英語歧義的語用發(fā)研究英語

1、 本科生畢業(yè)論文冊(cè) 學(xué)院 xxx學(xué)院 專業(yè) 英語翻譯 班級(jí) xxxxx機(jī)器翻譯班 學(xué)生 xxx 指導(dǎo)教師 xxx xxxx大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）任務(wù)書編 號(hào)： 論文（設(shè)計(jì)）題目： 英語歧義的語用研究 學(xué) 院： xxx學(xué)院 專業(yè)： 英語翻譯 班級(jí)： xxxx機(jī)器翻譯班 學(xué)生姓名： xxx 學(xué)號(hào)： xxxxx 指導(dǎo)教師： xxx 職稱： 副教授 1、 論文（設(shè)計(jì)）研究目標(biāo)及主要任務(wù)本論文的研究目標(biāo)是從語用學(xué)的角度探討英語歧義的形成原因及其在交際中的應(yīng)用。其主要任務(wù)是通過分析英語歧義的形成原因指導(dǎo)其在交際中的運(yùn)用。2、 論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的主要內(nèi)容 本論文分為三章，第一章從合作原則和會(huì)話準(zhǔn)則的角度分析英

2、語歧義的產(chǎn)生原因，第二章從言語行為理論的角度分析英語歧義的產(chǎn)生原因，最后一章討論了英語歧義的應(yīng)用。3、 論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的基礎(chǔ)條件及研究路線本論文的基礎(chǔ)條件是不同的語言學(xué)家對(duì)語用歧義的研究結(jié)果。研究路線是對(duì)英語歧義的產(chǎn)生原因從不同的因素角度進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的闡述，并將其分別應(yīng)用在日常生活交際中。4、 主要參考文獻(xiàn)hu, zhuanglin.2006. linguistics: a course book (3rd edition). beijing: peking university press.j. l. austin. how to do things with words. beijing: fo

3、reign language teaching and research press, 2002.leech, g. 1983. principles of pragmatics. new york: longman inc.何兆熊，新編語用學(xué)概要. 上海:上海外語外語教育出版社, 2000.邱述德，英語歧義. 北京:商務(wù)印書館, 1998.5、 計(jì)劃進(jìn)度階段起止日期1確定初步論文題目 3月16日前2與導(dǎo)師見面，確定大致范圍，填開題報(bào)告和任務(wù)書，導(dǎo)師簽字3月16日-3月23日3提交論文提綱3月23日-3月30日4交初稿和文獻(xiàn)綜述3月30日-4月20日5交終稿和評(píng)議書5月8號(hào)前指 導(dǎo) 教師： 年

4、 月 日教研室主任： 年 月 日注：一式三份，學(xué)院（系）、指導(dǎo)教師、學(xué)生各一份xxxx大學(xué)本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）開題報(bào)告書 xxx 學(xué)院 英語機(jī)器翻譯 專業(yè) xxx 屆學(xué)生姓名xxx論文（設(shè)計(jì)）題目英語歧義的語用研究指導(dǎo)教師xxx專業(yè)職稱xxx所屬教研室英語基礎(chǔ)教研室研究方向語言學(xué)課題論證：從合作原則和會(huì)話準(zhǔn)則，以及言語行為理論兩方面論證英語語用歧義的形成原因及其在交際中的應(yīng)用。方案設(shè)計(jì)：第一章從合作原則和會(huì)話準(zhǔn)則的角度分析英語歧義的產(chǎn)生原因，第二章從言語行為理論的角度分析英語歧義的產(chǎn)生原因，第三章探討英語歧義的應(yīng)用。進(jìn)度計(jì)劃：3月16日前確定初步論文題目 3月23日前寫開題報(bào)告、任務(wù)書3月3

5、0日前提交論文提綱4月20日前提交初稿和文獻(xiàn)綜述5月8日前提交終稿和評(píng)議書指導(dǎo)教師意見： 指導(dǎo)教師簽名： 年 月 日教研室意見： 教研室主任簽名： 年 月 日xxxx大學(xué)本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）評(píng)議書姓 名xxx學(xué)院xxx學(xué)院專業(yè)機(jī)器翻譯年級(jí)（班）xxx英語機(jī)器翻譯班論 文 題 目英語歧義的語用研究完成時(shí)間2013/5/8論文內(nèi)容摘要歧義是語言使用中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)象，包括語音歧義，詞匯歧義，語法歧義等。近年來，對(duì)歧義的研究不斷深入，除了語言平面的靜態(tài)研究，也開始了對(duì)歧義的動(dòng)態(tài)研究，即在語用學(xué)范圍內(nèi)對(duì)歧義進(jìn)行研究。語用歧義指說話人在特定語境或上下文中使用不確定的、模糊的或間接的話語向聽話人同時(shí)表達(dá)數(shù)

