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1、 直流穩(wěn)壓電源及漏電保護(hù)裝置(l題)摘 要穩(wěn)壓電源是各種電子電路、電子設(shè)備所必不可少的動(dòng)力來源,對(duì)于整個(gè)電路的重要性是不言而喻的。研究直流穩(wěn)壓電源,就是為了提高電源的使用性能和提高電源的電氣性能。此直流穩(wěn)壓電源及漏電保護(hù)裝置是基于升降壓電路和ldo低壓差穩(wěn)壓電路設(shè)計(jì)的線性直流穩(wěn)壓電源。該控制器由兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的控制器和低壓差穩(wěn)壓電路組成。由于低壓差線性穩(wěn)壓器ldo具有極低噪聲、高穩(wěn)壓性能和低成本等優(yōu)點(diǎn),在便攜式電子產(chǎn)品的低耗電源系統(tǒng)中得到廣泛應(yīng)用。完善開關(guān)電源的直流穩(wěn)壓電源應(yīng)具有漏電保護(hù)裝置,漏電動(dòng)作電流30ma的漏電保護(hù)裝置,作為防止人體直接或間接保護(hù)。關(guān)鍵字:ldo線性直流穩(wěn)壓、漏電保護(hù)目 錄一
2、、系統(tǒng)方案設(shè)計(jì)11.1 設(shè)計(jì)要求11.2 總體方案設(shè)計(jì)11.3 總體電路圖設(shè)計(jì)21.4方案論證與比較31.4.1 主控芯片單片機(jī)(mcu)的設(shè)計(jì)方案論證與選擇31.4.2 穩(wěn)壓電源的設(shè)計(jì)31.4.3 漏電檢測(cè)電路的設(shè)計(jì)41.4.4 關(guān)斷保護(hù)電路的設(shè)計(jì)4二、主要單元電路的設(shè)計(jì)52.1 穩(wěn)壓電源電路的設(shè)計(jì)52.2 采樣電路的設(shè)計(jì)62.3 漏電檢測(cè)電路設(shè)計(jì)72.4 放大電路的設(shè)計(jì)82.5 報(bào)警電路的設(shè)計(jì)9三、程序設(shè)計(jì)9四、測(cè)試方案與測(cè)試結(jié)果104.1測(cè)試儀器104.2 指標(biāo)測(cè)試和測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù)114.2.1輸出電壓范圍測(cè)試結(jié)果如表1:114.2.2電壓調(diào)整率測(cè)試結(jié)果如表2:114.2.3負(fù)載調(diào)整率測(cè)試結(jié)果
3、如表3:114.2.4 過流保護(hù):114.3 系統(tǒng)對(duì)題目的完成情況:124.4 結(jié)果分析:12五、結(jié)論12參考文獻(xiàn):13一、系統(tǒng)方案設(shè)計(jì)1.1 設(shè)計(jì)要求1、基本要求設(shè)計(jì)一臺(tái)額定電壓為5v,額定輸出電流為1a的直流穩(wěn)壓電源。(1)轉(zhuǎn)換開關(guān)s接1端,rl阻值固定為5。當(dāng)直流輸入電壓在725v變化時(shí),要求輸出電壓為5±0.05v,電壓調(diào)整率su1%。(2)連接方式不變,rl阻值固定為5。當(dāng)直流輸入電壓在5.57v變化時(shí),要求輸出電壓為5±0.05v。(3)連接方式不變,直流輸入電壓固定在7v,當(dāng)直流穩(wěn)壓電源輸出電流由1a減小到0.01a時(shí),要求負(fù)載調(diào)整率sl1%。(4)制作一個(gè)功
4、率測(cè)量與顯示電路,實(shí)時(shí)顯示穩(wěn)壓電源的輸出功率。2、發(fā)揮部分設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)動(dòng)作電流為30ma的漏電保護(hù)裝置(使用基本要求部分制作的直流穩(wěn)壓電源供電,不得使用其他電源)。(1)轉(zhuǎn)換開關(guān)s接2端,將rl接到漏電保護(hù)裝置的輸出端,阻值固定為20,r和電流表a組成模擬漏電支路(見圖1)。調(diào)節(jié)r,將漏電動(dòng)作電流設(shè)定為30ma。將漏電保護(hù)裝置動(dòng)作后,rl兩端電壓為0v并保持自鎖。排除漏電故障后,按下k恢復(fù)輸出。要求漏電保護(hù)裝置沒有動(dòng)作時(shí),輸出電壓 4.6v。(2)要求漏電保護(hù)裝置動(dòng)作電流誤差的絕對(duì)值5%。(3)盡量減少漏電保護(hù)裝置的接入功耗。(4)其他。1.2 總體方案設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)框圖如下圖所示。其中主控部分由stc
