TED演講：越有錢(qián)越無(wú)情(中英對(duì)照版

1、越有錢(qián)越無(wú)情Its amazing what a rigged game of Monopoly can reveal. In this entertaining but sobering talk, social psychologist Paul Piff shares his research into how people behave when they feel wealthy. (Hint: badly.) But while the problem of inequality is a complex and daunting challenge, theres good ne

2、ws too. (Filmed at TEDx Marin.) 一個(gè)被操縱的大富翁游戲能告訴我們的東西竟然有那么多！在這個(gè)有趣且發(fā)人深省的演講中，社會(huì)心理學(xué)家保羅-皮夫分享了他對(duì)于“人感到富有時(shí)如何表現(xiàn)”的研究結(jié)果（暗示：很壞）。在面對(duì)異常復(fù)雜、異常嚴(yán)峻的不平等問(wèn)題的同時(shí)，我們也聽(tīng)到了好的消息。（攝于TEDx加州馬林縣）Paul Piff studies how social hierarchy, inequality and emotion shape relations between individuals and groups.Why you should listen:Paul Pi

3、ff is an Assistant Professor of Psychology and Social Behavior at the University of California, Irvine. In particular, he studies how wealth (having it or not having it) can affect interpersonal relationships.His surprising studies include running rigged games of Monopoly, tracking how those who dri

4、ve expensive cars behave versus those driving less expensive vehicles and even determining that rich people are literally more likely to take candy from children than the less well-off. The results often dont paint a pretty picture about the motivating forces of wealth. He writes, specifically, I ha

5、ve been finding that increased wealth and status in society lead to increased self-focus and, in turn, decreased compassion, altruism, and ethical behavior.What others say:“When was the last time, as Piff puts it, that you prioritized your own interests above the interests of other people? Was it ye

6、sterday, when you barked at the waitress for not delivering your cappuccino with sufficient promptness? Perhaps it was last week, when, late to work, you zoomed past a mom struggling with a stroller on the subway stairs and justified your heedlessness with a ruthless but inarguable arithmetic: Today

7、, the 9 a.m. meeting has got to come first; that ladys stroller cant be my problem. Piff is one of a new generation of scientistspsychologists, economists, marketing professors, and neurobiologistswho are exploiting this moment of unprecedented income inequality to explore behaviors like those. ” Li

8、sa Miller, New York Magazine演講稿正文I want you to, for a moment, think about playing a game of Monopoly, except in this game, that combination of skill, talent and luck that help earn you success in games, as in life, has been rendered irrelevant, because this games been rigged, and youve got the upper

9、 hand. Youve got more money, more opportunities to move around the board, and more access to resources. And as you think about that experience, I want you to ask yourself, how might that experience of being a privileged player in a rigged game change the way that you think about yourself and regard

10、that other player?我想讓大家花一點(diǎn)時(shí)間，想想一下自己正在玩大富翁游戲。只不過(guò)在這個(gè)游戲里面，那些幫助你贏的游戲的因素，比如技巧、才能和運(yùn)氣在此無(wú)關(guān)緊要，就像對(duì)于人生一樣，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)游戲被操縱了，而你已經(jīng)占了上風(fēng)，你有更多的錢(qián)，有更多在棋盤(pán)上移動(dòng)的機(jī)會(huì)以及更對(duì)獲得資源的機(jī)會(huì)。在你想象這一經(jīng)歷的過(guò)程中，我想讓大家問(wèn)一下自己，一個(gè)被操縱的游戲里面作為優(yōu)勢(shì)玩家的經(jīng)歷會(huì)如何改變你思考自己和對(duì)待對(duì)手的方式？So we ran a study on the U.C. Berkeley campus to look at exactly that question. We brought in

11、 more than 100 pairs of strangers into the lab, and with the flip of a coin randomly assigned one of the two to be a rich player in a rigged game. They got two times as much money. When they passed Go, they collected twice the salary, and they got to roll both dice instead of one, so they got to mov

12、e around the board a lot more. (Laughter) And over the course of 15 minutes, we watched through hidden cameras what happened. And what I want to do today, for the first time, is show you a little bit of what we saw. Youre going to have to pardon the sound quality, in some cases, because again, these

13、 were hidden cameras. So weve provided subtitles. 在加州大學(xué)伯克利分校，我們做了一個(gè)試驗(yàn)來(lái)研究這個(gè)問(wèn)題。我們招募了100多對(duì)陌生人到實(shí)驗(yàn)室，通過(guò)投擲硬幣的方式隨機(jī)選中一對(duì)中的一個(gè)作為這個(gè)游戲中占上風(fēng)的玩家。他們拿到了兩倍的錢(qián)。當(dāng)他們途徑起點(diǎn)的時(shí)候，他們拿到兩倍的工資，而且他們可以同時(shí)擲兩個(gè)骰子而不是一個(gè)，所以他們可以在棋盤(pán)上移動(dòng)更多。在接下來(lái)的15分鐘內(nèi)，我們通過(guò)隱藏的攝像頭觀察了現(xiàn)場(chǎng)情況。今天是第一次我想和大家分享一下我們觀察到的，有的時(shí)候音質(zhì)可能不太好，還請(qǐng)大家原諒，因?yàn)楫吘故怯秒[藏的攝像頭，所以我們加上了字幕。Rich Player: H

