Lecture 6-Translation methods

1、翻譯第四講Basic Strategies or Methods for Translation Literal translation Free translation Transliteration Literal translation Literal translation refers to the translation that a translator tries to keep the original form and meaning, including meaning, structure, style, figure of speech, etc. 所謂直譯（直譯（l

2、iteral translation）就是在傳達(dá)原文意思的時候，使譯文的表達(dá)形式和句法結(jié)構(gòu)盡量同原文一致起來，能完全對等的就完全對等，不能完全對等的也要大致對等。 Blood is thicker than water. 血濃于水。 To break the record. 打破紀(jì)錄 To add fuel to the fire. 火上加油。（word-for-word） Get out, dont shed crocodile tears to me; you know you are really glad theyve met with misfortune. 滾出去！別在我面前掉你那

3、鱷魚的眼淚。你自己清楚，你分明是幸災(zāi)樂禍。（直譯） grass root 草根 Partly as a result of the recently increasing demand, wholesale tea prices have almost doubled. 部分由于日益增長的需求，批發(fā)茶葉幾乎翻了一番。 I read this letter with both surprise and excitement, surprise because he is still around, excitement because he didnt ever forget me. 我讀到他的

4、信時既驚又喜，驚的是他還健在，喜的是他一直沒有忘記我。 人們笑貧不笑娼。 People ridicule poverty but not prostitutes. 鐵飯碗 Iron rice-bowl 世界之窗 Window of the world 一寸光陰一寸金 An inch of time is an inch of gold. 紙老虎 paper tiger 丟臉 to lose face今天的老人是昨天的勞動者。他們對物質(zhì)文化的發(fā)展做出了許多貢獻(xiàn)，理所當(dāng)然應(yīng)該分享其成果。當(dāng)敬老、養(yǎng)老蔚然成風(fēng)時，各個年齡層的人都會有一種完全感。每個人都有一天會變老，如果人們確信老年時生活一定幸福、安

5、康，就會全力以赴地投人工作。譯文The old people of today are the laborers of yesterdayIt goes without saying that they should have a share in the rewards for material and cultural advancements to which they have contributions. When respecting and providing for the elderly becomes common practice, people of all gener

6、ations will have a sense of security. For everyone gets old some day, and when people feel perfectly secure of a happy and comfortable life in old age，they will devote themselves wholeheartedly to work. 如果認(rèn)為直譯必須與原文實(shí)現(xiàn)詞對詞、句對句的對應(yīng)，就很有可能滑向死譯、硬譯(Mechanic; hard translation)。 Last night I heard him driving

7、his pigs to market.昨晚我聽見他把豬趕到市場。（昨晚聽見他鼾聲如雷。）(死譯) They ran away as fast as their legs could carry them 譯文他們跑得像他們的腿所能載動他們那樣的快。(死譯) 應(yīng)改譯為： (A）他們飛快逃命，只恨爹娘沒給生出四條腿。 (B)他們拼著命地逃跑。 (C)他們拼命奔逃，連吃奶的力氣都用上了。 He is being a good boy now. 他現(xiàn)在正是一個好孩子。硬譯，應(yīng)改為：他現(xiàn)在正乖著哪。 抓緊積肥 resolutely grasp manure(堅(jiān)決抓住糞肥)（硬譯） 抓緊養(yǎng)豬 firmly

8、 grasp pigbreeding（堅(jiān)決地抓住豬來配種）（硬譯） 做好采購工作 do a good job of procurement（做好拉皮條的工作）（硬譯） We saw an acrobat standing on his head. 我們看見一個雜技演員正站在他的頭上。（word-for-word） 我們看見一個雜技演員正在倒立。（literal）Free translation to sacrifice the form of the source language for the sake of elegance and intelligibility in the targ

9、et language. 所謂意譯（意譯（free translation）是指通過對原文深層意蘊(yùn)的理解將原文的表層結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)化為譯文的表層結(jié)構(gòu)。即打破原文的語言形式用譯文的表達(dá)習(xí)慣把原文的意蘊(yùn)表達(dá)出來。一般說來，譯文和原文相同的形式不能表達(dá)和原文相同的內(nèi)容，或雖能表達(dá)，但形式生硬牽強(qiáng)，就要意譯。 Justice has long arms. 天網(wǎng)恢恢，疏而不漏。 crocodile tears 鱷魚的眼淚 虛假的眼淚 Adam did not waste words.亞當(dāng)二話不說，單刀直入。(free translation) Dont cross the bridge till you get