6、種言外行為或言外之力的現(xiàn)象。目前，此類研究仍需進(jìn)一步深入，本文主要從語用學(xué)的角度運(yùn)用合作原則、會(huì)話準(zhǔn)則和言語行為理論對(duì)歧義現(xiàn)象加以分析，對(duì)語用歧義的產(chǎn)生原因進(jìn)行了歸納。語用歧義通常會(huì)給交流帶來不便，但如果使用得當(dāng)，巧妙利用語用歧義，則可以在交際中發(fā)揮奇特的作用，例如表達(dá)言外之意，產(chǎn)生幽默效果，避免沖突等。本文將原理和大量例句相結(jié)合，從語用學(xué)的角度對(duì)歧義的產(chǎn)生原因及其應(yīng)用進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的分析。指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語 年 月 日指 導(dǎo) 教 師職稱初評(píng)成績(jī)答辯小組姓名職稱教研室組長(zhǎng)成員答辯記錄： 記錄人簽字： 年 月 日答辯小組意見： 組長(zhǎng)簽字： 年 月 日學(xué)院意見： 評(píng)定成績(jī)： 簽章 年 月 日 xxxx大學(xué)本

7、科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）文獻(xiàn)綜述literature reviewthe study of pragmatic ambiguity has a long history. ambiguity is a phenomenon that often appears in language use. ambiguity includes phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, and grammatical ambiguity. in recent years, the research of ambiguity goes deeper and deeper

8、, besides the static study in linguistic level, the dynamic study has also begun, and that is pragmatic study of ambiguity. pragmatic ambiguity refers to the phenomenon that speakers use unsure, ambiguous or indirect utterance to express several illocutionary acts or illocutionary forces to hearers

9、in a specific context or text. at present, this field needs further research. pragmatic ambiguity arises when the statement is not specific, and the context does not provide enough information needed to clarify the statement (walton 1996). information is missing, and must be inferred. all

10、languages depend on words and sentences in constructing meaning. however, one of the fundamental facts about words and sentences is that many of them in our languages have more than one meaning. linguist wilhelm von humboldt said in 18th century that language is infinite use of finite means and it i

11、s a creative activity (robin, 1987). so ambiguity may occur when an utterance can be understood in two or more distinct senses. kess and hoppe even say in ambiguity in psycholinguistics, “upon careful consideration, one cannot but be amazed at the ubiquity in language.” english, as a language has no

12、 exception to it. since ambiguity is not a new topic, a lot of researches have been made in this field. in the west, ambiguity can be traces back to the sophism of ancient greek philosophy. however, previous researches are mainly concerned with phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity and grammatic

13、al ambiguity. but the word "pragmatics" was first put forward in 1930s by charles morris and the category of pragmatic ambiguity was not explored until the 1970s. so researches on pragmatic ambiguity are still insufficiently thorough, for example, its definition, characteristics, category,

14、 functions and understanding still need further study. based upon the previous researches, i will further explore the forming factors of pragmatic ambiguity and talk about its applications. the notion of meaning is a very important idea in the field of semantics. g. leech recognizes seven kinds of m

15、eaning in his booksemantics, which was first published in 1974. leech (1981) put forwards three kinds of meanings according to hallidays systemic-functional perspective: conceptual meaning, associative meaning and thematic meaning. the associative meaning includes connotative meaning, social meaning

16、, affective meaning, reflected meaning and collocative meaning.in the study of pragmatics, meaning and context are its two basic concepts. the meaning in pragmatics refers to the specific meaning in actual use in a particular context. context is the environment in which speech communication takes pl

17、ace, which consists of a series of subjective and objective elements closely related to language communication. elements of context include the utterance itself, the behavior environment and situation where speech act happens, common sense and the relationship between communication participants.the

18、theory of conversational implicature was proposed by an oxford philosopher herbert paul grice. in real communication, the intention of the speaker is often not the literal meaning of what he says; the real intention implied in the words is called conversational impicature. conversational implicature

19、 is a kind of implied meaning, which is deduced based on the conventional meaning of words as well as context, under the guidance of the cooperative principle and its maxims. from this perspective, implicature is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theory because they are both related to

20、 the contextual side of meaning. the difference between these two theories is that they offer different mechanisms to explain the generation of contextual meaning. at the end of grices “l(fā)ogic and convention”, he mentioned a variety of characteristics of implicature. (1) calculability (2) cancellabil

21、ity (3) non-detachability (4) non-conventionality. grice also proposed the cooperative principle: make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. to specify the cooperative

