高二英語U13語法課件

1、12:40:11U13 People Grammar Revision 主要內(nèi)容 一. 現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞 二. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 12:40:11 過去分詞只有一種形式過去分詞只有一種形式: done 現(xiàn)在分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞多表示主語所具有的現(xiàn)在分詞多表示主語所具有的特征特征或或?qū)傩詫傩裕贿^去分詞多表示主語所處的過去分詞多表示主語所處的狀態(tài)狀態(tài)，如：，如： The news was exciting. The situation is encouraging. She looked disappointed. He appeared satisfied with my ans

2、wer.過去分詞作表語時(shí)，應(yīng)注意與被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別過去分詞作表語時(shí)，應(yīng)注意與被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別 The small village is surrounded by trees. (狀態(tài)狀態(tài)) The small village was soon surrounded by enemy soldiers. (動(dòng)作動(dòng)作) Im interested in chess. (狀態(tài)狀態(tài)) I was interested by what you told me. . (動(dòng)作動(dòng)作) 單獨(dú)作定語，應(yīng)放在被修飾的名詞之前，如：單獨(dú)作定語，應(yīng)放在被修飾的名詞之前，如： touching story / shinin

3、g example / coming week / skilled worker / armed forces / boiled water / steamed bread Barking dogs seldom bite. Soon our respected and beloved leaders entered the banquet hall.分詞作定語時(shí)，意義上接近于一個(gè)定語從句，如：分詞作定語時(shí)，意義上接近于一個(gè)定語從句，如： developing countries = countries that are developing a growing city = a city t

4、hat is growing liberated areas = areas that have been liberated 12:40:11 分詞短語作定語分詞短語作定語. 分詞短語應(yīng)放在被修飾的名詞之后，在意分詞短語應(yīng)放在被修飾的名詞之后，在意義上也相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句，如：義上也相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句，如： Who is the man standing (= that is standing) by the door? They built a highway leading (= which leads) into the mountains. They are problems lef

5、t (= which have been left) over by history. Have you read any short stories written by Lu Xun? 作定語的現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間有兩種情況：作定語的現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間有兩種情況：a. 表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作, (變?yōu)閺木鋾r(shí)要用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)變?yōu)閺木鋾r(shí)要用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)), 如：如： Tell the children (who are playing there) not to make so much noise. Did you see the man (who was tal

6、king) ?b. 表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作, 或現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在 (或當(dāng)時(shí)或當(dāng)時(shí)) 的狀態(tài)的狀態(tài), (變?yōu)閺木鋾r(shí)變?yōu)閺木鋾r(shí), 用一般時(shí)態(tài)用一般時(shí)態(tài)), 如：如： They lived in a room (= that faced) . The house (= that stands) was built in 1955.12:40:11 過去分詞作定語時(shí)，過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作可以在謂語所表示的過去分詞作定語時(shí)，過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作可以在謂語所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，也可以是沒有一定的時(shí)間性，如：動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，也可以是沒有一定的時(shí)間性，如： Is this the book ? The me

7、eting is very important. He is a man . I hate to see letters . 如果所表示的動(dòng)作現(xiàn)刻正在發(fā)生，或是與謂語所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)如果所表示的動(dòng)作現(xiàn)刻正在發(fā)生，或是與謂語所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，可以用發(fā)生，可以用來表示，如：來表示，如： The meeting is very important. We must keep a secret of the things .如果所表示的是一個(gè)未來的動(dòng)作，可以用一個(gè)如果所表示的是一個(gè)未來的動(dòng)作，可以用一個(gè)來表示，如：來表示，如： The meeting is very important. Plea

8、se tell me the subjects . 分詞還可以作非限制性定語（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)非限制性定語從句），分詞還可以作非限制性定語（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)非限制性定語從句）， 這時(shí)，它和句子的其他部分用逗號(hào)隔開，試比較：這時(shí)，它和句子的其他部分用逗號(hào)隔開，試比較： All my brothers living in Shanghai are scientists. All my brothers, living in Shanghai, are scientists. All the letters in the drawer written in pencil are from my sister.

9、All the letters in the drawer, written in pencil, are from my sister. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，表示現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，表示，如：，如： The children ran out of the room, . They stood there for an hour . She sat at the desk . 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，（這類狀語可以放在句首，也可以放（這類狀語可以放在句首，也可以放在句末，有時(shí)還可以放在句中。其他參考上述在句末，有時(shí)還可以放在句中。其他參考上述a-c），），如：如： , they started

10、 to climb. , they greatly reduced the cost. , we visited a number of cities. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，如：，如： Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note. Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her. Being so poor in those days, we couldnt afford to send the boy to hospital.如果分詞表示的動(dòng)作在

