APA-體例PPT演示課件

1、apa formatting and style guideapa格式及風(fēng)格指南what is apa?apa (american psychological association)在社會(huì)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域，在社會(huì)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域，apa是美國心是美國心理協(xié)會(huì)最常用的論文格式。理協(xié)會(huì)最常用的論文格式。is the most commonly used format for manuscripts in the social sciences.what does apa regulate?apa regulates:stylisticsin-text citationsreferences (a list of

2、 all sources used in the paper)apa規(guī)范的三大基本方面：規(guī)范的三大基本方面：文體、文內(nèi)引用、參考書目文體、文內(nèi)引用、參考書目apa stylistics: basics the third person point of view rather than using the first person point of view or the passive voice使用第三人稱，而不是第一人稱使用第三人稱，而不是第一人稱the study showed that, not i found out that. the active voice rather th

3、an passive voice 使用主動(dòng)語態(tài)，而不是被動(dòng)語態(tài)使用主動(dòng)語態(tài)，而不是被動(dòng)語態(tài)the participants responded, not the participants have been asked. use:point of view and voice in an apa paperapa論文中觀點(diǎn)的陳述論文中觀點(diǎn)的陳述 clear: be specific in descriptions and explanations清晰清晰/明了：具體的描述和解釋明了：具體的描述和解釋 concise: condense information when you can簡(jiǎn)潔：必要

4、時(shí)濃縮語言簡(jiǎn)潔：必要時(shí)濃縮語言 plain: use simple, descriptive adjectives and minimize the figurative language簡(jiǎn)單：使用簡(jiǎn)單的、描述性的詞語，盡量不簡(jiǎn)單：使用簡(jiǎn)單的、描述性的詞語，盡量不用修辭用修辭language in an apa paper is:apa論文中的語言使用論文中的語言使用apa stylistics: languagetypes of apa papersapa論文的類型 the literature review:文學(xué)綜述文學(xué)綜述the summary of what the scientifi

5、c literature says about the topic of your research includes title page, introduction, list of references是本科學(xué)領(lǐng)域中對(duì)某一研究課題的科學(xué)論文的概括，包括是本科學(xué)領(lǐng)域中對(duì)某一研究課題的科學(xué)論文的概括，包括標(biāo)題頁、介紹以及參考書目標(biāo)題頁、介紹以及參考書目 the experimental report:實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告the description of your experimental research-includes title page, abstract, introduction

6、, method, results, discussion, references, appendices, tables & figures 實(shí)驗(yàn)研究的描述，實(shí)驗(yàn)研究的描述，標(biāo)題頁、摘要、介紹、標(biāo)題頁、摘要、介紹、研究方式、結(jié)果、討論、參考、附錄表格和數(shù)據(jù)研究方式、結(jié)果、討論、參考、附錄表格和數(shù)據(jù)types of apa papers follow the general format遵循標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式遵循標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式 consult the instructor向老師請(qǐng)教向老師請(qǐng)教 consult publication manual參閱格式手冊(cè)參閱格式手冊(cè)if your paper fit

7、s neither of the categories above, 如果你的論文不適合于上述類型如果你的論文不適合于上述類型general format標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式 be typed, double-spaced, with two spaces after punctuation between sentences 雙面打印，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)后空兩格雙面打印，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)后空兩格 on standard-sized paper (8.5”x11”) 紙張大小：紙張大?。?.5x11 with 1” margins on all sides 頁邊距：上下左右均為頁邊距：上下左右均為1cm in 10-12

8、pt. times new roman or a similar font 字體為字體為times new roman，或者與其相似的字體，字號(hào)，或者與其相似的字體，字號(hào)10-12 include a page header (title) in the upper left- hand of every page and a page number in the upper right-hand side of every page 每一頁應(yīng)有頁眉每一頁應(yīng)有頁眉（左上方）（左上方），頁碼在每頁右上方，頁碼在每頁右上方y(tǒng)our essay should:referencesmain body

