英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)語(yǔ)氣

1、introduction: tense, voice, modal英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣簡(jiǎn)述-introduction: tense/ voice/ modal 英語(yǔ)中，動(dòng)詞可以說(shuō)是最為重要的詞類(lèi)，它們的變化最多。動(dòng)詞由于是謂語(yǔ)（predicate）的核心，它們的正確使用決定了句子的表述是否順暢，語(yǔ)義是否清晰。所以有人說(shuō)，學(xué)好動(dòng)詞則英語(yǔ)學(xué)好了大半。學(xué)好動(dòng)詞，我們需要弄清楚它們的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣三種問(wèn)題。 1動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)（tense） 我們中國(guó)人學(xué)英語(yǔ)，最大的障礙就是時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題。這是因?yàn)槭苣刚Z(yǔ)的影響，在漢語(yǔ)中， 動(dòng)詞是沒(méi)有時(shí)態(tài)的概念的。而大部分西方語(yǔ)言，都有時(shí)態(tài)的概念。這種差異，有的語(yǔ)言學(xué)家將其歸結(jié)

2、為語(yǔ)言思維的差異，這，我們不用深究。 我們只要知道， 英語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞一定是有時(shí)態(tài)的，時(shí)態(tài)-就是一種表示時(shí)間和狀態(tài)的主動(dòng)詞形式。 1.1 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)（present continuous/present progressive）1.1.1 時(shí)間：現(xiàn)在（present）-:動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是現(xiàn)在而非過(guò)去，一般也就是說(shuō)話時(shí)的時(shí)間。 1.1.2 狀態(tài)：正在進(jìn)行（continuous/progressive）。 什么叫做正在進(jìn)行？- 指該動(dòng)作在過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)開(kāi)始，直到現(xiàn)在（說(shuō)話時(shí)）仍然繼續(xù)，在一定的時(shí)間范圍內(nèi)， 還將繼續(xù)下去。he is working now. dont disturb him! im co

3、oking right now. but after the dinner, can you wash the dishes?掌握現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，我們一定要明確以下概念：1只有具有持續(xù)性概念的動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞（action verb）, 才可能有進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)， 而表示狀態(tài)或瞬間動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞， 不能使用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。 這是很容易理解的，因?yàn)楸頎顟B(tài)的動(dòng)詞本身不具有動(dòng)作性， 如：she is a teacher. the soup tastes delicious. the news sounds disappointing. 這狀態(tài)往往只是表明某種性質(zhì)的是、否。 我們一般不容易混淆，稍稍讓我們感到困惑的是瞬間動(dòng)作詞，在

4、漢語(yǔ)里， 我們常常把這些詞所對(duì)應(yīng)的動(dòng)作當(dāng)作可持續(xù)的， 但在英語(yǔ)里，它們是不可持續(xù)的，往往具有狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特征， 而不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作， 此類(lèi)詞一般常見(jiàn)的如下：表感情意識(shí)狀態(tài)：like/dislike/love/hate/prefer/want/need/know/realize/suppose/mean/ understand/believe/remember感官意識(shí)狀態(tài)：see/ hear/ smell/ taste表所屬關(guān)系: 有,包含：belong / contain/consist/depend/seem/have如: im hungry. i want something to eat. do

5、 you understand what i mean? 當(dāng)think 表示“認(rèn)為”的意思時(shí)，同樣也不用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)：what do you think about this book?2. 即使是動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞，同樣也有動(dòng)作持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短的問(wèn)題。有的動(dòng)作持續(xù)時(shí)間短，所以動(dòng)作一般就發(fā)生在說(shuō)話時(shí)。 he is speaking now, listen carefully. he is sleeping, dont speak loud. 但是，更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作， 由于這種動(dòng)作只是從宏觀上看具有持續(xù)性，但其間一定是有間斷的，說(shuō)話時(shí)，該動(dòng)作不一定發(fā)生，只是說(shuō)話的時(shí)間點(diǎn)包含在該動(dòng)作的持續(xù)時(shí)間內(nèi)。如：he is te

