日本校服英語(yǔ)介紹japanese uniform

1、Japanese Schools Figure 1.-State schools may or may not require school uniforms. Almosy all private schools do require uniforms, these boys are from a prestigious Tokyo private school.Japan has undergone sweeping changes in the past century, emerging from a feudal society to an industrial powerhouse

2、. This journey took western countries a millenium but the Japanese negotiated the sweeping social changes in only a century. One thing remained constant throughout that journey until well into the 1980s. Japan's much-lauded modern education system is considered by many to have been one of the ke

3、y elements in the country's emergence as a highly industrialized nation. Industry has long have recognized the value of broadly trained workers. Landed aristocrats often want to restrict education, byt industrial planners see the need for an educated-if not always well paid work force. And Japan

4、 in the late 19th century was determined to industrialize. Individuals likewise saw education as the means to achieve personal advancement. In the Japanese system, where one attends school largely determines one's ultimate social status and financial success. As a result, students from a young a

5、ge work extremely hard to qualify for the best possible schools.The Japanese paid extraodinary attention to attire fitting one's station in life. Artists, teachers, businessmen, housewives, young unmarried women, athletes all have their instantly recognizable ways of dressing-and when the countr

6、y's public education system was established, this was applied to children as well. For secondary school students, that meant Prussian cadet uniforms for boys and English sailor suits for girls. Japan was the only major country to outfit its school children in military uniforms. And for younger b

7、oys, school uniforms meant short pants. The Japanese at the on set of public education strongly believed in uniforms for both elementary and secondary school children and this tradition continues unabated. StandardsMost Japanese children go to the country's excellent state schools. The private s

8、ector is relatively small, except for after school cram schools. Japan does not have the deep-seated social problems and resulting serious discipline standards in its schools that face American and some European parents-causing them to flee the state system. Japanese schools have high standards and

9、produce excellent results, even from students from low-income families. Japanese scgools have been criticized, however, for the great pressure put upon students and the failure to engender creative thought. Historical TrendsEducational establishments existed in fedual Japan. The modern educational s

10、ystem began to yake shape after the last Shogan, Hitotsubashi Yoshinobu, resigned in 1867 and the Emperor, Mutsuhito, assumed the powers of the actual head of state. Mutsuhito took the name Meiji ("Enlightened Government") to designate himself and his reign. Feudal fiefs were surrendered t

11、o the Emperor who ininitated a series of political and social reforms aimed at transforming Japan into a modern state. One of these steps was the creation of a public education system by the enactment of an education law in 1872 which mase 4 years of compulsory education manditory. This was extended

12、 to 6 years in 1907. Primary education was coeducationanal and free. No uniforms were required for primary children, but many schools adopted them. Those primary schools requiring school uniforms in the 20th century have usually required short pants for boys. After World War II a style of short shor

13、t pants based on European boys clothes were commonly adopted and continues to be commonly used in many schools. Secondary education involved fees and girls could attend separate schools. The Japanese approach toward education was clearly shown in the choice of uniforms for secondary school children.

14、 The growing importance of the military and the preceived need to regiment and mold children is apparent in the choice of military styled uniforms. Prussia was at the time the leading military power in Europe and had succeded in forming a new German Empire after crushing France in a brief war. Thus

15、Prissian cadet uniforms were chosen for Japanese secondary school boys. England was the primary naval power of the day and English sailor suits were chosen for the girls. The power of tradition is apparent when you consider that Prussia no longer exists, Prussia/Germany has been demilitarized, Geman

16、 youth would not think of wearing such uniforms to school, Japanese militarists have been descredited and Japan demilitarized, yet Japanese school children still march off to school in military uniforms. LevelWe have few details on the Japanese education system at this time. Of course the organizati

17、on and age of the children has canged over time. We have littleinformation on earlier periods. We have some information on the modern system. We do not know how common nursery schools are. There seem to be quite a number of kindergartens. I an mot sure if kindergrten is required. Presumably the chil

18、dren would be about 5 years old. Smocks are not a common school grment in Japan, but they are cmmonly worn in Japanese kindergartens. We believe that children begin primary school at age 6. There are currently 6 years of primay school which mean children in the final years are 11-12 years old. There

19、 are then 6 years of secondary school. Generally this is split into junior and senior high schools. Japanese students graduate at age 17-18 years of age agter 12 years of primary and secondary schools. Figure 2.-These boys at this Japanese private school wear grey short pants suits with dark kneesoc

20、ks. As it is after school, most of them have let there knee socks fall down.Tradition and ChangeJapan as a country has a fascinating mixture of tradition and ulta modern technological change. Confronting modernity began with Commodore Perry and his Black Ships (1853) and then the Mejii Restoration (

