from dimensi

44、ons because the SI(國(guó)際單位制) symbol near the title block(標(biāo)題欄) indicates that all units are metric. 毫米是公制的基本單位。標(biāo)注尺寸時(shí)可以省略去數(shù)字毫米是公制的基本單位。標(biāo)注尺寸時(shí)可以省略去數(shù)字后面公制單位的縮寫(xiě),因?yàn)闃?biāo)題欄附近的后面公制單位的縮寫(xiě),因?yàn)闃?biāo)題欄附近的SI符號(hào)表明符號(hào)表明所有單位卻是公制的。所有單位卻是公制的。Paragraph 9Some working drawings carry both inch and millimeter dimensions, usually the dime

45、nsions in parentheses or brackets(括號(hào)) are millimeters. The units may also appear as millimeters first and then be converted and shown in brackets as inches. 有些工作圖同時(shí)使用英寸和毫米兩種單位標(biāo)注尺寸,有些工作圖同時(shí)使用英寸和毫米兩種單位標(biāo)注尺寸,通常將用毫米標(biāo)注的尺寸放在圓括號(hào)或方括號(hào)中。單通常將用毫米標(biāo)注的尺寸放在圓括號(hào)或方括號(hào)中。單位也可以先用毫米給出。位也可以先用毫米給出。 Converting from one unit to

46、the other results in fractional round-off(四舍五入) errors. And explanation of the primary unit system for each drawing should be noted in the title block. 然后換算成英寸,并且將其放在方括號(hào)中表示,兩種然后換算成英寸,并且將其放在方括號(hào)中表示,兩種單位之間的換算會(huì)產(chǎn)生必須舍入的數(shù)位誤差。每張圖單位之間的換算會(huì)產(chǎn)生必須舍入的數(shù)位誤差。每張圖紙所用的主要單位制,必須在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)欄中加以說(shuō)明。紙所用的主要單位制,必須在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)欄中加以說(shuō)明。 Paragraph 1

47、0 Title Blocks In practice, title blocks usually contain the title or part name, drafter, date, scale(比例尺), company, and sheet number. 在實(shí)踐中標(biāo)題欄中通常包括標(biāo)題或零件名稱(chēng)、制圖員、在實(shí)踐中標(biāo)題欄中通常包括標(biāo)題或零件名稱(chēng)、制圖員、日期、比例、公司和圖號(hào)。日期、比例、公司和圖號(hào)。 Other information, such as tolerances, checkers, and materials, also may be given. Any modif

48、ications or changes added after the first version to improve the design is shown in the revision blocks(修改欄). 另外,還可以包含公差、審核者和材料等信息,在第另外,還可以包含公差、審核者和材料等信息,在第一次制圖之后,任何為改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)方案而做的修改和更一次制圖之后,任何為改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)方案而做的修改和更正都應(yīng)該在修改欄中標(biāo)明。正都應(yīng)該在修改欄中標(biāo)明。 Paragraph 11Depending on the complexity of the project, a set of working

49、drawings may contain from one to more than a hundred sheets. 根據(jù)項(xiàng)目復(fù)雜度的不同,一套工作圖和圖紙數(shù)量少則一根據(jù)項(xiàng)目復(fù)雜度的不同,一套工作圖和圖紙數(shù)量少則一張,多至一百多張。張,多至一百多張。 Therefore, giving the number of each sheet and the total number of sheets in the set on each sheet is important (for example, sheet 2 of 6, sheet 3 of 6, and so on). 因此在每張圖

50、紙上標(biāo)注上序號(hào)和這套圖紙的總數(shù)是重因此在每張圖紙上標(biāo)注上序號(hào)和這套圖紙的總數(shù)是重要的。例如要的。例如6張一套中的第張一套中的第2張,張,6張一套中的第張一套中的第3張,張,等等。等等。 Paragraph 12 Parts List The part numbers and part names in the parts list correspond to those given to each part depicted on the working drawings. In addition, the number of identical parts required is given

51、 along with the material used to make each part. 在零件明細(xì)表中,零件的序號(hào)和名稱(chēng)必須與工作圖中在零件明細(xì)表中,零件的序號(hào)和名稱(chēng)必須與工作圖中的同一個(gè)零件一致。還要給出所需要的圖樣零件的數(shù)的同一個(gè)零件一致。還要給出所需要的圖樣零件的數(shù)量和制造零件所用的材料。量和制造零件所用的材料。 Paragraph 13If all working drawings in a set are the same scale(采用同樣的比例), you need to indicate it only once in title block on each set

52、。If several detail drawings on a working drawing are different scales, indicate them on the drawing under each set of views. 如果一套工作圖中每一張圖紙都采用同一種比例,只如果一套工作圖中每一張圖紙都采用同一種比例,只要在每張圖的標(biāo)題欄中標(biāo)明一次即可。如果一張工作要在每張圖的標(biāo)題欄中標(biāo)明一次即可。如果一張工作圖上有幾個(gè)不同比例的零件圖,要在每組視圖上標(biāo)明圖上有幾個(gè)不同比例的零件圖,要在每組視圖上標(biāo)明其比例。其比例。 In this case, indicate, “as