9、abstractgeneral format (contd)摘要、概述title pageyour essay should include four major sections:論文包括四部分：論文包括四部分：標(biāo)題頁、摘要、主體標(biāo)題頁、摘要、主體以及參考書目以及參考書目title page標(biāo)題頁page header:(use insert page header)title flush left + page number flush right.頁眉（使用內(nèi)置頁眉頁眉（使用內(nèi)置頁眉）：標(biāo)題左對(duì)齊，頁碼右對(duì)齊）：標(biāo)題左對(duì)齊，頁碼右對(duì)齊title:(in the upper half of

10、 the page, centered)name (no title or degree) + affiliation (university, etc.)標(biāo)題（左上方，居中）：姓名（標(biāo)題（左上方，居中）：姓名（無頭銜或?qū)W位），所屬機(jī)構(gòu)（大無頭銜或?qū)W位），所屬機(jī)構(gòu)（大學(xué)等）學(xué)等）abstract page摘要頁page header: do not include “running head:”頁眉不包括欄外標(biāo)題頁眉不包括欄外標(biāo)題abstract (centered, at the top of the page)摘要（頁面頂端，居中）摘要（頁面頂端，居中）write a brief (bet

11、ween 150 and 250 words) summary of your paper in an accurate, concise, and specific manner. should contain: at research topic, research questions, participants, methods, results, data analysis, and conclusions. may also include possible implications of your research and future work you see connected

12、 with your findings. may also include keywords.用準(zhǔn)確、簡(jiǎn)潔、具體的語言概述論文內(nèi)容（150-200字）。包括：研究課題、研究問題、參與者、研究方式、結(jié)果、數(shù)據(jù)分析、結(jié)論。也可以包括研究中可能存在的問題以及未來的發(fā)展、關(guān)鍵詞。main body (text)主體 the first text page is page number 3 主體的第一頁在總論文的第三頁主體的第一頁在總論文的第三頁 type the title of the paper centered, at the top of the page論文標(biāo)題位于頁面頂端，居中論文標(biāo)題位于

13、頁面頂端，居中 type the text double-spaced with all sections following each other without a break 段落首行縮進(jìn)兩格，段落中間不要空行段落首行縮進(jìn)兩格，段落中間不要空行 identify the sources you use in the paper in parenthetical in-text citations文內(nèi)引用至于括號(hào)內(nèi)以便說明其來源文內(nèi)引用至于括號(hào)內(nèi)以便說明其來源 format tables and figures 規(guī)范表格和數(shù)據(jù)規(guī)范表格和數(shù)據(jù)references page參考頁 center

14、 the title references- at the top of the page參考（標(biāo)題）頂端居中參考（標(biāo)題）頂端居中 double-space reference entries首行縮進(jìn)兩格首行縮進(jìn)兩格 flush left the first line of the entry and indent subsequent lines條目左對(duì)齊，下面幾行縮進(jìn)條目左對(duì)齊，下面幾行縮進(jìn) order entries alphabetically by the authors surnames條目后括號(hào)內(nèi)標(biāo)注作者的姓名條目后括號(hào)內(nèi)標(biāo)注作者的姓名do not include “runnin

15、g head:” in the header after the title page!標(biāo)題標(biāo)題頁后的標(biāo)題中不包頁后的標(biāo)題中不包括欄外標(biāo)題括欄外標(biāo)題references: basics參考書目要點(diǎn) invert authors names (last name first followed by initials).作者姓名，姓在前作者姓名，姓在前alphabetize reference list entries the last name of the first author of each work.按照字母表的順序來排列著作第一作者的姓名按照字母表的順序來排列著作第一作者的姓名cap

16、italize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word.只大寫下列情況：標(biāo)題、副標(biāo)題的第一個(gè)字母，標(biāo)題中冒號(hào)、破折號(hào)后只大寫下列情況：標(biāo)題、副標(biāo)題的第一個(gè)字母，標(biāo)題中冒號(hào)、破折號(hào)后的第一個(gè)詞，專有名詞

17、。不要大寫復(fù)合詞中第二個(gè)單詞的首字母的第一個(gè)詞，專有名詞。不要大寫復(fù)合詞中第二個(gè)單詞的首字母references: basics (contd)概述 capitalize all major words in journal titles. 期刊所有的主要詞匯大寫期刊所有的主要詞匯大寫 italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.較長(zhǎng)作品（如書目、期刊等）的標(biāo)題斜寫較長(zhǎng)作品（如書目、期刊等）的標(biāo)題斜寫 do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the title

