核專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)詞匯

1、（一）核物理基本概念元素 element粒子 particle離子 ion分子 molecule原子 atom原子的 atomic原子核 nucleus (pl. nuclei)核的 nuclear質(zhì)子 proton中子 neutron電子 electron核子 nucleon化學(xué)性質(zhì) chemical identity帶正電的 positively charged帶負(fù)電的 negatively charged不帶電的 uncharged電中性的 electrically neutral（元素）周期表 periodic table原子序數(shù) atomic number質(zhì)量數(shù) mass numbe

2、r軌道電子 orbital electron同位素 isotope天然存在的 naturally occurring人工的 artificial化學(xué)鍵 chemical bond化合物 compound上標(biāo) superscript下標(biāo) subscript氧 oxygen氫，氕 hydrogen重氫，氘 heavy hydrogen, deuterium重氫核，氘核 deuterion超重氫，氚 tritium碳 carbon氦 helium放射性的 radioactive加權(quán)平均 weighted mean質(zhì)量 mass動(dòng)量 momentum能量 energy單位，機(jī)組 unit國(guó)際單位制 S

3、ystem International, SI千克 kilogram (kg)伏特 volt (V)摩爾 mole (mol)庫(kù)侖 coulomb電子伏特 electron-volt (eV)兆電子伏特 mega electron-volt (MeV)質(zhì)量虧損 mass defect結(jié)合能 binding energy動(dòng)能 kinetic energy勢(shì)能 potential, potential energy躍遷 jump核力 nuclear force排斥 repulsion吸引 attraction轟擊 bombardment發(fā)射（出） emission (n.), emit (v.)能

4、級(jí) energy level裂變 fission聚變 fusion衰變 decay鋇 barium硼 boron鉍 bismuth鈾 uranium钚 plutonium釷 thorium鋰 lithium鈉 sodium核反應(yīng) nuclear reaction鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng) chain reaction輻射，射線(xiàn) radiation超鈾元素 transuranium element可裂變的 fissionable易裂變的 fissile碎片 fragment宏觀(guān)的 macroscopic微觀(guān)的 microscopic介觀(guān)的 mesoscopic激發(fā) excite靜電的 electrostatic庫(kù)

5、侖力 Coulomb force電磁輻射 electromagnetic radiation（二）放射性宇宙射線(xiàn) cosmic ray電離 ionization韌致輻射 bremsstrahlung(braking radiation)輻射，射線(xiàn) radiation正比于 be proportional to反比于 be inversely proportional to根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn) as a rule of thumba 射線(xiàn) alpha rayb 射線(xiàn) beta rayg 射線(xiàn) gamma ray帶電粒子 charged particle光子 photon散射 scattering衍射 dif

6、fraction折射 deflection碰撞 collision鋁 aluminum鈹 beryllium氦 helium相互作用 interaction攝入 ingest吸入 inhale動(dòng)能 kinetic energy勢(shì)能 potential (energy)量子 quantum屏蔽 shielding正電子 positron加速器 accelerator放射性 radioactivity湮滅 annihilation光電效應(yīng) photoelectric effect（三）核反應(yīng)衰減 attenuation放大 amplification鎘 cadmium鈷 cobalt氧 oxyge

7、n氮 nitrogen汞 mercury彈性的 elastic非彈性的 inelastic宏觀(guān)截面 macroscopic cross section微觀(guān)截面 microscopic cross section靶恩 barn反沖，反作用 recoil平均自由程 mean free path轉(zhuǎn)變，轉(zhuǎn)化 transmutation擴(kuò)散 diffusion中子擴(kuò)散 neutron diffusion斐克擴(kuò)散定律 Ficks law of diffusion通量 flux中微子 neutrino放射性同位素 radioisotope半衰期 half-life熱核反應(yīng)堆 thermonuclear re

8、actor化合價(jià) valence（四）核材料燃料 fuel燃料芯塊 fuel pellet慢化劑 moderator冷卻劑 coolant包殼 cladding控制棒 control rod硼酸 boric acid鉻 chromium鉿 hafnium釓 gadolinium銦 indium鎂 magnesium鎳 nickel鋯 zirconium硅 silicon重水 heavy water石墨 graphite碳化物 carbide氧化物 oxide氧化 oxidize二氧化物 dioxide二氧化碳 carbon dioxide碳?xì)浠衔?hydrocarbon密度 density熱

9、導(dǎo)率，傳熱系數(shù)thermal conductivity比熱 specific heat粘性 viscosity飽和 saturation熱力性質(zhì)，熱物性 thermodynamic property反應(yīng)性 reactivity升華 sublime中子俘獲截面 neutron capture cross section散射截面 scattering cross section輻照損傷 radiation damage腫脹 swelling燃耗 burnup合金 alloy鎂諾克斯合金 Magnox鋯合金 zircaloy金屬間化合物 inter-metallic compound裂變產(chǎn)物 fis