5、89c58rd及相關(guān)電路組成,它是整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的核心。電源部分由及相關(guān)電路組成,為整個(gè)系統(tǒng)正常穩(wěn)定地工作提供穩(wěn)定的電壓。電壓檢測(cè)和引腳判定有康銅絲和adc0804組成,完成ad采樣和芯片引腳個(gè)數(shù)的判定。待測(cè)芯片部分的所有管腳都受mcu的控制,mcu能夠讀取它的所有信息。顯示部分由1602液晶組成,方便顯示相關(guān)信息。 圖1 系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)框架1.3 總體電路圖設(shè)計(jì)圖2 電路框圖當(dāng)直流輸入電壓在725v變化時(shí),通過一個(gè)buck-boost電路拓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)讓其穩(wěn)定輸出5v的電壓,再使用康銅絲鏈接一個(gè)放大電路,通過adc0804采樣獲得是是實(shí)時(shí)的電流、電壓值并在1602上顯示,當(dāng)檢測(cè)電路電流超過30ma時(shí),漏電保護(hù)
6、電路啟動(dòng),斷開電路并進(jìn)行報(bào)警。最后可以通過鍵盤控制電路復(fù)位。1.4方案論證與比較1.4.1 主控芯片單片機(jī)(mcu)的設(shè)計(jì)方案論證與選擇方案一:采用atmel公司的at89s52。at89s52單片機(jī)是一種低功耗、高性能cmos 8位微控制器,具有8k 在系統(tǒng)可編程flash 存儲(chǔ)器。此芯片價(jià)格比較便宜,但抗干擾能力差。方案二:采用stc89c58rd+。它也是基于80c51內(nèi)核,管腳與89s52完全兼容。不需要外圍電路,硬件和軟件的開支比較小,更重要的是他的抗干擾能力比較強(qiáng),但它的價(jià)格要比at89s52要高。綜合比較后,選擇方案二。1.4.2 穩(wěn)壓電源的設(shè)計(jì)方案一:用固定式三端集成穩(wěn)壓電路7
7、805設(shè)計(jì)制作連續(xù)可調(diào)直流穩(wěn)壓的實(shí)際電路中兩個(gè)電阻主要用來調(diào)整輸出電壓最高輸出電壓受穩(wěn)壓器最大輸入電壓及最小輸入輸出壓差的限制,該固定式三端集成穩(wěn)壓集成電路7805最大輸入電壓為35v,輸入輸出差要保持2v以上,因此該電路中由于穩(wěn)壓器的直流輸入電壓為725v,所以該電路的輸出最大值為523v。優(yōu)點(diǎn):在穩(wěn)壓器的穩(wěn)壓范圍內(nèi),其穩(wěn)壓精度可達(dá)±0.03。缺點(diǎn):在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中,應(yīng)在三端集成穩(wěn)壓電路上安裝足夠大的散熱器 (當(dāng)然小功率的條件下不用)。當(dāng)穩(wěn)壓管溫度過高時(shí),穩(wěn)壓性能將變差,甚至損壞。方案二:將buck與boost兩種形式的變換器結(jié)合起來,產(chǎn)生一種新的變換器,叫做buck-boost變換器
8、,也叫升降壓式變換器。 既然我們不能直接把725v的輸入電壓變?yōu)楣潭ǖ?v輸出,那我們就先把725v降壓,然后再升壓,從而達(dá)到題目要求的固定輸出5v、1a的要求。優(yōu)點(diǎn):效率高、電路簡(jiǎn)單、電壓變比可由零到無窮大,即可升壓又可降壓。 缺點(diǎn):開關(guān)晶體管發(fā)射極不接地,使驅(qū)動(dòng)電路復(fù)雜化、成本高。方案三: ldo基本工作原理是:系統(tǒng)加電,如果使能腳處于高電平時(shí),電路開始啟動(dòng),恒流源電路給整個(gè)電路提供偏置,基準(zhǔn)源電壓快速建立,輸出隨著輸入不斷上升,當(dāng)輸出即將達(dá)到規(guī)定值時(shí),由反饋網(wǎng)絡(luò)得到的輸出反饋電壓也接近于基準(zhǔn)電壓值,此時(shí)誤差放大器將輸出反饋電壓和基準(zhǔn)電壓之間的誤差小信號(hào)進(jìn)行放大,再經(jīng)調(diào)整管放大到
9、輸出,從而形成負(fù)反饋,保證了輸出電壓穩(wěn)定在規(guī)定值上,同理如果輸入電壓變化或輸出電流變化,這個(gè)閉環(huán)回路將使輸出電壓保持不變,即:vout=(r1+r2)r2 ×vref。優(yōu)點(diǎn):壓差小、靜態(tài)電流小、外接元件小。缺點(diǎn):效率不高。方案四:先將電路的電壓由5.5v25v通過降壓變?yōu)?v,再通過升壓變?yōu)?.5v,最后再通過一個(gè)ldo直流穩(wěn)壓電路,具有較低的靜態(tài)電流和壓差,主要用于壓差較小的場(chǎng)合,可固定輸出電壓5v。如果輸入電壓和輸出電壓不是很接近,ldo的輸入電流基本上是等于輸出電流的,如果壓降太大,耗在ldo上能量太大,效率不高。由于此電路的低壓差特性和升降壓電路的高效性。所以此電路具有效率高