6、aching in our school this year. 這里，is teaching并不是指說(shuō)話時(shí)一定發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。注意比較：he is teaching right now. dont call him. 1.1.3 構(gòu)造： 助動(dòng)詞be， 主動(dòng)詞verb+ ing，參見(jiàn)“詞類(lèi)概述2.3.4”.陳述句: subject + be + verb-ing: john and tim are playing basketball on the playground.are john and tim playing basketball on the playground?否定句：subject

7、 + be+ not+ verb-ing: thomason isnt working today. he is staying at home. 一般疑問(wèn)句：be + subject + verb-ing: are you watching tv right now? can you turn it down a little? 復(fù)雜（特殊）疑問(wèn)句：question word+ subject + verb-ing:what are you doing? what are you talking about? where are you going? 1.1.4 用途：1用于表述正在發(fā)生的短

8、動(dòng)作，即說(shuō)話時(shí)正在發(fā)生。he is watching tv right now. 2. 正在發(fā)生的長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作，但并非說(shuō)話時(shí)一定發(fā)生。 she is learning french. she wants to study in france. 3. 用于談?wù)撜诎l(fā)生的變化、事件：the population of the world is rising very fast. are you getting better? 4. 已經(jīng)安排好, 將要發(fā)生的個(gè)人事務(wù): im leaving next monday. shes coming tomorrow. 1.2 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（present simpl

9、e/simple present） 1.2.1 時(shí)間：現(xiàn)在（present）-動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是現(xiàn)在而非過(guò)去的時(shí)間。 1.2.2狀態(tài)：一般情況(simple) 。 什么叫做一般情況？-當(dāng)我們需要對(duì)某種狀況進(jìn)行總結(jié)，說(shuō)明某事物現(xiàn)在的一般常態(tài)，采用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，它表明的并不是某一時(shí)刻的暫時(shí)狀態(tài)。1.2.3構(gòu)造：陳述句：subject + verb+ he likes swimming. she dislikes dishonesty.否定句：subject +do not/does not+ verb+ .: he doesnt like swimming.一般疑問(wèn)句：do/does + subjec

10、t +verb.: does he like swimming?復(fù)雜（特殊）疑問(wèn)句：question word + do/does + subject + verb.: what does he like? 注意：當(dāng)動(dòng)詞be 為主動(dòng)詞時(shí)，它既為主動(dòng)詞，又為助動(dòng)詞。如：he is a teacher. he isnt a teacher. is he a teacher? what is this? 1.2.4 用途：1表述某一事物的常態(tài)。 he lives in beijing. she is a teacher in our school. beijing is the capital of

11、 china. he gets up at 6:30. mary visits her mother once a week. 2. 表述一般真實(shí)情況、真理。 the sun rises from the east. a water molecule contains one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. there are sixty minutes in an hour.3. 表述時(shí)間安排，時(shí)刻表：the train leaves at 9:45 p.m. / the new term starts on 1st, september. u 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)

12、行時(shí)/一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的差異 1現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表述現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的情況，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表述的是一般情況。 the water is boiling, please turn it off. /water boils at 100 degrees celsius. 2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表述的是現(xiàn)在暫時(shí)的情況，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表述常態(tài)、永久的狀況：john lives in new york. now he is living with his parents in boston. im living with a friend until i find a new apartment. 3. always do sth

13、總是做; always be doing做太多，以致讓人感覺(jué)到討厭.he always watches weather forecast at 7:30. /you are always watching tv, you should do something else. 4. 與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)搭配的時(shí)間副詞，表現(xiàn)在、目前時(shí)間狀態(tài)：now/ right now/ today/ this week/ this year 等; 與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)搭配的時(shí)間副詞， 一般表頻度：how often/ usually/often/always/once a week 等：are you cleaning your

14、 house right now? /how often do you clean your house? he is visiting his parents today. /he visits his parents three times once a month. 1.3 一般過(guò)去時(shí)（past simple/simple past） 1.3.1時(shí)間: 過(guò)去(past) . 所謂過(guò)去, 即業(yè)已逝去的時(shí)間, 與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān). 我們采用過(guò)去時(shí), 表明某事件在過(guò)去發(fā)生過(guò), 現(xiàn)在的情況, 我們不知道.1.3.2 狀態(tài)：一般（simple）, 參見(jiàn)“一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”。動(dòng)詞形變參見(jiàn)“詞類(lèi)概述”2.3.2。一