10、sion product裂變碎片 fission fragment腐蝕產(chǎn)物 corrosion product可燃毒物 burnable poison冷軋 cold pressing燒結(jié) sintering開(kāi)裂 crack蠕變 creep增殖材料 fertile material增殖比 breeding ratio濃縮鈾 enriched uranium高溫氣冷堆 High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR)（中子）通量展平 flux-shaping（五）核反應(yīng)堆理論自持的鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng) self-sustaining chain reaction燃料循環(huán) f

11、uel cycle臨界 (a) critical次臨界 (a) subcritical超臨界 (a) supercritical臨界 (n) criticality臨界尺寸 critical size共振 resonance彈性散射碰撞 elastic scattering collision熱中子利用系數(shù) thermal utilization factor慢化 slow down熱中子 thermal neutron快中子 fast neutron六氟化物 hexafluoride六氟化鈾 uranium hexafluoride離心工藝 centrifuge process氣體擴(kuò)散工藝

12、gaseous diffusion process換料 (v) refuel快中子增殖反應(yīng)堆，快堆 Fast Breeding Reactor (FBR)堆芯，活性區(qū) core再生區(qū) blanket半透膜 semi-permeable membrane旋轉(zhuǎn) spin (過(guò)去分詞：spun)貧鈾 depleted uranium熱中子反應(yīng)堆，熱堆 thermal reactor快堆 fast reactor倍增系數(shù) multiplication factor（十）壓水反應(yīng)堆壓水反應(yīng)堆，壓水堆 Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)蒸汽發(fā)生器 steam generator

13、一次側(cè) primary side二次側(cè) secondary side發(fā)電機(jī) electrical generator, generator燃料芯塊 fuel pellet包殼 cladding堆芯 core給水泵 feed(water) pump反應(yīng)堆（壓力）容器 reactor vessel, pressure vessel硼酸 boric acid化學(xué)補(bǔ)償控制 chemical shim control堆坑 reactor pit氣密的 airtight封頭 head接管，噴嘴 nozzle點(diǎn)火區(qū) seed再生區(qū) blanket用戶(hù)，業(yè)主，業(yè)界 utility賣(mài)主，供應(yīng)商 vendor,

14、supplier制造商 manufacturer多重屏障 multiple barriers縱深防御 defense in depth冗余性 redundancy多樣性 diversity獨(dú)立性 independence包容 contain美國(guó)機(jī)械工程師協(xié)會(huì) American Society of Mechanical Engineer (ASME)美國(guó)核學(xué)會(huì)American Nuclear Society (ANS)安全級(jí) safety class失效 failure安全功能 safety function裕度 margin反應(yīng)堆冷卻劑系統(tǒng) Reactor Coolant System (R

15、CS)在役檢查 inservice inspection汽水分離器 moisture separator干燥器 steam dryer堆內(nèi)構(gòu)件 reactor internals反應(yīng)堆冷卻劑泵，主泵 reactor coolant pump (RCP), main pump穩(wěn)壓器 pressurizer波動(dòng)管 surge line剖視圖 sectional view控制棒 control rod控制棒組件 Control Element Assembly (CEA)控制棒驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu) Control Element Drive Mechanism (CEDM)控制棒導(dǎo)向管 Control Rod

16、Guide Tube (CRGT)上部支撐板 upper support plate燃料組件 fuel assembly進(jìn)口接管 inlet nozzle出口接管 outlet nozzle堆芯吊籃 core barrel可燃吸收體 burnable absorber管側(cè) tube side殼側(cè) shell side蒸汽管線(xiàn) steam line一次冷卻劑 primary coolant主蒸汽 main steam反應(yīng)性引入 reactivity insertion濃度 concentration參考負(fù)荷 reference load冷卻劑平均溫度 coolant average temper

17、ature稀釋 dilution裂變產(chǎn)物 fission product積累 buildup反應(yīng)堆調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng) Reactor Regulating System (RRS)（程序）整定值 programmed value峰值線(xiàn)釋熱率 peak linear heat rate軸向功率分布 axial power distribution方位角 azimuthal（中子通量）方位角偏差 azimuthal tilt偏離泡核沸騰 Departure from Nucleate Boiling (DNB)偏離泡核沸騰比 Departure from Nucleate Boiling Ratio (DN