10、、壓差小、靜態(tài)電流小、外接元件小的優(yōu)勢(shì)。這種設(shè)計(jì)方案簡(jiǎn)化了開關(guān)電源的多路輸出設(shè)計(jì),減小了負(fù)載調(diào)整率,提高了電源抑制比,并加強(qiáng)了開關(guān)電源的過流保護(hù)功能。綜合比較之后,選擇方案四。1.4.3 漏電檢測(cè)電路的設(shè)計(jì)方案一:三相交流電電壓電流漏電檢測(cè)電路。電流漏電檢測(cè)電路實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)三相交流電電壓、電流和漏電的檢測(cè),以實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)過壓、欠壓、過流和漏電的保護(hù)。電壓檢測(cè)由三相交流變壓器、整流濾波電路和分壓電路組成。電流檢測(cè)由三相交流互感器、整流濾波電路和分壓電路組成。其中漏電電流互感器把電流轉(zhuǎn)換為電壓信號(hào),分壓電路完成電壓調(diào)整。此電路質(zhì)量可靠,抗干擾性強(qiáng)。方案二:利用歐姆定律,當(dāng)電流通過康銅絲時(shí),就會(huì)有電壓降,電流越
11、大,壓降就越大。選用0.0022的康銅絲,讓adc0804能測(cè)得康銅絲兩端的電壓差。由于電壓差實(shí)在太小,不利于檢測(cè),再用ina128對(duì)采集到的電壓差值放大1000倍后將數(shù)據(jù)傳給a/d。價(jià)格便宜、對(duì)電路影響可忽略不計(jì)、其阻值低、精度高、溫度系數(shù)低、具有無電感、高過載能力。方案三:康錳銅電阻絲是電流測(cè)量中很常用取樣電阻,其特點(diǎn)在于溫度漂移量非常小。經(jīng)過測(cè)試,在1的康錳銅電阻絲上通過約2a電流,由于產(chǎn)生的熱量引起的升溫,只會(huì)引起0.02左右的阻值變化,對(duì)電流的穩(wěn)定起了很重要的作用。綜合考慮后,選擇方案二。1.4.4 關(guān)斷保護(hù)電路的設(shè)計(jì)方案一:漏電保護(hù)電路主要包括:檢測(cè)元件(零序電流互感器)、中間環(huán)節(jié)
12、(放大器、比較器、脫扣器)、執(zhí)行元件(主開關(guān))等幾個(gè)部分。沒有發(fā)生漏電或觸電的情況下,通過零序電流互感器一次測(cè)的電流相量和等于零。當(dāng)發(fā)生漏電或者有人觸電時(shí),通過零序電流互感器一次測(cè)各相電流相量和不再等于零,產(chǎn)生了漏電電流。二次側(cè)產(chǎn)生了感應(yīng)電動(dòng)勢(shì),此漏電信號(hào)經(jīng)過中間環(huán)節(jié)處理和比較,當(dāng)達(dá)到預(yù)定值時(shí),使主開關(guān)分勵(lì)脫扣器線圈通電,驅(qū)動(dòng)主開關(guān)自動(dòng)跳閘,切斷故障點(diǎn),從而實(shí)現(xiàn)保護(hù)。方案二:通過單片機(jī)i/o口控制,驅(qū)動(dòng)電磁繼電器。當(dāng)輸入高電平時(shí),晶體管飽和導(dǎo)通,繼電器線圈通電,觸點(diǎn)吸合。當(dāng)輸入低電平時(shí),晶體管截止,繼電器線圈斷電,觸點(diǎn)斷開。系自動(dòng)斷開電路,并且報(bào)警并顯示,在實(shí)際中很實(shí)用。方案三:igbt(絕緣
13、柵雙極型晶體管)兼有場(chǎng)效應(yīng)晶體管輸入阻抗高、驅(qū)動(dòng)功率小和雙極型晶體管電壓、電流容量大及管壓降低的特點(diǎn)。當(dāng)出現(xiàn)短路過流時(shí),必須采取有效的保護(hù)措施。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)igbt的短路保護(hù),則必須進(jìn)行過流檢測(cè)。適用igbt過流檢測(cè)的方法,通常是采用霍爾電流傳感器直接檢測(cè)igbt的電流ic,然后與設(shè)定的閾值比較,用比較器的輸出去控制驅(qū)動(dòng)信號(hào)的關(guān)斷;或者采用間接電壓法,檢測(cè)過流時(shí)igbt的電壓降vce,因?yàn)楣軌航岛卸搪冯娏餍畔?,過流時(shí)vce增大,且基本上為線性關(guān)系,檢測(cè)過流時(shí)的vce并與設(shè)定的閾值進(jìn)行比較,比較器的輸出控制驅(qū)動(dòng)電路的關(guān)斷??紤]到可行性,綜合比較之后:選擇方案二。二、主要單元電路的設(shè)計(jì)2.1 穩(wěn)壓電
14、源電路的設(shè)計(jì)當(dāng)輸入電壓在725v變化時(shí),通過降壓,然后再將降壓后的電壓通過升壓,從而達(dá)到實(shí)際所需的額定輸出電壓5.5v,然后通過低壓差穩(wěn)壓路固定輸出一個(gè)5v的值。公式:。圖3 降壓電路圖4 升壓電路圖5 后接直流穩(wěn)壓電路原理2.2 采樣電路的設(shè)計(jì)輸出端串接選用溫漂小的康銅絲,保護(hù)電路選用的電流取樣電阻要綜合考慮電流、功率及熱穩(wěn)定性三個(gè)因素。電阻增大則電路效率下降,而我們選用的康銅絲電阻僅為0.0022,所以康銅絲對(duì)電路的影響可以完全忽略不計(jì)。接著用adc0804測(cè)康銅絲兩端的電壓差。因取樣電壓很小很小,故使用ina128對(duì)它進(jìn)行放大1000倍,使它有一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的電壓值。電壓信號(hào)需放大后送給單片機(jī)