15、般過(guò)去時(shí)就是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的過(guò)去時(shí)間的形式。1.3.3構(gòu)造：陳述句：subject + verb ed: he was an physics teacher in our school last year.否定句：subject + didnt/did not+ verb: she didnt like him, so she left him last week.疑問(wèn)句：did + subject +verb: did you know him at that time?復(fù)雜（特殊）疑問(wèn)句：question word+ did +subject +verb+: what did you do l

16、ast night? did you go shopping? 注意：當(dāng)動(dòng)詞be 為主動(dòng)詞時(shí)，它既為主動(dòng)詞，又為助動(dòng)詞。如：he was a teacher. he wasnt a teacher. was he a teacher? what was that? 1.3.4 用途：用于敘述過(guò)去發(fā)生的事件、過(guò)去存在的狀態(tài)等。i visited my parents last week. he was a teacher last year. i finished my work yesterday.1.3.5 特殊過(guò)去結(jié)構(gòu)：我們用used to + verb 的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表述過(guò)去的情況， 表示“過(guò)

17、去是/過(guò)去發(fā)生過(guò)但現(xiàn)在不是/不再發(fā)生了”的意思。there used to be a cinema. (=there isnt a cinema now.) he used to smoke 20 cigarettes a day. (=he doesnt smoke now.) 我們一定要該結(jié)構(gòu)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的語(yǔ)義差異：一般過(guò)去時(shí)僅表示過(guò)去的情況， 現(xiàn)在的情況不清楚； 而“used to +verb”結(jié)構(gòu)不僅表示過(guò)去的情況，同時(shí)也知道現(xiàn)在不再是以前的狀況了。如：he used to be a rich man. (=he isnt a rich man now.)/ he was a rich

18、 man last year. (=maybe he is still rich now, maybe he isnt rich now, i dont know.) 該結(jié)構(gòu)的疑問(wèn)式為：did subject +use to+ verb.: did you use to swim on sundays? 該結(jié)構(gòu)的否定式為：subject + didnt use to +verb: they didnt use to swim on sundays.該結(jié)構(gòu)無(wú)現(xiàn)在時(shí)， 當(dāng)我們要表達(dá)現(xiàn)在的情況時(shí)，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。使用該結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要注意它與：“be/become/get +used to +doing”的

19、區(qū)別， 后者表示“習(xí)慣于”: he is used to doing exercise in the morning. 1.4 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)（past continuous/past progressive） 1.4.1 時(shí)間：過(guò)去（past）.1.4.2 狀態(tài)：進(jìn)行中（continuous/progressive）. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的過(guò)去時(shí)間的形式。 1.4.3 構(gòu)造：陳述句：subject was/were + verb-ing.: he was watching tv when i phoned him.一般疑問(wèn)句：was/were +subject +verb-ing: was

20、he watching tv when you phone him? 復(fù)雜（特殊）疑問(wèn)句：question word +was/were +subject +verb-ing:what were you doing at 8 oclock last night? i was doing my homework.否定句：subject + was/were +verb-ing: i wasnt doing my homework. i was watching tv.1.4.4 用途：過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)經(jīng)常與一般過(guò)去時(shí)同時(shí)使用，表示“當(dāng)發(fā)生時(shí)，另一事件正在進(jìn)行中?！?， 其中，短動(dòng)作用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作用

21、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。 i saw him when i was walking. when he was reading on the beach, he heard somebody call “help!” 當(dāng)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作均采用一般過(guò)去時(shí)時(shí)， 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作的發(fā)生存在先后順序，注意對(duì)比：when he arrived, we had dinner. (=first, he arrived, and then we had dinner.)when he arrived, we were having dinner.(=at the time he arrive, we were having dinner.