18、BR)堆內(nèi)測(cè)量系統(tǒng) In-Core Detector System (ICDS)自給能中子探測(cè)器 Self-Powered Neutron Detector (SPND)信號(hào)調(diào)理 signal conditioning反應(yīng)堆緊急停堆 reactor trip汽機(jī)脫扣 turbine trip可靠性 reliability規(guī)范，法規(guī) code燃耗 burnup（十一）反應(yīng)堆容器與堆內(nèi)構(gòu)件環(huán)鍛件 ring-forging鍛造 forge鍛件 forging監(jiān)視 surveillance樣品，試樣 specimen安裝 mount奧氏體的 austenitic不銹鋼 stainless steel法

19、蘭 flange熱電偶 thermocouple零延性轉(zhuǎn)變溫度 nil-ductility transition temperature (TNDT)注量率 fluence集成中子通量 NVT=Total Integrated Neutron Flux = Integrated Flux = Fluence = Neutron density ´ Velocity ´ Time 【unit】：n/m3×m/s×s= n/m2旁通，支路 bypass磷 phosphorous硫 sulfur = sulphur焊 weld臨界值，限值 threshold（

20、機(jī)）接合，嚙合，對(duì)位 engage凸緣，凸起部，輪轂 boss逐漸變細(xì)的 tapered圓頂 dome圍板 shroud（十二）反應(yīng)堆堆芯與燃料可燃吸收棒 burnable absorber rod蠕變 creep柵格 lattice中子源 neutron source阻力塞 plug反應(yīng)性?xún)r(jià)值 reactivity worth比功率 specific power銻 antimony鎘 cadmium锎 californium銦 indium陶瓷（狀）的 ceramic（機(jī)）間隙 clearance污染 contaminate柵格架；電網(wǎng)；網(wǎng)格 grid因科鎳 inconel固有安全性 inh

21、erent safety非能動(dòng)安全 passive safety能動(dòng)安全 active safety套管，套筒 sleeve定位格架 spacer grid星形架，蜘蛛 spider乏燃料 spent fuel（十三）壓水堆冷卻劑系統(tǒng)主要設(shè)備U形管蒸汽發(fā)生器 U-tube steam generator核供汽系統(tǒng) Nuclear Steam Supply System (NSSS)一次系統(tǒng) primary system二次系統(tǒng) secondary system主蒸汽 main steam汽輪機(jī)，透平機(jī)械 turbine給水與凝汽系統(tǒng) feed and condensate system熱管段，

22、熱腿 hot leg冷管段，冷腿 cold leg堵管裕量 tube plugging margin在¼¼情況下 in the event of換熱器 heat exchanger (HX)節(jié)熱器，省煤器 economizer給水 feedwater一次進(jìn)口水室 inlet plenum一次進(jìn)口接管 primary inlet nozzle一次出口水室 outlet plenum一次出口接管 primary outlet nozzle管板 tubesheet噴放；（SG）排污 blowdown上升段 riser下降段 downcomer滿(mǎn)功率 full power (FP)

23、額定功率 rated power額定負(fù)荷 rated load化學(xué)和容積控制系統(tǒng) Chemical and Volume Control System (CVCS)加熱，升溫 heatup冷卻，降溫 cooldown噴淋管線(xiàn) spray line輔助噴淋管線(xiàn) auxiliary spray line上充泵 charging pump上充 charge下泄 letdown水位 water level, level備用的 backup過(guò)壓保護(hù) overpressure protection安全殼內(nèi)換料水箱 In-containment Refueling Water Storage Tank (I

24、RWST)換料水箱 Refueling Water Storage Tank (RWST)安全閥 safety valve卸壓閥 relief valve全廠(chǎng)斷電 station blackout (SBO)（蒸汽）干度 quality空泡份額 void fraction熱沖擊 thermal shock急冷，驟冷 quench（十四）壓水堆系統(tǒng)與安全殼裂變碎片 fission fragment輕水反應(yīng)堆 Light Water Reactor (LWR)熱機(jī) thermal engine原動(dòng)機(jī) prime mover焓 enthalpy熵 entropy反饋 feedback熱力學(xué)第二定律

25、second law of thermo- dynamics最終熱阱 ultimate sink一（次）回路 primary loop二（次）回路 secondary loop核電廠(chǎng)配套子項(xiàng) Balance of Plant (BOP)一次壓力邊界 primary pressure boundary隔離閥 isolation valve失效 failure故障 fault, malfuction卡諾效率 Carnot efficiency熱機(jī)效率 engine efficiency高溫?zé)嵩?，熱?kù) hot reservoir低溫?zé)嵩?cold reservoir摩擦 friction余熱排出系統(tǒng)