14、ow many 500s did you have? 富玩家：你有多少?gòu)?00塊？Poor Player: Just one.窮玩家：就一張。Rich Player: Are you serious. 富玩家：真的嗎？Poor Player: Yeah.窮玩家：是的。Rich Player: I have three. (Laughs) I dont know why they gave me so much.富玩家：我有三張。（笑聲）不知道為什么他們給了我這么多。Paul Piff: Okay, so it was quickly apparent to players that somet

15、hing was up. One person clearly has a lot more money than the other person, and yet, as the game unfolded, we saw very notable differences and dramatic differences begin to emerge between the two players. The rich player started to move around the board louder, literally smacking the board with thei

16、r piece as he went around. We were more likely to see signs of dominance and nonverbal signs, displays of power and celebration among the rich players.保羅.皮夫：所以，玩家們很快就意識(shí)到這個(gè)游戲明顯有點(diǎn)奇怪。一個(gè)玩家比另一個(gè)玩家明顯有更多的錢(qián)。隨著游戲慢慢展開(kāi)，我們觀察到兩個(gè)玩家開(kāi)始有一些明顯不同的表現(xiàn)。富的玩家明顯在棋盤(pán)上移動(dòng)的聲音更大，移動(dòng)的時(shí)候幾乎是在狠狠砸棋盤(pán)。我們看到富玩家們“霸主”信號(hào)、肢體動(dòng)作，權(quán)力的顯示以及相互慶祝。We had

17、 a bowl of pretzels positioned off to the side. Its on the bottom right corner there. That allowed us to watch participants consummatory behavior. So were just tracking how many pretzels participants eat.我們?cè)谂赃叿帕艘煌虢符}卷餅，就在右下角，這使得我們可以觀察玩家吃椒鹽卷餅的行為。我們就是看看玩家吃了多少椒鹽卷餅。Rich Player: Are those pretzels a trick

18、?富玩家：這些椒鹽卷餅有什么貓膩嗎？Poor Player: I dont know.窮玩家：不知道啊。Okay, so no surprises, people are onto us. They wonder what that bowl of pretzels is doing there in the first place. One even asks, like you just saw, is that bowl of pretzels there as a trick? And yet, despite that, the power of the situation seem

19、s to inevitably dominate, and those rich players start to eat more pretzels.保羅皮夫：好吧，不出所料，大家覺(jué)得有問(wèn)題。起先他們好奇那一碗椒鹽卷餅為什么會(huì)在那里。就像你剛才看到的，其中有一個(gè)甚至問(wèn)：這碗椒鹽卷餅與什么貓膩嗎？但盡管如此，整個(gè)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的主導(dǎo)形勢(shì)還是不可避免的。那些富的玩家開(kāi)始吃更多的椒鹽卷餅。Rich Player: I love pretzels.富玩家：我愛(ài)椒鹽卷餅。 (Laughter)（笑聲）And as the game went on, one of the really interesting a

20、nd dramatic patterns that we observed begin to emerge was that the rich players actually started to become ruder toward the other person, less and less sensitive to the plight of those poor, poor players, and more and more demonstrative of their material success, more likely to showcase how well the

21、yre doing. 保羅皮夫：游戲繼續(xù)進(jìn)行，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)很明顯的有趣現(xiàn)象，就是富玩家開(kāi)始對(duì)另一個(gè)玩家表現(xiàn)得不友好，對(duì)那些可憐玩家的貧窮困境越來(lái)越不敏感，開(kāi)始越來(lái)越頻繁的炫富，更喜歡展示他們正在做的一切。Rich Player: I have money for everything.富玩家：我什么都買(mǎi)得起。 Poor Player: How much is that? 窮玩家：你有多少錢(qián)？Rich Player: You owe me 24 dollars. Youre going to lose all your money soon. Ill buy it. I have so muc

22、h money. I have so much money, it takes me forever. 富玩家：你還欠我24塊。你很快就要輸光了。我要買(mǎi)它，我太多錢(qián)了那么多花都花不完的錢(qián)。Rich Player 2: Im going to buy out this whole board. 富玩家2：我要把整個(gè)棋盤(pán)都買(mǎi)下來(lái)。Rich Player 3：Youre going to run out of money soon. Im pretty much untouchable at this point.富玩家3：你很快就要沒(méi)錢(qián)了。我已經(jīng)差不多不可戰(zhàn)勝了。Okay, and heres w