22、 )1.5 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（present perfect simple） 1.5.1時(shí)間：現(xiàn)在（present）. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間是指現(xiàn)在, 它表述的是現(xiàn)在的情況, 與過(guò)去無(wú)關(guān). 1.5.2 狀態(tài)：完成（perfect）. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的狀態(tài)表明: 過(guò)去開(kāi)始的某個(gè)動(dòng)作, 現(xiàn)在有了結(jié)果.所謂完成, 只是一種總結(jié),也許該動(dòng)作還要持續(xù)下去. 1.5.3 構(gòu)造：陳述句: subject have/has + past participle : i have read fifty pages of the book.否定句: subject +have/has +not +past participle:

23、 i havent finished my work yet.一般疑問(wèn)句：have/has +subject +past participle: have you finished your work? 復(fù)雜（特殊）疑問(wèn)句：question word + have/has+ subject +past participle: what have you done? how long have you been here? 1.5.4 用途：用于報(bào)告最新情況，事件進(jìn)展：ouch! i have burned my hand. /there is an accident. three men ha

24、ve been killed and one has been heavily injured.用于總結(jié)到目前為止的事件結(jié)果：our company has made a big profit. i havent mailed the letter yet. 1.5.5 時(shí)間概念現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志時(shí)間副詞到目前為止（時(shí)間段）：so far/ in the last few years(days, etc)/recently/ since. /for: they have made big progress in the last few years. /have you seen mary re

25、cently? 1.5.6 重要句型：this/that/it is the first/second time has/have+ pp<這是自打以來(lái)第幾次> : its very delicious. its the first meal ive had for ages. /henry lost his keys again. thats the third time this has happened. 1.5.7 have/has gone to; have/has been tohave/has gone to: 已經(jīng)去了（已經(jīng)到了， 或還在路上）。 he has go

26、ne to japan.have/has been to: 已經(jīng)去過(guò)（現(xiàn)在回來(lái)了）。he has been to america. 1.5.8 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的差異1現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是現(xiàn)在的時(shí)態(tài)，與過(guò)去無(wú)關(guān), 只表示現(xiàn)在的情況。過(guò)去的時(shí)間只能用一般過(guò)去時(shí)：he lost his key yesterday. (我們只知道他在過(guò)去丟了鑰匙)。 he hasnt found his key. (現(xiàn)在的情況是：他還沒(méi)有找到鑰匙。) he died last year. /he has been dead for a year. 2我們用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)報(bào)道最新情況，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表述細(xì)節(jié)： there h

27、as been an accident. a car and a truck collided. 3. 在美式英語(yǔ)(american english)中, 有時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)并無(wú)分別： 與just, yet, already連用：i have just arrived. =i just arrived. have you finished your work yet?= did you finish your work yet? 過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作現(xiàn)在有結(jié)果：ive lost my key. have you seen it? = i lost my key. did you see it

28、?用ever /never 表述從過(guò)去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的時(shí)段內(nèi)的情況：have you ever driven a car? =did you ever drive a car? / ive never seen her before.= i never saw her before. 4. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)只表示到說(shuō)話時(shí)之前時(shí)間的情況， 而一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的是已經(jīng)發(fā)生過(guò)的事。對(duì)比：i have had four cups of coffee this morning. (說(shuō)話時(shí)還在是this morning) i had four cups of coffee this morning. (說(shuō)話時(shí)已不是t

29、his morning, 可能是下午或晚上)5對(duì)于一般過(guò)去時(shí)，我們用when/what time 來(lái)提問(wèn)：when did you get there? what time did you get to work this morning?對(duì)于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，我們用how long 來(lái)提問(wèn)：how long have you been here? how long have you known each other? 1.6 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)（present perfect continuous/progressive） 1.6.1 時(shí)間：現(xiàn)在（present）.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的一種特殊

30、形式，同樣只是與現(xiàn)在時(shí)間相關(guān)。 1.6.2 狀態(tài)：完成（perfect）+ 進(jìn)行（continuous/progressive）?，F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)只是在完成時(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上，加上進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，表明某個(gè)持續(xù)動(dòng)作到目前為止的情況。 1.6.3 構(gòu)造：陳述句：subject have/has +been +verb-ing: he has been waiting for 5 hours.否定句: subject have/has not +been +verb-ing: george hasnt been feeling well recently. 一般疑問(wèn)句：have/has subject +been