21、1867). The country's schools are also an interesting mixture. As part of the Mejii reforms, Japan began building a modern school system. Education authorities chose uniforms basdon the great military powers of the day. Boys wore a kind of Prussian cadet uniform and girls wore a uniform based on

22、that of the BRItish RoyalNavy. Many schools are tradition bound despite the fact that the country's left wing teacher's union is very influential. Teaching method are traditional and include extenive wrote learning. Left wing influence has had little impact on the traditional role of the tea

23、cher as an authoraitarian figure. Japan must have been the only country in the world that because of the association with militarism did not for years fly the flag or sing the national anthem Kimigayo at schools. Even after being ordered by the Ministry of Education to include the flag and anthem in

24、 graduation and other ceremonies, the left-wing teacher's unions resisted. Yet school children were usually taught a version of history that portrayed the country as a victim of World War II rather than a perpetrator of terrible attrocities. Only at the end of the century has flying the flag and

25、 singing the national anthem began to become common place at Japanese schools. Age ConventionsModern Japanese schoolwear and school uniforms vary signifivantly depending on age. We do not yet have historical information before World Wwar II, but age differention is notable after the War. Generally p

26、rimary children wore short pants uniforms and then long pants for junior and senior hifh high school. Some junior high schools in the 1950s and 60s had short pants uniforms, but long pants were more common. Another major change was the shift to the Prussian-styled milkitary uniform when school child

27、ren began junior high school. Junior highs adopted the English sailor style. Most Japanese school children attend different schools for primary, junior high, and senior high schools. A few private schools offer all these different levels in one school. Here the uniform is age greaded with yhe primar

28、y children wearing short pants and the secondary-level students wearing similar styles, but with long pants.ActivitiesWe note school wear at Japanese schools for a range of school activities. Here we including coming and going to school as well as classroom wear. Children of course take off their ca

29、ps and their jackets for class. We assume the same was true for blazers in the schools that had them. Primary children oalso take off their shoes. We are less sure about secondary students. There are also specialized classes, school trips as well as a range of other activities. The most destinctive

30、clothes are of course for gym, but schoolwear also varied depended on other activities at the school. SeasonalityMany but not all Japanese schools have seasonal uniforms are make seaonal adjustments. This of ourse only occurs at those schools with uniforms and is most common at private schools. Some

31、 schools have entirely different uniforms for summer and winter. Most schools make only minor changes such as adding seaters as jackets to the summer school uniform. Most of this occurs at state primary schools. The secondary schools have essentially the same uniforms for both summer and wnter. Type

32、s of SchoolsUniform styles are very different in the elementary and secondary schools. The decision on the uniform is up to the individual school. There is a wide variety of styles in the elementary schools, but the secondary schools are more uniform. I'm not sure why there is such uniformity if

33、 the decision is up to the individual schools. Not only are uniforms required, but most schools, again especially the secondary schools, rigorously enforce the regulations adopted. Many secondary schools in the 1990s have begun to adopt new uniforms with a British look and move away from the former

34、military styles worn at almost all schools. Regional TrendsSchoolwear StylesWe note a variety of schoolwear styles. These styles have changed over time with differeing attitudes toward school wear as well as adjustments affected by fashion trends. Regional trends are aldso a factor. Most Japanese st

35、udemnts wore school uniforms in the early 20th century. These were simple unoiformds with a simple military style. The boys worn uniforms with A prussian look-especially the secondary schools. The girls wore British looking sailor dresses. After World war II, attitudes changed. Manu primary schools

36、dropped uniform requirements. Quite a number of schools continued to require a uniform, but the uniforms adopted at most schoolds no longer had a military look. The styles adoopted had a European look. Most secondary schools, however, retained the military looking school uniform. These military unif

37、orms are still widely worn at secondary schools, but some schools have adooted British-style blazers. GarmentsWe have developed some basic information about the garments worn by Japanese school. For the most part the basicgarments are the same as those worn in other countries, although the styling h

38、as tended to follow a different time line than in the West. The most destinctive aspect of Japanese school uniforms has been the headwear worn by the children. Many Japanese school children, about two-thirds of the primary school children, since World War II do not wear school uniforms. Rather they

39、wear their regular clothes to school. Thus dress at these schools follow the fashion trends of the day. Boys at these schools wore the short cut short pants popular until the 1990s. Boys are now wearing the longer cut shorts or even long pants like boys in Europe. Japanese school uniforms vary depen

40、ding on age, type of school, and gender. They basically wear uniform garments adopted from western countries, although in some cases styles that are well over 100 years old. Many public elementary schools do not wear uniforms, but just their ordinary clothes. Most other school children do wear unifo