15、進(jìn)行a/d 采樣。 圖6 采樣電路的設(shè)計(jì)2.3 漏電檢測(cè)電路設(shè)計(jì)圖7 30ma漏電檢測(cè)電路2.4 關(guān)斷保護(hù)電路的設(shè)計(jì)51單片機(jī)控制繼電器驅(qū)動(dòng)原理:1、當(dāng)51單片機(jī)引腳輸出低電平時(shí),三極管2n3906飽和導(dǎo)通,5v電源加到繼電器線圈兩端,繼電器吸合,同時(shí)狀態(tài)指示的發(fā)光二極管也點(diǎn)亮,繼電器的常開觸點(diǎn)閉合,相當(dāng)于開關(guān)閉合。2、當(dāng)51單片機(jī)引腳輸出高電平時(shí),pnp三極管2n3906截止,繼電器線圈兩端沒有電位差,繼電器銜鐵釋放,繼電器的常開觸點(diǎn)釋放,相當(dāng)于開關(guān)斷開。注:在三極管截止的瞬間,由于線圈中的電流不能突變?yōu)榱?,繼電器線圈兩端會(huì)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)較高電壓的感應(yīng)電動(dòng)勢(shì),線圈產(chǎn)生的感應(yīng)電動(dòng)勢(shì)則可以通過二極管i
16、n4148釋放,從而保護(hù)了三極管免被擊穿,也消除了感應(yīng)電動(dòng)勢(shì)對(duì)其他電路的干擾,這就是二極管d1的保護(hù)作用。圖8 繼電器保護(hù)電路2.4 放大電路的設(shè)計(jì)電路的電壓信號(hào)由于太小所以需要用如圖所示的放大電路予以放大之后才能夠被采集到電壓信息。采用低噪聲、高共模抑制、高輸入阻抗、低功耗的高性能儀表放大器ina128。 圖9 電壓放大電路圖10 ina128內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)2.5 報(bào)警電路的設(shè)計(jì)當(dāng)電路中電流超過30ma時(shí),進(jìn)行報(bào)警。圖11 報(bào)警電路三、程序設(shè)計(jì)主程序設(shè)計(jì):圖12 主程序流程圖四、測(cè)試方案與測(cè)試結(jié)果4.1測(cè)試儀器ut39a數(shù)字萬用表、kxn-30400高精密數(shù)字萬用表、ut805微機(jī)電源。4.2 指
17、標(biāo)測(cè)試和測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù)4.2.1輸出電壓范圍測(cè)試結(jié)果如表1: 表1 輸出電壓范圍測(cè)試輸入電壓(v)5.5v6.0v7v12v17v22v25v輸出電壓(v)4.99v4.99v4.99v5.00v5.00v5.00v5.00v4.2.2電壓調(diào)整率測(cè)試結(jié)果如表2: 表2 電壓調(diào)整率測(cè)試測(cè)試條件為輸出電壓5v,輸出電流為1.00au1 /v輸出電壓(v)u2(v)輸出電壓(v)u3/v輸出電壓(v)4.9914.9924.9984.9944.9974.9944.9954.9964.9914.9984.9924.9914.9974.9974.9964.9974.9924.998電壓調(diào)整率為:(4.991-
18、4.999)/4.999*100%=0.16%。4.2.3負(fù)載調(diào)整率測(cè)試結(jié)果如表3:表3 負(fù)載調(diào)整率測(cè)試輸出電流(a)111輸出電壓(v)5.024.995負(fù)載調(diào)整率: (5.02-4.99)/5*100%=0.6%。4.2.4 過流保護(hù):過流保護(hù)動(dòng)作電流為30ma。4.3 系統(tǒng)對(duì)題目的完成情況:表4 系統(tǒng)對(duì)題目的完成情況對(duì)照表基本部分要求實(shí)現(xiàn)輸出電壓5v輸出電壓5v最大輸出電流1a符合要求電壓調(diào)整率su1%電壓調(diào)整率為0.16%負(fù)載調(diào)整率sl1%負(fù)載調(diào)整率0.6%輸入變化時(shí)輸出為5±0.05v輸入變化時(shí)輸出為5±0.018v顯示輸出功率有顯示過流保護(hù)的動(dòng)作電流30ma發(fā)揮
19、部分漏電保護(hù)裝置沒有動(dòng)作時(shí),輸出電壓4.6v實(shí)際輸出4.65v漏電保護(hù)裝置電流誤差絕對(duì)值5%實(shí)際誤差1%要求接入功耗低實(shí)際功耗低4.4 結(jié)果分析: 各項(xiàng)結(jié)果都符合系統(tǒng)指標(biāo),產(chǎn)生誤差的原因包括:電阻精度不夠等。五、結(jié)論經(jīng)過四天三夜的辛勤努力,我們實(shí)現(xiàn)了題目的全部要求,在某些方面系統(tǒng)性能還超過了題目的要求,但由于時(shí)間緊,工作量大,系統(tǒng)還存在許多可以改進(jìn)的地方。本次競(jìng)賽極大的鍛煉了我們各方面的能力,雖然我們遇到了很多困難和障礙,但總體上成功與挫折交替,困難與希望并存,我們將繼續(xù)努力爭(zhēng)取更大的進(jìn)步。參考文獻(xiàn): 1 童詩白,模擬電子技術(shù) 北京:高等教育出版社,2011年 2 胡翔駿,電路分析 北京:高等