31、+verb-ing: have you been working since 8 this morning? 復(fù)雜（特殊）疑問(wèn)句：question word +have/has subject +been +verb-ing:how long have you been waiting for him? who have you been waiting for？ 1.6.4 用途：現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的一種特殊情況，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)作在說(shuō)話時(shí)可能剛剛結(jié)束，也可能還在延續(xù)我們使用該時(shí)態(tài)，主要是要表述一個(gè)動(dòng)作到目前為止的狀態(tài)，我們注重的是該動(dòng)作的過(guò)程，而不是結(jié)果。注意對(duì)比：the gro

32、und is wet. it has been raining since this morning. /it has rained three times since this morning. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)中，一般使用how long 來(lái)對(duì)動(dòng)作延續(xù)的狀況提問(wèn)；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中，使用how many/how much/how many times 來(lái)對(duì)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作結(jié)果提問(wèn)。how long have you been reading? three hours./ since 9 this morning. how many pages have you read? thirty page

33、s. 1.7 過(guò)去完成時(shí)（past perfect simple） 1.7.1 時(shí)間：過(guò)去（past）.過(guò)去完成時(shí)是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)在過(guò)去時(shí)間的形式，只與過(guò)去時(shí)間相關(guān)。 1.7.2 狀態(tài)：完成（perfect）。過(guò)去完成表達(dá)在過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)之前的情況總結(jié)。1.7.3 構(gòu)造：陳述句：subject had +past participle: they had had dinner when he arrived.否定句: subject had not +past participle: john hadnt finished his work at that time. 一般疑問(wèn)句：had subj

34、ect +past participle: had you finished cooking before 9 oclock last evening?復(fù)雜（特殊）疑問(wèn)句：question word +had+ subject +past participle:what had you done before they arrived at the party? 1.7.4 用途：我們采用過(guò)去完成時(shí)對(duì)過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)之前的情況進(jìn)行總結(jié)，表述在該時(shí)間點(diǎn)之前的情況。即把現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間點(diǎn)退后到過(guò)去。 when i arrived there, they had gone. 1.8 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)（p

35、ast perfect continuous） 將現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)間點(diǎn)退后到過(guò)去某時(shí)間點(diǎn)，就形成過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)， 用法與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)相類(lèi)似：when we arrived there, they had been waiting for 25 minutes. it had been raining since that morning, so they didnt go out. 1.9 一般將來(lái)時(shí)（future simple） 嚴(yán)格意義上來(lái)說(shuō)，由于在將來(lái)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)尚未發(fā)生，屬于一種猜測(cè)、安排、預(yù)料的事件，存在明顯的不確定性。另外，表達(dá)將來(lái)事件有多種方式，不像其他的時(shí)態(tài)有固定明

36、確的結(jié)構(gòu)符號(hào)，所以， 有許多語(yǔ)法學(xué)家認(rèn)為并不存在將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)，只是存在將來(lái)時(shí)間概念的表達(dá)。我們暫且遵從傳統(tǒng)的語(yǔ)法概念，將下列方式均稱(chēng)為一般將來(lái)時(shí)。1.9.1 采用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)安排好將要發(fā)生的個(gè)人事務(wù)。 im seeing the doctor tomorrow morning. he is leaving on sunday. 1.9.2 采用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)由時(shí)間表、節(jié)目表等確定要發(fā)生的事情：the train leaves at 9 oclock tomorrow morning. the film starts at 9 oclock tonight. 1.9.3 采用be

37、+going +to 表達(dá)已經(jīng)決定但尚未安排將要發(fā)生的事情：they are going to buy a new car next year. are you going to clean the house?be going to 結(jié)構(gòu)也可以表達(dá)根據(jù)現(xiàn)在的情況，某事將要發(fā)生： look at the black clouds! its going to rain soon. / i dont feel well. i think im going to be sick. 1.9.4 采用will/shall + verb 結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表達(dá)在說(shuō)話時(shí)才決定的事，或表示猜測(cè)：will you atte

38、nd the meeting tomorrow? yes, i will.where will you be this time next year?ill be in australia.助動(dòng)詞shall 僅用于第一人稱(chēng)后。 i shall be tired this evening. will/shall 這種助動(dòng)詞多半帶有一種 意愿性的意味，明顯具有語(yǔ)氣詞的特征，這也就是許多語(yǔ)法學(xué)家不將這種結(jié)構(gòu)視為一種時(shí)態(tài)。 我們使用will +verb 結(jié)構(gòu)在如下場(chǎng)合：1 表示愿意提供 ：i dont have any money. i will give some to you. 2 表示同意：wh