22、 principle further, grice introduced four categories of maxims as follows: the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.oxford philosopher john langshaw austin published his speech act theory in how to do things with words. according to austen, there are

23、 three senses in which saying something may be understood as doing something. they are the locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. the locutionary act is what linguists have been studying all along. the perlocutionary act involves many psychological and social factors, so it is di

24、fficult to study. so speech act theory is in fact a theory of the illocutionary act.ambiguity sometimes causes misunderstandings, which are obstacles in communication. a lot of linguists think that ambiguity is negative, should be avoided. contemporary american linguist h. p. grice in his cooperativ

25、e principle mentions avoiding ambiguity. but ambiguity is an internal phenomenon of language itself, and in the contexts or communicative situations, most of the ambiguity phenomenon will be eliminated automatically (kooij, 1974:4). therefore, if ambiguity is properly made use of, it not only won

26、9;t produce misunderstandings, but also can achieve a certain rhetorical effects and pragmatic purposes.this thesis analyzes the phenomenon of ambiguity from the pragmatic perspective under the guidance of cooperative principle; conversational implicature and speech act theory and gives a generaliza

27、tion of different forming factors of pragmatic ambiguity. pragmatic ambiguity often brings inconvenience to communication, but if it is properly used, it will have special effects, such as leading to special overtones, producing humor, avoiding conflicts and so on. combining principles with a lot of

28、 examples, the thesis will give a detailed analysis of the forming factors and applications of ambiguity in terms of pragmatics. 本科生畢業(yè)論文冊(cè) 題目 英語歧義的語用分析 學(xué)院 xxx學(xué)院 專業(yè) 英語機(jī)器翻譯專業(yè) 班級(jí) xxx機(jī)器翻譯班 學(xué)生 xxx 指導(dǎo)教師 xxx 完成日期 xxx 年 5 月 8 日 pragmatic analysis of ambiguity in englishbyxxxxprof. fu xiaoli, tutora thesis su

29、bmitted to department of english language and literature in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of b.a. in english at xxxx universitymay 8th,xxx abstract ambiguity is a phenomenon that often appears in language use. ambiguity includes phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, gra

30、mmatical ambiguity and so on. in recent years, the research of ambiguity goes deeper and deeper, besides the static study in linguistic level, the dynamic study has also begun, and that is pragmatic study of ambiguity. pragmatic ambiguity refers to the phenomenon that speakers use unsure, ambiguous

31、or indirect utterance to express several illocutionary acts or illocutionary forces to hearers in a specific context or text. at present, this field needs further research. this thesis analyzes the phenomenon of ambiguity from the pragmatic perspective under the guidance of cooperative principle, co

32、nversational implicature and speech act theory and gives a generalization of different forming factors of pragmatic ambiguity. pragmatic ambiguity often brings inconvenience to communication, but if it is properly used, it will have special effects, such as leading to special overtones, producing hu

33、mor, avoiding conflicts and so on. combining principles with a lot of examples, the thesis will give a detailed analysis of the forming factors and applications of ambiguity in terms of pragmatics.key words pragmatic ambiguity forming factors applicationsiii 摘要歧義是語言使用中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)象，包括語音歧義，詞匯歧義，語法歧義等。近年來，對(duì)

34、歧義的研究不斷深入，除了語言平面的靜態(tài)研究，也開始了對(duì)歧義的動(dòng)態(tài)研究，即在語用學(xué)范圍內(nèi)對(duì)歧義進(jìn)行研究。語用歧義指說話人在特定語境或上下文中使用不確定的、模糊的或間接的話語向聽話人同時(shí)表達(dá)數(shù)種言外行為或言外之力的現(xiàn)象。目前，此類研究仍需進(jìn)一步深入，本文主要從語用學(xué)的角度運(yùn)用合作原則、會(huì)話準(zhǔn)則和言語行為理論對(duì)歧義現(xiàn)象加以分析，對(duì)語用歧義的產(chǎn)生原因進(jìn)行了歸納。語用歧義通常會(huì)給交流帶來不便，但如果使用得當(dāng)，巧妙利用語用歧義，則可以在交際中發(fā)揮奇特的作用，例如表達(dá)言外之意，產(chǎn)生幽默效果，避免沖突等。本文將原理和大量例句相結(jié)合，從語用學(xué)的角度對(duì)歧義的產(chǎn)生原因及其應(yīng)用進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的分析。關(guān)鍵詞 語用歧義 產(chǎn)生

35、原因 應(yīng)用iv table of contentschapter 1 introduction1chapter 2 literature review4chapter 3 cooperative principle and grices conversation maxims73.1 essential concepts73.1.1 meaning73.1.2 context83.2 theoretical contribution93.2.1 the conversational implicature93.2.2 cooperative principle and grices conve