18、s of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections.較短作品（如期刊中的文章、資料匯編中的論文等）的較短作品（如期刊中的文章、資料匯編中的論文等）的標(biāo)題，不要斜體、下劃線、引號(hào)標(biāo)題，不要斜體、下劃線、引號(hào)making the references list參考書目的編寫 identify a type source: is it a book? a journal article? a webpage? 確定資料來源：書？期刊？還是網(wǎng)頁？確定資料來源：書？期刊？還是網(wǎng)頁？ find a samp

19、le of citing this type of source in the textbook or in the owl apa guide.在課本或者在課本或者owl apa 指南中找到引用這種資料的例子指南中找到引用這種資料的例子 “mirror” the sample. 參照樣本參照樣本 make sure that the entries are listed in the alphabetical order and the subsequent lines are indented (recall references: basics). 確保條目是按照字母表的順序排列，下面幾

20、行縮進(jìn)確保條目是按照字母表的順序排列，下面幾行縮進(jìn)apa is a complex system of citation, which is difficult to keep in mind. when compiling the reference list, the strategy below might be useful:apa 是一種復(fù)雜的引用系統(tǒng)，很難記憶。編制參考是一種復(fù)雜的引用系統(tǒng)，很難記憶。編制參考書目時(shí)，記住以下幾點(diǎn)：書目時(shí)，記住以下幾點(diǎn)：in-text citations: basics文內(nèi)引用要點(diǎn) the authors name and the date of p

21、ublication作者的姓名，出版日期作者的姓名，出版日期for quotations and close paraphrases, provide a page number as well引用語、釋義、提供頁碼引用語、釋義、提供頁碼whenever you use a source, provide in parenthesis: 不管什么時(shí)候，只要引用了相關(guān)信息，都要用括號(hào)，如：不管什么時(shí)候，只要引用了相關(guān)信息，都要用括號(hào)，如：in-text citations help readers locate the cited source in the references section

22、 of the paper. 在論文參考書目部分，文內(nèi)引用幫助讀者確認(rèn)文獻(xiàn)來源在論文參考書目部分，文內(nèi)引用幫助讀者確認(rèn)文獻(xiàn)來源in-text citations: format for a quotation文內(nèi)引用：規(guī)范引用語 caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (p.11). a traumatic res

23、ponse frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (caruth, 1996, p.11). when quoting, introduce the quotation with a signal phrase. make sure to include the authors name, the year of publication, the page number, but keep the cit

24、ation briefdo not repeat the information. 在引用時(shí)，用簡(jiǎn)單的詞組介紹引用語。確保要包括作者在引用時(shí)，用簡(jiǎn)單的詞組介紹引用語。確保要包括作者的姓名、出版年份。要是語言簡(jiǎn)潔，不要重復(fù)信息。（下面是例子）的姓名、出版年份。要是語言簡(jiǎn)潔，不要重復(fù)信息。（下面是例子）in-text citations: format for a summary or paraphrase規(guī)范概述和釋義 provide the authors last name and the year of publication in parenthesis after a summary

25、or a paraphrase:在概述和釋義后用括號(hào)標(biāo)注作者的姓、出版年份在概述和釋義后用括號(hào)標(biāo)注作者的姓、出版年份（下面是例子）（下面是例子） though feminist studies focus solely on womens experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating the masculine-centered impressions (fussell, 1975).there are several formats for a summary or paraphrase:規(guī)范概述和釋義有以下幾種方式：規(guī)范概述和釋義有以

26、下幾種方式：in-text citations: format for a summary or paraphrase include the authors name in a signal phrase followed by the year of publication in parenthesis:在信號(hào)詞后（作者的姓名），用括號(hào)標(biāo)注出版年份（下面是在信號(hào)詞后（作者的姓名），用括號(hào)標(biāo)注出版年份（下面是例子）例子） recently, the history of warfare has been significantly revised by higonnet et al. (19