10、 to it. 到了橋邊才過橋。（literal translation） 不必?fù)?dān)心過早。/ 不必自尋煩惱。（free translation） Their language was almost unrestrained by any motive of prudence. 他們的語言幾乎不受任何謹(jǐn)慎動機(jī)的約束。 他們幾乎愛講什么就講什么，都沒有顧及到什么謹(jǐn)慎不謹(jǐn)慎的問題。 The problem is staring us in the face. 問題正在盯著我們看。 問題是明擺著的，我們想回避也回避不了。 Whats done cannot be undone. 生米做成了熟飯，還有什

11、么法子呢？ 已經(jīng)做過得不能變成沒有作過的。 語言這個東西不是隨便可以學(xué)好的，非下苦功不可。 Language is something difficult to learn well, to learn it well one has to study very hard. The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort. 青梅竹馬 childhood playmates When we use free translation, we should try to avoid too liberal tra

12、nslation or random translation.（胡譯：添枝加葉、肆意增刪） This old man gets up and goes to bed with the sun everyday. 這位老翁每天日出而作，日落而息。（too liberal） Talk shop all the time. 三句話不離本行。 A land of honey and milk 魚米之鄉(xiāng) To get the upper hand 占上風(fēng) To use both the stick and the carrot 軟硬兼施（直譯：胡羅卜加大棒） 五湖四海 All corners of th

13、e country 吃不了兜著走 To be in serious trouble When we use free translation, we should try to avoid too liberal translation or random translation.（胡譯：添枝加葉、肆意增刪） This old man gets up and goes to bed with the sun everyday. 這位老翁每天日出而作，日落而息。（too liberal）直譯和意譯的關(guān)系 We probably follow such a principle “translate

14、 literally, if possible, or appeal to free translation.” Sometimes we can use the two methods together. Whether we use literal or free translation is not determined by the subjective will of a translator but by the nature and characteristic of a language. 直譯和意譯為互補(bǔ)關(guān)系，不宜用直譯的地方就用意譯，不宜用意義的地方就用直譯。有時，兩種方法

15、并用。 Among so many well-dressed and cultural people, the country girl felt like a fish out of water. 同這么多穿著體面、舉止文雅的人在一起，這位鄉(xiāng)下姑娘感到自己就像是離水之魚。（直譯） 同這么多穿著體面而又有教養(yǎng)的人在一起，這位鄉(xiāng)下姑娘感到很不自在。（意譯）（張培基，英漢翻譯教程，169-170） 這位鄉(xiāng)下姑娘呆在這一大幫穿這體面，舉止文雅的人中間感到難受極了，就像魚呆在岸上。（直譯+意譯） 現(xiàn)在合同已經(jīng)簽了，真是木已成舟，生米煮成了熟飯，只好如此了。 As the contract has be

16、en signed, whats done is done and cant be done. （意譯）(陳皓然，外貿(mào)英語翻譯，中國對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易出版社，1987年，244) 下海 plunging into the sea of business(直譯+意譯) 在我看來，既忠實(shí)于原文內(nèi)容、又忠實(shí)于原文形式的譯文使直譯，只忠實(shí)與原文內(nèi)容而不忠實(shí)于原文形式的是意譯，只忠實(shí)于原文的形式而不忠實(shí)于原文內(nèi)容的是硬譯。無論直譯意譯都要符合“忠實(shí)、通順”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。許淵沖，翻譯的藝術(shù)，（論文集）p33 翻譯要在忠實(shí)于原文內(nèi)容的前提下，力求內(nèi)容的形式通順；又要在譯文通順的前提下，盡可能做到忠實(shí)于原文的形式；如果通順

17、和忠實(shí)于原文的形式之間有矛盾，那就不必拘泥于原文的形式。Transliteration Transliteration is mainly used in translation proper nouns, such as persons, places, or scientific terms, etc. London倫敦；blog 博客；dink丁客； humor幽默 fans粉絲；show秀；絲silk；茶tea; 豆腐tofu; 功夫kongfu Zero translation VCD; OKForeignization (Dissimilation) and Domestication(Assimilation) Domesticating means bringing the foreign culture closer to the reader in the target cultu