23、hat I think was really, really interesting, is that at the end of the 15 minutes, we asked the players to talk about their experience during the game. And when the rich players talked about why they had inevitably won in this rigged game of Monopoly - (Laughter) they talked about what theyd done to

24、buy those different properties and earn their success in the game, and they became far less attuned to all those different features of the situation, including that flip of a coin that had randomly gotten them into that privileged position in the first place. And thats a really, really incredible in

25、sight into how the mind makes sense of advantage.保羅皮夫：下面是我覺(jué)得一個(gè)非常非常有有意思的現(xiàn)象。在15分鐘要結(jié)束的時(shí)候，我們請(qǐng)玩家談?wù)撍麄冊(cè)谟螒蛑械慕?jīng)歷。當(dāng)玩家談?wù)撍麄冊(cè)谶@個(gè)被操縱的游戲里面為什么必勝的時(shí)候（笑聲）他們提到了自己為了買(mǎi)到不同地產(chǎn)和贏得游戲所作的努力而他們忽略了這個(gè)游戲一開(kāi)始的不同形勢(shì)也就是投擲硬幣隨即決定了他們哪一個(gè)獲得優(yōu)勢(shì)，而這對(duì)我們理解大腦如何看待優(yōu)勢(shì)提供了非常好的啟發(fā)。Now this game of Monopoly can be used as a metaphor for understanding society

26、 and its hierarchical structure, wherein some people have a lot of wealth and a lot of status, and a lot of people dont. They have a lot less wealth and a lot less status and a lot less access to valued resources. And what my colleagues and I for the last seven years have been doing is studying the

27、effects of these kinds of hierarchies. What weve been finding across dozens of studies and thousands of participants across this country is that as a persons levels of wealth increase, their feelings of compassion and empathy go down, and their feelings of entitlement, of deservingness, and their id

28、eology of self-interest increases. In surveys, we found that its actually wealthier individuals who are more likely to moralize greed being good, and that the pursuit of self-interest is favorable and moral. Now what I want to do today is talk about some of the implications of this ideology self-int

29、erest, talk about why we should care about those implications, and end with what might be done.我們可以用這個(gè)大富翁的游戲作比喻來(lái)理解我們的社會(huì)以及社會(huì)分層，也就是有的人有大量的社會(huì)財(cái)富和地位而很多人沒(méi)有，他們僅有很少的財(cái)富和地位以及很少獲得寶貴資源的機(jī)會(huì)。我和我的同事在過(guò)去的7年里一直在做的就是研究這些不同層次的影響。全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)的大量研究都表明，當(dāng)一個(gè)人的財(cái)富增加時(shí)，他們的同情心和同理心下降，而他們的優(yōu)越感增加，也更注重個(gè)人利益。在調(diào)查中，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，富有的人更可能把貪婪定義為好的，把對(duì)個(gè)人利益的追求

30、定義為有利的，道德的。今天我想談的就是這種個(gè)人利益思維的影響，談?wù)劄槭裁次覀儜?yīng)該關(guān)注這些影響以及我們能做些什么。Some of the first studies that we ran in this area looked at helping behavior, something social psychologists call pro-social behavior. And we were really interested in whos more likely to offer help to another person, someone whos rich or some

31、one whos poor. In one of the studies, we bring in rich and poor members of the community into the lab and give each of them the equivalent of 10 dollars. We told the participants that they could keep these 10 dollars for themselves, or they could share a portion of it, if they wanted to, with a stra

32、nger who is totally anonymous. Theyll never meet that stranger and the stranger will never meet them. And we just monitor how much people give. Individuals who made 25,000 sometimes under 15,000 dollars a year, gave 44 percent more of their money to the stranger than did individuals making 150,000 o

33、r 200,000 dollars a year.我們?cè)谶@一領(lǐng)域最初做的一些研究，觀察了助人行為，社會(huì)心理學(xué)家稱(chēng)之為親社會(huì)行為。我們很想知道什么人更傾向于給其他人提供幫助，富人還是窮人。其中一個(gè)研究，我們把一個(gè)社區(qū)的富人和窮人都帶到了實(shí)驗(yàn)室，給了每個(gè)人十美元。我們告訴他們，他們可以把這十塊錢(qián)給自己用，也可以把其中一部分拿出來(lái)分享。如果他們?cè)敢獾脑?，跟一個(gè)陌生人分享，一個(gè)永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)再相見(jiàn)的陌生人。我們觀察人們給了多少。那下年收入為25000甚至低于15000美元的人，而那些收入為15萬(wàn)甚至20萬(wàn)的人比起來(lái)多給了44%。Weve had people play games to see whos m