27、87), marcus (1989), and raitt and tate (1997) to include womens personal and cultural responses to battle and its resultant traumatic effects.formats for a summary or paraphrase (contd):in-text citations: format for a summary or paraphrase when including the quotation in a summary/paraphrase, also p

28、rovide a page number in parenthesis after the quotation:若概述或釋義中包含引用語，在引用語后用括號(hào)標(biāo)注頁若概述或釋義中包含引用語，在引用語后用括號(hào)標(biāo)注頁碼碼（下面是例子）（下面是例子） according to feminist researchers raitt and tate (1997), “it is no longer true to claim that womens responses to the war have been ignored” (p. 2).formats for a summary or paraphr

29、ase (contd):in-text citations: signal words信號(hào)詞 introduce quotations with signal phrases, e.g. 用信號(hào)詞介紹引用語，如：用信號(hào)詞介紹引用語，如：according to x. (2008), “.” (p. 3).x. (2008) argued that “” (p. 3).use the past tense or the present perfect tense of verbs in signal phrases 信號(hào)詞用過去時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)信號(hào)詞用過去時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)use such signa

30、l verbs as:信號(hào)詞，如下：信號(hào)詞，如下： acknowledged, contended, maintained, responded, reported, argued, concluded, etc.in-text citations: two or more works兩部或兩部以上作品 when the parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them in the same way they appear in the reference listthe authors name, the year

31、of publicationseparated by a semi-colon:當(dāng)括號(hào)內(nèi)的引用語包括當(dāng)括號(hào)內(nèi)的引用語包括兩部或兩部以上兩部或兩部以上作品時(shí)，將它們按照參考書目中的順序排列作品時(shí)，將它們按照參考書目中的順序排列作作者姓名，出版年份，中間用分號(hào)隔開。者姓名，出版年份，中間用分號(hào)隔開。如：如： (kachru, 2005; smith, 2008)in-text citations: a work with two authors一本書的作者有倆個(gè) when citing a work with two authors, use “and” in between authors na

32、me in the signal phrase yet “&” between their names in parenthesis:當(dāng)引用的這本書有兩個(gè)作者，文內(nèi)用當(dāng)引用的這本書有兩個(gè)作者，文內(nèi)用and連接兩個(gè)作者連接兩個(gè)作者的名字，括號(hào)內(nèi)用的名字，括號(hào)內(nèi)用“&” 連接。連接。 according to feminist researchers raitt and tate (1997), “it is no longer true to claim that womens responses to the war have been ignored” (p. 2). som

33、e feminists researchers question that “womens responses to the war have been ignored” (raitt & tate, 1997, p. 2).in-text citations: a work with 3 to 5 authors一本書的作者有3-5人 when citing a work with three to five authors, identify all authors in the signal phrase or in parenthesis:當(dāng)引用的這本書作者有當(dāng)引用的這本書作者

34、有3-5人，在括號(hào)內(nèi)一一列舉人，在括號(hào)內(nèi)一一列舉 (harklau, siegal, and losey, 1999) in subsequent citations, only use the first authors last name followed by et al. in the signal phrase or in parentheses: 在之后的引用中，只需寫出第一個(gè)作者，然后加上在之后的引用中，只需寫出第一個(gè)作者，然后加上et al. (harklau et al., 1993)in-text citations: a work with 6 and more auth

35、ors一本的書的作者有六人或更多 when citing a work with six and more authors, identify the first authors name followed by “et al.”:當(dāng)引用的這當(dāng)引用的這本的書的作者有六人或更多，寫上第一位本的書的作者有六人或更多，寫上第一位作者的姓名，后面加上作者的姓名，后面加上“et al.” smith et al. (2006) maintained that. (smith et al., 2006) in-text citations: a work of unknown author書的作者未知 w

36、hen citing a work of unknown author, use the the sources full title in the signal phrase and cite the first word of the title followed by the year of publication in parenthesis. put titles of articles and chapters in quotation marks; italicize titles of books and reports:當(dāng)被引用的這本書，其作者未知時(shí)，在信號(hào)詞組中標(biāo)注原始當(dāng)被