26、 Residual Heat-Removal System (RHRS)換料(n) refueling應(yīng)急堆芯冷卻系統(tǒng) Emergency Core- Cooling System (ECCS)補(bǔ)水與排水 feed and bleed專(zhuān)設(shè)安全設(shè)施 Engineered Safety Feature (ESF)設(shè)備冷卻水系統(tǒng) Component Cooling System止回閥 non-return valve蓄壓箱 accumulator電動(dòng)閥 motor-driven valve氣動(dòng)閥 pneumatic valve安注泵 safety injection pump安全殼 containm

27、ent鋼筋混凝土 reinforced concrete預(yù)應(yīng)力鋼筋混凝土 prestressed reinforced concrete英制壓力單位 psi = pounds per square inch英制壓力單位（表壓）psig = pounds per square inch gauge環(huán)形的 annular潛熱 latent heat顯熱 sensible heat氫氧化物 hydroxide氫氧化鈉 sodium hydroxide苛性鈉，氫氧化鈉 caustic啟動(dòng) startup飛射物，導(dǎo)彈 missile蒸汽管線(xiàn) steamline安全殼地坑 containment sump

28、（十五）蒸汽輪機(jī)飛輪 flywheel葉片，葉柵 blade, bucket, vane功 work沖動(dòng)式汽輪機(jī) impulse turbine反動(dòng)式汽輪機(jī) reaction turbine沖動(dòng)級(jí) impulse stage反動(dòng)級(jí) reaction stage反動(dòng)度 degree of reaction漸縮的 converging漸擴(kuò)的 diverging噴嘴，接管 nozzle被稱(chēng)為¼¼ be referred to as缸體，箱體 casing推力 thrust拉金 lashing除濕 moisture removal節(jié)流閥 stop-throttle valve扭矩

29、torque每秒¼轉(zhuǎn) rev/s = revolutions per second每分鐘¼轉(zhuǎn) rpm = revolutions per minute（十六）主蒸汽、給水與凝汽系統(tǒng)汽輪發(fā)電機(jī) turbine generator汽動(dòng)給水泵 turbine driven feedwater pump蒸汽排放 steam dump汽水分離再熱器 Moisture Seperator Reheater (MSR)密封蒸汽系統(tǒng) gland steam system限流器 flow restrictor主蒸汽隔離閥 main steam isolation valve機(jī)組 unit負(fù)荷

30、 load主蒸汽集管 main steam header給水聯(lián)箱 feedwater header給水回?zé)嵫h(huán) regenerative feed heating cycle磨損 wear污垢，結(jié)垢 fouling裝量 inventory蒸汽（旁路）排放 steam dump冷凝器排放 condenser steam dump大氣排放 atmospheric steam dump除氧器排放 deoxidizer steam dump電纜 electric cable輔助給水系統(tǒng) auxiliary feedwater system壓差 differential pressure, pressu

31、re differential, pressure difference增壓泵 booster pump增壓 boost pressure吸入口 suction凝汽器 condenser凝汽器熱阱 condenser hotwell給水流量調(diào)節(jié)閥 feed regulating valve給水調(diào)節(jié)旁通閥 feed regulating bypass valve疏水 drain階躍變化 step change線(xiàn)性（斜坡）變化 ramp change溢流閥 overflow valve工藝汽 process steam緊急停堆 trip; scram停堆 shutdown停堆，停堆期 outrag

32、e手動(dòng)地 manually自動(dòng)地 automatically質(zhì)量流率 mass flow rate關(guān)斷閥 shutoff valve（美國(guó)）聯(lián)邦管理法規(guī) CFR = Code of Federal Regulations凝結(jié)液 condensate水頭，壓頭 head汽機(jī)脫扣（甩負(fù)荷） turbine trip（十七）核電廠(chǎng)運(yùn)行工藝熱 process heat公用電網(wǎng) utility grid基礎(chǔ)負(fù)荷運(yùn)行 base load operation退役的 out of service運(yùn)行因子 operation factor負(fù)荷因子 load factor使用因子，運(yùn)行因子 service fac

33、tor可利用因子 availability技術(shù)規(guī)范 technical specification穩(wěn)壓器汽空間建立 draw a pressure steam bubble未能緊急停堆的預(yù)計(jì)瞬變 Anticipated Transient Without Scram (ATWS)未能緊急停堆的預(yù)計(jì)瞬變 Anticipated Transient Without Trip (ATWT)失電 loss of power失流 loss of flow輔助噴淋 auxiliary spray采樣 sampling（美國(guó)）核管會(huì) Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)負(fù)荷跟蹤 load following（十八）輻射危害與屏蔽屏蔽 shielding核輻射 nuclear radiation發(fā)射，發(fā)出 emit劑量 dose劑量率 dose rate保健物理 health physics天然本底輻射 natural background radiation轟擊 bombardment地殼 the earths crust（放射性）墜塵 fallout職業(yè)照射 occupational exposure放射性流出物 rad