39、en you finish reading the book, can you lend it to me?of course, i will.3 表示許諾.: thanks for lending me the money. ill pay you back on sunday. 4 表示請(qǐng)求別人: will you be quiet? i cant hear anything. /will you open the window, its too hot. 在使用如下結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)使用will：probably/ i expect/ (im)sure/ (i ) think/ (i )dont t

40、hink/ i wonderill probably finish my work tomorrow. i wonder what will happen. 正確使用表述將來(lái)時(shí)間的事件的結(jié)構(gòu)， 一定要先弄清該事件的性質(zhì)。 1.10過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)（past future） 我們采用was/were +going to do 的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表達(dá)在過(guò)去時(shí)間將要發(fā)生的事件，但實(shí)際上并沒(méi)有發(fā)生。i was going to cross the road when somebody shouted “stop!”i thought it was going to rain but then the sun came

41、 out at last. 此外表將來(lái)時(shí)間概念的還有: 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)（future continuous/progressive）將來(lái)完成時(shí)（future perfect）2動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)（voice）2.1 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)/被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)英語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞還有語(yǔ)態(tài), 即根據(jù)主語(yǔ)與動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系分為: 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(active ) 主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者； 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（passive）-主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的接受者。采用主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)， 我們考慮的主要是是否需要表述主語(yǔ)。the boy broke the window.(a) the window was broken by the boy.(b) the window was br

42、oken. (c)在句(a)中，我們采用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，主要是要表述動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是the boy.在句(b)中，我們采用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)， 主要是要表述the window was broken 這樣狀態(tài)，采用by the boy來(lái)表述動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者， 具有一種附帶表述的意味。在句(c)中，我們采用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，完全不需要表述動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。 語(yǔ)態(tài)與時(shí)態(tài)是共存的， 前面我們所述的均是動(dòng)詞采用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況。不同時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)概述如下：時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)例句一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)be +past participlethe house is cleaned by mary every day.一般過(guò)去時(shí)was/were + past pa

43、rticiplethe house was built in 1989.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/are/is+ being +past participlethe house is being built.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were +being +past participlethe house was being built when we arrived here.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) have/has +been +past participlethe house has been built near the lake.過(guò)去完成時(shí)had +been +past participlethe house

44、had been built for 10 years at that time.此外，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的不定式（infinitive）和 現(xiàn)在分詞（present participle） 也存在被動(dòng)形式，見(jiàn)后文。2.2 特殊被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)2.2.1 be born 我們一般說(shuō)：was/ were born, 因?yàn)閎e born 往往是過(guò)去的事情， 如：he was born in 1998. 但我們說(shuō)：how many babies are born every day? 2.2.2 有時(shí)我們用get 代替be， 用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中，這種情況往往是用在口語(yǔ)中，而且表示的必須是動(dòng)作。這里，get 是主動(dòng)詞

45、，存在助動(dòng)詞的問(wèn)題。 i dont often get invited to parties. = i am not often invited parties. im surprised jane didnt get offered the job. = im surprised jane wasnt offered the job. 3動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)氣（modal）英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞還存在語(yǔ)氣（又稱(chēng)情態(tài)），使用語(yǔ)氣助詞（又稱(chēng)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞）（modal auxiliary）與動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成語(yǔ)氣表達(dá)。我們要注意：用于語(yǔ)氣助詞后的動(dòng)詞雖然沒(méi)有“數(shù)”（即主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一致）的要求，但仍然有時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)的問(wèn)題。根據(jù)語(yǔ)氣助詞的功能，我們

46、一般將語(yǔ)氣分為以下幾類(lèi)：3.1 能力（ability）: 表述能否的狀況，能力。 現(xiàn)在：can; be able to。 i can speak five languages. = i am able to speak five languages. 過(guò)去：could; was/were able to. his grandfather could speak five languages. 3.2 可能性（possibility）: 表述某事物的可能性- could/may/might /mustthe phone is ringing. it may/might/could be john. 3.3 不可能（impossibility