11、謂語所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，則要用完成形式，如：如果分詞表示的動(dòng)作在謂語所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，則要用完成形式，如： Having worked among the peasants for many years, he knew them very well. Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter. Having lived in Berlin many years, he knew the city well. 現(xiàn)在分詞作現(xiàn)在分詞作（相當(dāng)于（相當(dāng)于 when 引導(dǎo)的從句），如：引導(dǎo)的從句），如： Tu

12、rning around, she saw a police car driving up. Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Seeing those pictures, he couldnt help thinking of those days in Yanan. 這里分詞表示的是一個(gè)極短暫的動(dòng)作，這動(dòng)作一發(fā)生，謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的這里分詞表示的是一個(gè)極短暫的動(dòng)作，這動(dòng)作一發(fā)生，謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作立即發(fā)生。這類分詞一般放在句首。如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作是完全同時(shí)發(fā)生的，多用動(dòng)作立即發(fā)生。這類分詞一般放在句首。如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作是完全同時(shí)發(fā)生的，多用 wh

13、en 或或 while + 分詞這種結(jié)構(gòu)，如：分詞這種結(jié)構(gòu)，如： Be careful crossing the street. Dont mention this talking to him.如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，分詞的動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，這個(gè)分詞要用如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，分詞的動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，這個(gè)分詞要用完成形式，如：完成形式，如： Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work. Having heard this, the woman astronaut expressed her satisfacti

14、on. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語還可以現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語還可以，如：，如： Her husband died in 1942, leaving her with five children. (結(jié)果結(jié)果) The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus causing the delay. (結(jié)果結(jié)果) Working hard, you will succeed. (條件條件) Turning to the left, you will find the path leading to the site. (條件條件) Weighing almost one hundred

15、jin, the stone was moved by him alone. (讓步讓步) ，可以修飾謂語，可以修飾謂語，如：，如： Built in 1192, the bridge is over 700 years old. Led by the party, the people have improved their living conditions greatly. Surrounded by a group of pupils, the old teacher walked into the room. The trainer appeared, followed by six

16、 little dogs. 過去分詞短語過去分詞短語（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句），如：（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句），如： The children, exhausted, fell asleep at once. He soon fell asleep, exhausted by the journey. (= as he was exhausted) 過去分詞短語有時(shí)可以過去分詞短語有時(shí)可以（相當(dāng)于時(shí)間狀語從句）和條件（相當(dāng)于條（相當(dāng)于時(shí)間狀語從句）和條件（相當(dāng)于條件狀語從句），如：件狀語從句），如： United, we stand; divided, we fall. (=When / If

17、 we are united ) Heated, water changes into steam. (=When / If water is heated ) Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.省略省略的主語必須和主句的主語相同，如：的主語必須和主句的主語相同，如： If / When heated, water changes into steam. Even if invited, I wont go. We will not attack unless attacked. The girl is very shy, an

18、d never speaks until spoken to. 現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語，如：現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語，如： Im sorry to have kept you waiting for so long. I could feel the cold wind blowing on my face. He tried to start the engine running. The words immediately set us all laughing.注：現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語表示動(dòng)作與謂語同時(shí)發(fā)生或正在進(jìn)行，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作過程。注：現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語表示動(dòng)作與謂語同時(shí)發(fā)生或正在進(jìn)行，強(qiáng)調(diào)

19、動(dòng)作過程。 過去分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語，如：過去分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語，如： He watched the TV set carried out of the room. Last year they had the house rebuilt. When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood. Youd better have your shoes mended.注：過去分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語表示動(dòng)作完成結(jié)果，并有被動(dòng)意義。注：過去分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語表示動(dòng)作完成結(jié)果，并有被動(dòng)意義。 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式主要用在狀語中，表示動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)作之前發(fā)

20、生，如：現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式主要用在狀語中，表示動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，如： Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide. The delegates, having fulfilled their mission, arrived back in Shanghai.注：在獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中，也可以用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式，如：注：在獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中，也可以用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式，如： His comrades having all left for the front, he didnt want to stay in the rear. 獨(dú)立

21、結(jié)構(gòu)可以表示伴隨動(dòng)作或情況獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)可以表示伴隨動(dòng)作或情況, 表示時(shí)間、原因、條件等表示時(shí)間、原因、條件等, 例如：例如： He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. (伴隨情況伴隨情況) The shower being over, we continued to march. (時(shí)間時(shí)間) So many students being absent, we decided to put the meeting off. (原原因因) Weather permitting, well have an outing tomorrow

22、. (條件條件) All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours. The job done, we went home. The composition written, he handed it to the teacher.(時(shí)間時(shí)間) 總結(jié)：總結(jié)：現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞根本區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞根本區(qū)別: : 分詞作狀語的技巧1什么時(shí)候可以使用分詞作狀語 ？ 技巧：必須明白分詞和句子的主語有一定的關(guān)系。分詞在狀語時(shí)，通常與句子的主語保持一致；且與句中主語有邏輯上的主謂或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系；否則不能用分詞作狀語，而使用獨(dú)立