20、教育出版社,2004年 3 閻石,數(shù)字電子技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)(第四版) 北京:高等教育出版社,2002年 4 黃智偉,全國大學(xué)生電子設(shè)計(jì)競(jìng)賽訓(xùn)練教程 北京:電子工業(yè)出版社,2005年 5 譚浩強(qiáng),c語言程序設(shè)計(jì)(第二版) 北京:清華大學(xué)出版社,1999年g an employment tribunal claimemployment tribunals sort out disagreements between employers and employees.you may need to make a claim to an employment tribunal if:· you don
21、't agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you· your employer dismisses you and you think that you have been dismissed unfairly.for more information about dismissal and unfair dismissal, see dismissal.you can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if yo
22、u haven't appealed against the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. however, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any compensation awarded to you as a result of your failure to appeal.remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employment
23、 tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are complaining about happened. if your application is received after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually accept it.if you are worried about how the time limits apply to you, take advice from one of the organisations listed unde
24、r further help.employment tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation.most people find making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. if you are thinking about making a claim to an emplo
25、yment tribunal, you should get help straight away from one of the organisations listed under further help.if you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may ask you to sign an agreement where you pay their fee out of your compensation if you win the case. this is known as a
26、160;damages-based agreement. in england and wales, your solicitor can't charge you more than 35% of your compensation if you win the case.if you are thinking about signing up for a damages-based agreement, you should make sure you're clear about the terms of the agreement. it mig