36、rsation maxims103.3 implicature ambiguity10chapter 4 speech act theory134.1 introduction134.2 speech act theory134.3 speech act ambiguity144.4 summary16chapter 5 applications of pragmatic ambiguity175.1 introduction175.2 to lead to special overtones175.3 to avoid conflicts175.4 to produce humor18v 5

37、.5 summary20chapter 6 conclusion21references2231 chapter 1 introductionambiguity may occur when an utterance can be understood in two or more distinct senses. ambiguity is an intrinsic phenomenon in english language. there ar

38、e several types of ambiguity, such as phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity and grammatical ambiguity. in recent years, the research of ambiguity goes deeper and deeper, besides the static study in linguistic level, the dynamic study has also begun, and that is pragmatic study of ambiguity. and

39、the focus of this paper is to present the pragmatic analysis of ambiguity with the concepts of meaning and context, as well as the theories of the conversational implicature, the cooperative principle, grices conversation maxims and speech act theory. ambiguity often appears in our conversation, in

40、the speech or even in the writing. pragmatic ambiguity refers to the phenomenon that speakers use unsure, ambiguous or indirect utterance to express several illocutionary acts or illocutionary forces to hearers in a specific context or text. pragmatic ambiguity arises when the statement is not speci

41、fic, and the context does not provide enough information needed to clarify the statement (walton 1996). information is missing, and must be inferred. an example of pragmatic ambiguity is the story of king croesus and the oracle of delphi (adapted from copi and cohen 1990):“king croesus con

42、sulted the oracle of delphi before warring with cyrus of persia.  the oracle replied that, if croesus went to war with cyrus, he would destroy a mighty kingdom. delighted, croesus attacked persia, and croesus army and kingdom were crushed. croesus complained bitterly to the oracles pr

43、iests, who replied that the oracle had been entirely right. by going to war with persia, croesus had destroyed a mighty kingdom his own.”the information necessary to clearly understand the message is omitted.  due to the need to infer the missing information, pragmatically ambiguous statem

44、ents have multiple possible interpretations (walton 1996). croesus interpreted the oracles statement as indicating his success in battle the response he desired.  as noted by hamblin (1970), croesus logical response to the oracular reply would have been to immediately ask the oracle, "

45、;which kingdom?"  further information is needed to resolve pragmatic ambiguity.  in the case of an information request, pragmatic ambiguity exists in the request for “a report of all the clients for a department.” the ambiguity is that the request does not refer to a specific departme

46、nt.  the end user could legitimately prepare a report for any department.  further information is needed to resolve this actual ambiguity in this case.pragmatic ambiguities are born when the communication happens between two agents who do not share the same context. we imagine receiving a

47、telephone call from a friend far away, even living in a different continent: “i will arrive to the airport at 12 o'clock.”in this case, speaker and listener, because of different jet lags, do not share the same context and probably one of them will wait in the airport for various hours. i&#

48、39;m going to show one more example. suppose someone tells us: “outside is very warm.”the information that we can learn from this phrase is complete only if we know who has pronounced it and his concept of “warmth”. an eskimo, as an example, pronouncing a phrase of the sort could let us know th

49、at outside it is 3 or 4 degrees! this means it is important the hearer knows or could suppose as much as possible about the speaker and his knowledge (say world model).there are several types of pragmatic ambiguity in terms of their different forming factors, such as discourse ambiguity, implicature

50、 ambiguity and speech act ambiguity. no matter what the forming factor is, ambiguity lies in the difference of meaning. speech communication takes place between at least two participantsa speaker and a hearer. linguist wilhelm von humboldt said in 18th century that language is infinite use of finite

51、 means and it is a creative activity (robin, 1987). pragmatic ambiguity is a phenomenon that arises from communication activity. there are two forming conditions of pragmatic ambiguity:first, the speaker use unsure or indirect utterance, which makes the hearer have two or more than two understanding

52、s. for example,(1) lawyers to offer poor free advicethis is a news title, whose author takes advantage of unsure elements deliberately to create ambiguity. in terms of different pauses, there are two different understandings:a、 lawyers to offer (the) poor (pause) free advice. it means lawyers offer

53、free advice to the poor;b、lawyers to offer (pause) poor free advice.it means lawyers offer free but poor advice.the author deliberately took advantage of ambiguity to combine the two meanings together which has the effect of pun.second, although the speakers utterance is quite clear, the hearer has some kind of intention or is affected by context, thus producing different understandings, for instance,(2) judge: guilty! ill give you ten days or twenty d