37、引用的這本書，其作者未知時(shí)，在信號(hào)詞組中標(biāo)注原始資料的全部標(biāo)題，在括號(hào)內(nèi)標(biāo)注標(biāo)題的第一個(gè)單詞、出版年資料的全部標(biāo)題，在括號(hào)內(nèi)標(biāo)注標(biāo)題的第一個(gè)單詞、出版年份。用引號(hào)標(biāo)注文章章節(jié)的標(biāo)題，書籍報(bào)告的標(biāo)題斜體。份。用引號(hào)標(biāo)注文章章節(jié)的標(biāo)題，書籍報(bào)告的標(biāo)題斜體。 according to “indiana joins federal accountability system” (2008), or, (“indiana,” 2008)in-text citations: organization文內(nèi)引用中的組織 when citing an organization, mention the orga

38、nization the first time when you cite the source in the signal phrase or the parenthetical citation:當(dāng)引用一個(gè)組織名稱時(shí)，第一次提及時(shí)在信當(dāng)引用一個(gè)組織名稱時(shí)，第一次提及時(shí)在信號(hào)詞組或括號(hào)內(nèi)引用其來源。號(hào)詞組或括號(hào)內(nèi)引用其來源。 the data collected by the food and drug administration (2008) confirmed that if the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include

39、 the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations:如果該組織有較廣為認(rèn)知的縮寫，在第一如果該組織有較廣為認(rèn)知的縮寫，在第一次提及時(shí)標(biāo)注來源，此后可直接用縮寫形式。次提及時(shí)標(biāo)注來源，此后可直接用縮寫形式。 food and drug administration (fda) confirmed fdas experts testedin-text citations: the same last name/th

40、e same author作者的姓相同 when citing authors with the same last names, use first initials with the last names:當(dāng)作者的姓相同時(shí)，使用名的首字母當(dāng)作者的姓相同時(shí)，使用名的首字母 (b. kachru, 2005; y. kachru, 2008) when citing two or more works by the same author published in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year of

41、publication to order the references:當(dāng)兩部及以上作品出自同一個(gè)作者時(shí)，當(dāng)兩部及以上作品出自同一個(gè)作者時(shí)， 為規(guī)定參考文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)用為規(guī)定參考文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)用小寫字母標(biāo)注出版年份小寫字母標(biāo)注出版年份 smiths (1998 a) study of adolescent immigrantsin-text citations: personal communication when citing interviews, letters, e-mails, etc., include the communicators name, the fact that it was p

42、ersonal communication, and the date of the communication. do not include personal communication in the reference list:當(dāng)引用采訪、信件、郵件、通訊員姓名等私人信息時(shí)，當(dāng)引用采訪、信件、郵件、通訊員姓名等私人信息時(shí)，不要在參考文獻(xiàn)中涉及這些。不要在參考文獻(xiàn)中涉及這些。 a. p. smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with apa style (personal communication,

43、 november 3, 2002).or, (e. robbins, personal communication, january 4, 2001).in-text citations: electronic sources電子信息 when citing an electronic document, whenever possible, cite it in the author-date style. if electronic source lacks page numbers, locate and identify paragraph number/paragraph head

44、ing:不管什么時(shí)候只要引用電子文件，就要標(biāo)注作者所標(biāo)明不管什么時(shí)候只要引用電子文件，就要標(biāo)注作者所標(biāo)明的日期。如果電子文件沒有頁碼，標(biāo)上段落號(hào)。的日期。如果電子文件沒有頁碼，標(biāo)上段落號(hào)。 according to smith (1997), . (mind over matter section, para. 6).apa headingsapa uses a system of five heading levelsapa所使用的五大標(biāo)題層次系統(tǒng)所使用的五大標(biāo)題層次系統(tǒng)apa標(biāo)題標(biāo)題層次格式1居中，粗體，標(biāo)題區(qū)分大小寫2左對(duì)齊，粗體，標(biāo)題區(qū)分大小寫3縮進(jìn)，粗體，標(biāo)題小寫4縮進(jìn)，粗體，斜體，標(biāo)題小寫4縮進(jìn)，斜體，標(biāo)題小寫apa headingsapa uses a system of f