27、ht be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example, at a citizens advice bureau. to find your nearest cab, including those that give advice by e-mail, click on nearest cab.for more information about making a claim to an employment tribunal, see employment tribunals.the
28、 (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifa's anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football association's 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend city's premier league match at chelsea on sunday."i am going to be at the match tomorrow and
29、 i have asked to meet yaya toure," he told bbc sport."for me it's about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was."uefa has opened disciplinary proceedings against cska for the "racist behaviour of their fans" during
30、 city's 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european football's governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referee's actions.cska said they were "surprised and disappointed" by toure's complaint. in a statement the russian side added: "w
31、e found no racist insults from fans of cska."age has reached the end of the beginning of a word. may be guilty in his seems to passing a lot of different life became the appearance of the same day; may be back in the past, to oneself the paranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my min
32、d has been very messy, in my mind constantly. always feel oneself should go to do something, or write something. twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel something, do it.一字開頭的年齡已經(jīng)到了尾聲?;蛟S是愧疚于自己似乎把轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝的很多個(gè)不同的日子過成了同一天的樣子;或許是追溯過去,對(duì)自己那些近乎偏執(zhí)的怪異信念的醒悟,這些天以來,思緒一直很凌亂,在腦海中不斷糾纏??傆X得自己自己似乎應(yīng)該
33、去做點(diǎn)什么,或者寫點(diǎn)什么。二十年的人生軌跡深深淺淺,突然就感覺到有些事情,非做不可了。the end of our life, and can meet many things really do?而窮盡我們的一生,又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可?during my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes are necessary for new year, but as the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional; j
34、unior high school, thought to have a crush on just means that the real growth, but over the past three years later, his writing of alumni in peace, suddenly found that isn't really grow up, it seems is not so important; then in high school, think don't want to give vent to out your inner voi