23、主格結(jié)構(gòu)。1）Seeing from the hill, you will see the beautiful city.2）Seen from the hill, the city looks very beautiful.3）Time permitting, we will play football this afternoon （本句為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) ，permitting 的邏輯主語為time ,而不是we ）4) Our house painted white, we like it better. 12:40:122該用什么分詞 ？ 技巧：必須搞清楚分詞與主句的主語之間的關(guān)系是主動(dòng)

24、還是被動(dòng) 。是主動(dòng)用現(xiàn)在分詞，是被動(dòng)則用過去分詞。事實(shí)上，分詞作狀語是可看成由狀語從句變來的，尤其是時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步狀語，且常保留原來的when, while, after, if, although等連詞，這樣就使分詞結(jié)構(gòu)所表達(dá)的意義更加明確。如： 1）While walking in the street yesterday, I caught sight of a new bookstore. 2）After finishing the homework, I went to bed. 3）If playing all day, you will waste your valuab

25、le time. 4）Even if invited, I will not go.12:40:123. 該用分詞的什么語態(tài)的什么的形式？ 過去分詞只有一種形式，而現(xiàn)在分詞有一般式（doing和being done）與完成式（having done 和 having been done） 兩種形式。技巧： 1）分詞與句子謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，且與句子主語存在邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系，用現(xiàn)在分詞的主動(dòng)語態(tài)的一般式作狀語。如： Entering the classroom, he found them talking and laughing(entering 與 found 同時(shí)發(fā)生， he是 enteri

26、ng 的執(zhí)行者。) 2）分詞先于謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生，且與句子主語存在邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系，用現(xiàn)在分詞的主動(dòng)語態(tài)的完成式。如： Having sent her child to bed, she began to read the newspaper. (sent在 read 之前發(fā)生， she 是 sent的執(zhí)行者。) 12:40:12 3）作方式 、伴隨狀語的分詞，從意義上講相當(dāng)于并列的謂語動(dòng)詞或一個(gè)并列分句，只有一般式。如： The child came to his mother, running and jumping. （相當(dāng)于 ran and jumped.） The visitors ca

27、me in, followed by a group of young people. ( 相當(dāng)于and they were followed by a group of young people)12:40:12 Form: have/has been doing注意：不用被動(dòng)語態(tài)注意：不用被動(dòng)語態(tài) the 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法1.1.表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作從過去某一時(shí)間開始一直持續(xù)到表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作從過去某一時(shí)間開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，這動(dòng)作仍在進(jìn)行，且還有可能繼續(xù)下去?，F(xiàn)在，這動(dòng)作仍在進(jìn)行，且還有可能繼續(xù)下去。 It has been raining since last Sunday

28、. Youve been watching television all day. I havent been sleeping well since I returned home. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的兩種用法現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的兩種用法1. She is very tired. Shes been typing letters all day. 2. My hands are dirty. Ive been painting the door. 3. - Sorry Im late. Have you been waiting long? - Yes. Ive been waiting for

29、an hour. 2.2.表示動(dòng)作剛剛結(jié)束，但和現(xiàn)在有某種聯(lián)系。表示動(dòng)作剛剛結(jié)束，但和現(xiàn)在有某種聯(lián)系。（有時(shí)表示根據(jù)直接或間接的證據(jù)得出的結(jié)論，（有時(shí)表示根據(jù)直接或間接的證據(jù)得出的結(jié)論， 一般通過上下文的語境進(jìn)行判斷。）一般通過上下文的語境進(jìn)行判斷。）The boy _ (eat) since five minutes ago. has been eatingThe boy started eating five minutes ago. He is still eating now.The man _ (work) in the field for half an hour. has bee

30、n workingThe man started working in the field half an hour ago. He is still working now.1. 雨已經(jīng)下了三個(gè)小時(shí)了。雨已經(jīng)下了三個(gè)小時(shí)了。 It has been raining for three hours.2. - 你身上怎么這么臟？你身上怎么這么臟？ - 我剛才踢足球了我剛才踢足球了。- Why are you so dirty?- Ive been playing football.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是一種兼有是一種兼有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)二者基本特點(diǎn)的時(shí)態(tài)。由于

31、它有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的特點(diǎn)，二者基本特點(diǎn)的時(shí)態(tài)。由于它有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的特點(diǎn)，所以它可以表示某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響。所以它可以表示某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響。由于它有現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的特點(diǎn)，所以它也可以表示某一由于它有現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的特點(diǎn)，所以它也可以表示某一動(dòng)作的動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性、重復(fù)性、生動(dòng)性乃至感情色彩延續(xù)性、重復(fù)性、生動(dòng)性乃至感情色彩。 區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)1. They have widened the road 比較比較1.1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“已完成已完成”用法強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成，用法強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成， 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示未完成?，F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示未完成。( (尚未完工尚未完工) ) ( (已完工了已完工了) ) 4. I ha