41、rms. MaterialWe do not yet have any information on the material used for Japanese school clothing. Hopefully our Japanese readers will provide us some information on this subject. Figure 3.-These outfits are typical elementary schoolwear available from national oufitters. Most public schools will se

42、lect a style like this rather any expensive or distinctive style.Gender TrendsBefore the Meiji Restoration very few Japanese children attnded schools. The Meiji Restortion by a historical accident occurred at the same time that the Europeans were building pubkic school systems. This had begun in the

43、 German states and America and by the mid-19th century Britain and France were following suit. As part of the modernizing impulse, Japaan began building a public school system, the only one in Asia at the time. It was ahenomenal step for a still virtually feudal society. The Japanese followed the Eu

44、ropean convention of creating separat schools for boys and girls rather than the American coeducational approach. In practice, however, there was a goof bit of coeducation from the beginning. While separate schools predominated in the cities. In the countyside, village schools were coeducational, la

45、rgely because it was expensive to create separate schools in lightly populated areas. these of course were primary schools. Gradually coeducational promary schools became accepted. And this laid the foundation for educating girls. And when educated together there tended to be kless curriculum differ

46、entials. Parents were more accepting of local schools and the Japanese people were perhaps more than any other people willing to comply with government instructions. Secondary education was primarily for boys, but over time this true expanded for girls. Most school children wore their traditional cl

47、othes. Over time, Government mandated uniforms began to take hold, at first in the cities and the secondar bschools. The unifiornms were gender specific and here the Japanese selected mukitary uniforms from ghe two countries they most respected: Prussian cadet uniforms for the boys and British Royal

48、 Navy uniforms for the girls. After the Pacific War when many primary schools adopted more modern European styles, they often decided to coordinate oufirs, often short pants for the girls and sinmilar skirts for the girls. Individual SchoolsWe have some limited information on school uniforms and sch

49、ool wear and a number of individual Japanese schools. Uniforms at individual schools provide some examples of the types of uniforms worn by Japanese school boys. Public schools are less individualistic than private schools. Only about a third of Japanese public elementary scghools require uniforms.

50、Those that do only require white shirts and usually blue and grey short pants. The styles available from the nation-wide outlets are quite similar with only minor stylistic differences. Private school uniforms are often brought at specialized shops and usually more expensive. Private primary schools

51、, all of which I believe are located in cities, sport a wide variety of uniforms - indeed, Japanese private primary schools serve almost as a living encylclopedia of boys' fashions over the past century. Once a school settles on a uniform, it seems to stick with it forever. I have heard of one p

52、rivate school that permits (uniform) long pants in the winter, but virtually all the others require short pants year round. Most of them require some sort of jacket from October 1 through May 31, and permit shirtsleeves in the summer. I don't have information on specific private schools outside

53、the Tokyo Metropolitan area, but I believe conditions are similar in Osaka/Kobe/Kyoto. School InterviewsGetting in to the right school is very important to Japanese children and their parents. If the children get into the appropriate elementary feeder school they can avoid the exam hell that so affe

54、cts the childhood of many Japanese children. It can also ensure entrance into prestigious universities, assuring job offers from Japan's largest corporations. Thus it is critical that the children and parents make a good impression at school interviews. Department schools offer guidance on how t

55、he children and their parents should dress. There are even fairs with different stores offering fashion advice. One of the most critical factors on whic most stores agree is that the boys should wear conservative suits or blazers with short pants. SeasonsMany of the Japanese schools which require un

56、iforms have seasonal requirements. I do not yet have details on seasonal changes. The most common is to wear jackets during the colder months. Generally the boys wear shorts whether it is winter or summer. The boys might wear kneesocks rather than ankle socks in the winter. Younger boys might wear t

57、ights. Figure 4.-These Japanese boys are participating in their primary school graduation. This was a uniform school and the boys are wearing their blazers. Note the flowers they received. It must have been a chilly day as one boy wears gloves. I'm not sure how boys dressed for their graduation

58、at a non-uniform school.CeremoniesThere are a number of interesting ceremonies at Japanese schools. Our information is incomplete at this time, but we have begun to collect some basic information. An ceremony of considerable importance is when children begin primary schools. This is certainly a majo

59、r even in the life of every Japanese child. Many parents buy a suit for the occassion which afterwards is often rarely worn. There is also a ceremony when a child graduates from primary school. Boys at uniform schools wear their best uniforms, in some cases blazers. We are not sure how boys at non-uniform schoold dress for this occassion. The children receive a graduation certificate. The boys pictured here also received flowers (gigure 4). We know less about secondary school. I am not sure if there is an important first