35、ce can be in the high school children of the feelings in a period, but was eventually infarction when graduation party in the throat, later again stood on the pitch he has sweat profusely, looked at his thrown a basketball hoops, suddenly found himself has already can't remember his appearance.童
36、年時(shí),覺得壓歲錢和新衣服是過年必備,但是隨著年齡的推進(jìn),會(huì)越來越發(fā)現(xiàn),那些東西根本就可有可無;初中時(shí),以為要有一場(chǎng)暗戀才意味著真正的成長,但三年過去后,自己心平氣和的寫同學(xué)錄的時(shí)候,突然就發(fā)現(xiàn)是不是真正的成長了,好像并沒有那么重要了;然后到了高中,覺得非要吐露出自己的心聲才能為高中生涯里的懵懂情愫劃上一個(gè)句點(diǎn),但畢業(yè)晚會(huì)的時(shí)候最終還是被梗塞在了咽喉,后來再次站在他曾經(jīng)揮汗如雨的球場(chǎng),看著他投過籃球的球框時(shí),突然間發(fā)現(xiàn)自己已經(jīng)想不起他的容顏。originally, this world, can produce a chemical reaction to an event, in additi
37、on to resolutely, have to do, and time.原來,這個(gè)世界上,對(duì)某個(gè)事件能產(chǎn)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)的,除了非做不可的堅(jiān)決,還有,時(shí)間。a person's time, your ideas are always special to clear. want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his. also once seemed to be determined to do something, but more often is he backed out at last. dislike his
38、 cowardice, finally found that there are a lot of love, there are a lot of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a self-righteous spiritual.一個(gè)人的時(shí)候,自己的想法總是特別地清晰。想要的,不想要的,界限明確,好像沒有什么可以撼動(dòng)自己。也曾經(jīng)好像已經(jīng)下定了決心去做某件事,但更多的時(shí)候是最后又打起了退
39、堂鼓。嫌惡過自己的怯懦,最終卻發(fā)現(xiàn)有很多緣分,有很多錯(cuò)過,好像冥冥之中真的已經(jīng)注定。那些曾經(jīng)所謂的非做不可,只是青蔥年華里自己給自己注射的一支強(qiáng)心劑,或者說,是自以為是的精神寄托罷了。at the moment, the sky is dark, the air is fresh factor after just rained. suddenly thought of blue plaid shirt; those were broken into various shapes of stationery; from the corner at the beginning of deep f
40、riendship; have declared the end of the encounter that haven't start planning. those years, those days of do, finally, like youth, will end in our life.此刻,天空是陰暗的,空氣里有著剛下過雨之后的清新因子。突然想到那件藍(lán)格子襯衫;那些被折成各種各樣形狀的信紙;那段從街角深巷伊始的友誼;還有那場(chǎng)還沒有開始就宣告了終結(jié)的邂逅計(jì)劃那些年那些天的非做不可,終于和青春一樣,都將在我們的人生中謝幕。baumgartner the disappoin
41、ting news: mission aborted. r plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (
42、the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weathethe balloon will slowly d
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