英語(yǔ)四級(jí)模擬考試(五)(含答案)

1、英語(yǔ)四級(jí)模擬考試（五）Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Precious Water. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:1. 舉例說(shuō)明水對(duì)人類(lèi)的重要性2. 舉例說(shuō)明我國(guó)所面臨的水資源問(wèn)題3. 為了生存和發(fā)展人們要Precious WaterPart II Reading Comprehen

2、sion (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C) and D). For question 8-10, complete the sentences wit

3、h the information given in the passage.Pollution: A Life and Death IssueOne of the main themes of Planet under Pressure is the way many of the Earth's environmental crises reinforce one another. Pollution is an obvious example-we do not have the option of growing food, or finding enough water, o

4、n a squeaky-clean planet, but on one increasingly tarnished and trashed by the way we have used it so far.Cutting waste and clearing up pollution cost money. Yet time and again it is the quest for wealth that generates much of the mess is the first place. Living in a way that is less damaging to the

5、 Earth is not easy, but it is vital, because pollution is pervasive and often life-threatening.Air: the World Health Organization (WHO) says three million people are killed worldwide by outdoor air pollution annually from vehicles and industrial emissions, and 1.6 million indoors through using solid

6、 fuel. Most are in poor countries.Water: diseases carried in water are responsible for 80% of illnesses and deaths in developing countries, killing a child every eight seconds. Each year 2.1 million people die from diarrhoeal (痢疾的) diseases associated with poor water.Soil: contaminated land is a pro

7、blem in industrialized countries, where former factories and power stations can leave waste like heavy metals in the soil. It can also occur in developing countries, sometimes used for dumping pesticides. Agriculture can pollute land with pesticides, nitrate-rich fertilizers and slurry from livestoc

8、k. And when the contamination reaches rivers it damages life there, and can even create dead zones off the coast, as in the Gulf of Mexico.Chronic ProblemChemicals are a frequent pollutant. When we think of chemical contamination it is often images of events like Bhopal that come to mind. But the pr

9、oblem is widespread. One study says 720% of cancers are attributable to poor air and pollution in homes and workplaces. The WHO, concerned about chemicals that persist and build up in the body, especially in the young, says we may "be conducting a large-scale experiment with children's heal

10、th".Some man-made chemicals, endocrine (內(nèi)分泌) disruptors like phthalates (酞酸鹽) and nonylphenol-a breakdown product of spermicides (殺精子劑), cosmetics and detergents-are blamed for causing changes in the genitals of some animals. Affected species include polar bears-so not even the Arctic is immune

11、. And the chemicals climb the food chain, from fish to mammals, and to us.About 70,000 chemicals are on the market, with around 1,500 new ones appearing annually. At least 30,000 are thought never to have been comprehensively tested for their possible risks to people.At first glance, the plastic buc

12、kets stacked in the corner of the environmental NGO office look like any others. But the containers are an unlikely weapon in one poor community's fight against oil companies which they say are responsible for widespread ill-health caused by years of pollution. The vessels are used by a network

13、of local volunteers, known as the Bucket Brigade, to gather air samples in neighborhoods bordering oil refineries, as part of a campaign to monitor and document air pollution which they believe is coming from the plants. In South Africa, as in many developing and newly industrialized countries, legi

14、slation on air pollution has failed to keep pace with mushrooming industries. So local residents, like many in poor communities around the globe, have faced the problem of investigating their claim that industries on their doorsteps are making them sick.Trade-offBut the snag is that modern society d

15、emands many of them, and some are essential for survival. So while we invoke the precautionary principle, which always recommends erring on the side of caution, we have to recognize there will be trade-offs to be made.The pesticide DDT does great damage to wildlife and can affect the human nervous s

16、ystem, but can also be effective against malaria (瘧疾). Where does the priority lie?The industrialized world has not yet cleaned up the mess it created, but it is reaping the benefits of the pollution it has caused. It can hardly tell the developing countries that they have no right to follow suit.An

17、other complication in tackling pollution is that it does not respect political frontiers. There is a U.N. convention on trans-boundary air pollution, but that cannot cover every problem that can arise between neighbors, or between states which do not share a border. Perhaps the best example is clima

18、te change-the countries of the world share one atmosphere, and what one does can affect everyone.For One and All.One of the principles that are supposed to apply here is simple-the polluter pays. Sometimes it is obvious who is to blame and who must pay the price, but it is not always straightforward

19、 to work out just who is the polluter, or whether the rest of us would be happy to pay the price of stopping the pollution.One way of cleaning up after ourselves would be to throw less away, designing products to be recycled or even just to last longer.Previous generations worked on the assumption t