53、shown”(如圖所示) in the title block opposite scale. When a drawing is not to scale, place the abbreviation NTS (not to scale) in the title block. 在這種情況下,在標(biāo)題欄中對(duì)應(yīng)比例的位置上標(biāo)明在這種情況下,在標(biāo)題欄中對(duì)應(yīng)比例的位置上標(biāo)明“如圖所示如圖所示”。當(dāng)圖紙沒(méi)有按照比例繪制時(shí),將縮寫(xiě)。當(dāng)圖紙沒(méi)有按照比例繪制時(shí),將縮寫(xiě)NTS(不按比例)放在標(biāo)題欄中。(不按比例)放在標(biāo)題欄中。 Paragraph 14 Part Names and Numbers 零件名稱(chēng)

54、和序號(hào)零件名稱(chēng)和序號(hào)Give each part a name and number, using letters and numbers 1/8-in. (3mm) high.Place part numbers inside circles, called balloons(帶圓圈的數(shù)字), having diameters approximately four times the height of the numbers. 給每個(gè)零件一個(gè)名稱(chēng)和序號(hào),所用的字母和數(shù)字的高給每個(gè)零件一個(gè)名稱(chēng)和序號(hào),所用的字母和數(shù)字的高度為度為1/8英寸(英寸(3mm)。將零件序號(hào)放在圓圈內(nèi),這)。將零件序

55、號(hào)放在圓圈內(nèi),這種圓圈稱(chēng)種圓圈稱(chēng)balloons(氣球),其直徑大約是數(shù)字高度(氣球),其直徑大約是數(shù)字高度的的4倍。倍。 Paragraph 15Place part numbers near the views to which they apply, so their association will be clear. On assembly drawings, balloons are especially important because the same parts numbers are used in the parts list. 將零件的序號(hào)放在該零件視圖附近,以便清楚

56、地表明將零件的序號(hào)放在該零件視圖附近,以便清楚地表明它們之間的關(guān)系(它們之間的關(guān)系(association)。在裝配圖中,圓圈)。在裝配圖中,圓圈是非常重要的,以為同樣的零件序號(hào)將用在零件明細(xì)是非常重要的,以為同樣的零件序號(hào)將用在零件明細(xì)表內(nèi)。表內(nèi)。Paragraph 16People who check drawings must have special qualifications(專(zhuān)門(mén)的資質(zhì)) that enable them to identify errors and to suggest revisions and modifications that result in a b

57、etter product at a lower cost. 圖紙的審核人員應(yīng)該具有特殊的素質(zhì),他們能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)圖紙的審核人員應(yīng)該具有特殊的素質(zhì),他們能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)圖中的錯(cuò)誤,提出修改和改進(jìn)意見(jiàn),以便制造出物美圖中的錯(cuò)誤,提出修改和改進(jìn)意見(jiàn),以便制造出物美價(jià)廉的產(chǎn)品價(jià)廉的產(chǎn)品 。 A checker may be chief drafter experienced in drafting and manufacturing processes or the engineer or designer who originated the project. 審核人員可以是在制圖和加工工藝方面有豐富經(jīng)驗(yàn)的審核

58、人員可以是在制圖和加工工藝方面有豐富經(jīng)驗(yàn)的主任制圖員,或是創(chuàng)始該項(xiàng)目的工程師或者設(shè)計(jì)人員。主任制圖員,或是創(chuàng)始該項(xiàng)目的工程師或者設(shè)計(jì)人員。 In large companies, personnel in the various shops involved in production review the drawings to ensure that the most efficient production methods are specified for each part. 在一些較大的公司中,圖紙要由有關(guān)的各個(gè)生產(chǎn)車(chē)間在一些較大的公司中,圖紙要由有關(guān)的各個(gè)生產(chǎn)車(chē)間會(huì)同評(píng)審,確保為

59、每個(gè)零件指定最有效的生產(chǎn)方法。會(huì)同評(píng)審,確保為每個(gè)零件指定最有效的生產(chǎn)方法。 Paragraph 17Checkers never check the original drawings; instead, they mark corrections with a colored pencil on a blue-line print(藍(lán)圖). They return the marked-up print to the drafter who revises the original and makes another print for final approval. 審核人員從不審核原圖

60、,而是用彩色鉛筆在藍(lán)圖上進(jìn)審核人員從不審核原圖,而是用彩色鉛筆在藍(lán)圖上進(jìn)行修改。并將修改后的圖紙退還給制圖員,讓其對(duì)原行修改。并將修改后的圖紙退還給制圖員,讓其對(duì)原圖進(jìn)行修改,并準(zhǔn)備另一張圖紙供最后核準(zhǔn)用。圖進(jìn)行修改,并準(zhǔn)備另一張圖紙供最后核準(zhǔn)用。 Paragraph 18Checkers inspect a working or detail drawing for correctness and soundness(合理性) of design. In addition, they are responsible for the drawings completeness, quality

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