20、hat discarding our waste was a proper way to get rid of it, so we used to dump nuclear materials and other potential hazards at sea, confident they would be dispersed in the depths.We now think that is too risky because, as one author wrote, "there's no such place as 'away', and the

21、re's no such person as the 'other'."Irritating AirDespite recent improvements, however, the health problems are still there. A 2002 medical study, carried out by Durban's Nelson Mandela School of Medicine and a U.S. university, found that an abnormally high 52% of students and t

22、eachers at a primary school bordering the Engen plant suffered from asthma (哮喘). It found that increases in air pollution tended to aggravate asthma symptoms in children.The petrol producers do not dispute the findings but argue that researchers were unable to establish a causal link between air pol

23、lution and the high prevalence of asthma among the school population.For the community, the next step is to take legal action. But, according to internationally recognized environmentalist Bobby Peek, targeting the companies would be difficult as it would be near-impossible to prove that illnesses s

24、uffered were caused by pollution coming from a particular plant.Mr. Peek, who grew up beneath Engen's stacks, says the activists are now considering taking action against the authorities. "We are now looking at suing the government on constitutional grounds, for failing to ensure our right

25、to protection from a harmful environment as stipulated in the constitution," he said.Legislative ChangeA new batch (批) of environmental laws, the National Air Quality Management Act, has just been passed by the South African parliament to replace outdated 1965 legislation with tighter controls

26、and tougher sanctions. Martinus van Schalkwyk, the minister of environmental affairs and tourism, visited the south Durban basin earlier this year and said there were measures in place to improve the situation. "I share the anger and frustration of this community. It is long overdue," he t

27、old the South African Broadcasting Corporation.The local authorities have also established a "Multi-Point Plan" for the area. They say it is a powerful model for tackling pollution and points to a 40% reduction in sulphur dioxide emissions in recent years.1. According to World Health Organ

28、ization, how many people are killed by outdoor air pollution?A 3 millionB 2.1 millionC 1.6 millionD 3.2 million2. Land can be polluted by _ from agriculture.A heavy metalsB pesticides and nitrate-poor fertilizersC slurry from livestockD rubbish3. What kind of animal affected by man-made chemicals is

29、 not referred in the passage?A Polar bears.B Mammals.C People.D Birds.4. What do local residents claim for?A They are sick because of years of pollution.B They are sick because of industries on their doorsteps.C They are sick because of pesticides from agriculture.D They are sick because of air poll

30、ution.5. The pesticide DDT can be effective against _.A malariaB wildlifeC animalsD human nervous system6. There is a U.N. convention that can cover _.A problem between neighborsB problem between states which do not share a borderC problems on air pollutionD trans-boundary air pollution7. What is no

31、t said to be a way of cleaning up after ourselves?A Throw less away.B Design recycled products.C Don't use it again.D Last longer.8. It found that increases in air pollution tended to _.9. According to Bobby Peek, targeting the companies would be difficult as it would be near-impossible to prove

32、 that illnesses suffered were caused by _.10. Martinus van Schalkwyk, the minister of environmental affairs and tourism, visited the south Durban basin earlier this year and said there were measures in place to _.SectionPart IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)Section ADirections

33、: In this section, there is a short passage with 5 questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words on Answer Sheet 2. Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage.The bacteria that cause a comm

34、on food-borne illness show low drug resistance in Australia, unlike similar strains from the United States and Europe, a study has found. Scientists behind the finding say Australia's de facto ban on certain antibiotics in poultry (家禽) and other livestock helps explain why.In the study, research

35、ers analyzed samples of Campylobacter jejuni (空腸彎曲桿菌) bacteria from 585 patients in five Australian states.Scientists found that only 2 percent of the samples were resistant to ciprofloxacin (環(huán)丙沙星), one of the group of antibiotics known as fluoroquinolonones. By contrast, 18 percent of Campylobacter

36、 (弧形桿菌) samples in U.S. patients are immune to fluoroquinolonones, which have been used in the U.S. to prevent or treat respiratory (呼吸的) disease in poultry for a decade.The study, led by Leanne Unicomb, a graduate student at Australian National University in Canberra, was published in the May issue

37、 of the journal Clinical Infectious Diseases."The findings add to the growing body of evidence suggestive of the problems of using fluoroquinolonones in food-producing animals," Unicomb wrote in an email.Campylobacter is the most common food-borne disease in the U.S. and many other industr

38、ialized countries.People can contract the pathogen (病原體) by consuming undercooked poultry or meat, raw milk, or contaminated (被污染的) water.Symptoms include fever, vomiting, and diarrhea (腹瀉). In rare cases, the disease can trigger paralysis or death."In most industrial countries Campylobacter is

39、 more commonly reported than Salmonella (沙門(mén)氏菌), a better-known cause of food poisoning," Unicomb said."The number of cases of Campylobacter has been on the rise in Australia since the early 90's."In the U.S., about 1.4 million people contracted Campylobacter infections last year,

40、according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia.While the infection rate in the U.S. has dropped over the last decade, the bacteria have grown more drug-resistant.According to the CDC, surveys between 1986 and 1990 found no signs of resistance to the antibi

41、otics in U.S. Campylobacter infections. But by 1997, strains resistant to the antibiotics accounted for 12 percent of human cases. In 2001 the figure climbed to 18 percent.Public health experts say many factors contribute to Campylobacter's drug resistance; the widespread use of fluoroquinolonon

42、es by U.S. poultry farmers over the past decade is one of them.Fluoroquinolones were first approved for use in humans by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1986. In 1995 the FDA granted poultry farmers permission to the use the drugs in livestock. Last year the FDA banned the antibiotic

43、from food-producing animals, citing the concerns raised by public health experts over drug-resistant bacteria.Frederick Angulo, an epidemiologist with the CDC, monitors the drug resistance of food-borne pathogens in the U.S. food supply. "The people who are most likely to get infected with food

44、-borne diseases include the most vulnerable people in the population-infants and young children and also the elderly," he said. He says that Campylobacter infections are entirely preventable, as is the bacteria's antibiotic resistance. "In many ways what's occurring with Campylobac

45、ter is an indicator for a broader issue, which is.antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the food supply," he said.47. Why do food-borne pathogens in Australia show low drug resistance?48. In many industrialized countries, the most common food-borne disease is _.49. The food-borne disease may cause f

46、ever, vomiting, diarrhea and even _.50. The FDA banned the use of antibiotic from food-producing animals because public health experts were concerned about _.51. What does Angulo say about the bacteria's antibiotic resistance? Section BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passa

47、ge is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 52 to 56 are based on the followi

48、ng passage.At some time in your life, you may have a strong desire to do something strange or terrible. However, chances are that you don't act on your impulse, but let it pass instead. You know that to commit the action is wrong in some way and that other people will not accept your behavior.Pe

49、rhaps the most interesting thing about the phenomenon of taboo behavior is how it can change over the years within the same society, how certain behavior and attitude once considered taboo can become perfectly acceptable and natural at another point in time. Topics such as death, for example, were o

50、nce considered so upsetting and unpleasant that it was a taboo to even talk about them. Now with the publication of important books such as On Death and Dying and Learning to Say Goodbye, people have become more aware of the importance of expressing feelings about death and, as a result, are more wi

51、lling to talk about this taboo subject.One of the newest taboos in American society is the topic of fat. Unlike many other taboos, fat is a topic that Americans talk about constantly. It's not taboo to talk about fat; it's taboo to be fat. The "in" look is thin, not fat. In the wor

52、k world, most companies prefer youthful-looking, trim executives to sell their images as well as their products to the public. The thin look is associated with youth, vigor, and success. The fat person, on the other hand, is thought of as lazy and lacking in energy, self-discipline, and self-respect

53、. In an image-conscious society like the U.S., thin is "in", fat is "out".It's not surprising, then, that millions of Americans have been obsessed with staying slim and "in shape". The pursuit of a youthful physical appearance is not, however, the sole reason for Am

54、ericans' fascination with diet and exercise. Recent research has shown the critical importance of diet and exercise for personal health. As in most technologically developed nations, the life style of North Americans has changed dramatically during the course of the last century. Modern machines

55、 do all the physical labor that people were once forced to do by hand. Cars and buses transport us quickly from point to point. As a result of inactivity and disuse, people's bodies can easily become weak and vulnerable to disease. In an effort to avoid such a fate, millions of Americans are spe

56、nding more of their time exercising.52. From the passage we can infer taboo is _.A a strong desire to do something strange or terribleB a crime committed on impulseC behavior considered unacceptable in society's eyesD an unfavorable impression left on other people53. Based on the ideas presented

57、 in the passage we can conclude "being fat" _ in American society.A will always remain a tabooB is not considered as a taboo by most peopleC has long been a tabooD may no longer be a taboo someday54. The topic of fat is _ many other taboo subjects.A the same asB different fromC more popular thanD less often talked about than55. What does "thin is 'in', and fat is 'out'" mean?A Thin is "inside", and fat is "outside".B Thin is "diligent", and fat is "lazy".C Thin is "youthful", an