34、ore or less likely to cheat to increase their chances of winning a prize. In one of the games, we actually rigged a computer so that die rolls over a certain score were impossible. You couldnt get above 12 in this game, and yet, the richer you were, the more likely you were to cheat in this game to

35、earn credits toward a $50 cash prize, sometimes by three to four times as much.我們還讓人們玩游戲，看看什么人更可能為了贏得一個(gè)獎(jiǎng)品而作弊。其中一個(gè)游戲，我們其實(shí)操縱了電腦使得某些數(shù)字不可能出現(xiàn)。這個(gè)游戲里面你不可能超過(guò)12。然而，越富有的人，越有可能在這個(gè)游戲中作弊去爭(zhēng)取那個(gè)最終能夠贏取50美元現(xiàn)金的分?jǐn)?shù)，可能性甚至高達(dá)3到4倍。We ran another study where we looked at whether people would be inclined to take candy from a

36、jar of candy that we explicitly identified as being reserved for children - (Laughter) participating - Im not kidding. I know it sounds like Im making a joke. We explicitly told participants this jar of candys for children participating in a developmental lab nearby. Theyre in studies. This is for t

37、hem. And we just monitored how much candy participants took. Participants who felt rich took two times as much candy as participants who felt poor.我們還做了另一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)，觀察人們是否會(huì)從糖罐里面拿糖。糖罐上清楚地寫(xiě)著：給小朋友預(yù)留.（笑聲）我是認(rèn)真的，我知道這聽(tīng)上去像我在講笑話，我們明確的告訴了參與者，這一罐糖是給隔壁發(fā)展中心的小朋友準(zhǔn)備的，他們?cè)趯?shí)驗(yàn)中，這是給他們的。然后我們觀察這些參與者拿了多少糖果，那些感覺(jué)富有的參與者多拿了兩倍的糖果。Weve

38、 even studied cars, not just any cars, but whether drivers of different kinds of cars are more or less inclined to break the law. In one of these studies, we looked at whether drivers would stop for a pedestrian that we had posed waiting to cross at a crosswalk. Now in California, as you all know, b

39、ecause Im sure we all do this, its the law to stop for a pedestrian whos waiting to cross. So heres an example of how we did it. Thats our confederate off to the left posing as a pedestrian. He approaches as the red truck successfully stops. In typical California fashion, its overtaken by the bus wh

40、o almost runs our pedestrian over. (Laughter) Now heres an example of a more expensive car, a Prius, driving through, and a BMW doing the same. So we did this for hundreds of vehicles on several days, just tracking who stops and who doesnt. What we found was that as the expensiveness of a car increa

41、sed, the drivers tendencies to break the law increased as well. None of the cars, none of the cars in our least expensive car category broke the law. Close to 50 percent of the cars in our most expensive vehicle category broke the law. Weve run other studies finding that wealthier individuals are mo

42、re likely to lie in negotiations, to endorse unethical behavior at work like stealing cash from the cash register, taking bribes, lying to customers.我們還研究了汽車(chē)，不只是汽車(chē)，而是不同類(lèi)型汽車(chē)的司機(jī)誰(shuí)更傾向于做一些違法的事情。其中一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)，我們觀察了，司機(jī)在碰到行人（我們安排的）過(guò)馬路時(shí)的停車(chē)行為。在加州，大家都知道，因?yàn)槲蚁嘈盼覀兌加羞@樣做，法律規(guī)定碰到行人要過(guò)馬路，我們必須停車(chē)。下面我告訴大家我們是怎樣做的，左側(cè)是我們的研究人員裝作一個(gè)行人

43、，她正要過(guò)馬路，這時(shí)候紅色的卡車(chē)停了下來(lái)，當(dāng)然這是在加州。很快一輛巴士呼嘯而過(guò)，差點(diǎn)要撞到我們的行人（笑聲）這是一輛比較貴的車(chē)，一輛普銳斯開(kāi)過(guò)來(lái)，一輛寶馬車(chē)也一樣。幾天內(nèi)，我們測(cè)試了幾百輛車(chē)記錄誰(shuí)停了誰(shuí)沒(méi)有停。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，隨著車(chē)價(jià)的增加司機(jī)違法的傾向也增加了。而在我們的廉價(jià)車(chē)系里，沒(méi)有一輛車(chē)作出違法行為。而在我們的昂貴車(chē)系里，有接近50%的車(chē)都違法了。我們還做了其他研究并發(fā)現(xiàn)，越有錢(qián)的人越有可能在談判中說(shuō)謊，贊同工作中的不道德行為。比如從收銀臺(tái)偷現(xiàn)金，受賄，忽悠顧客等。Now I dont mean to suggest that its only wealthy people who show

44、 these patterns of behavior. Not at all. In fact, I think that we all, in our day-to-day, minute-by-minute lives, struggle with these competing motivations of when, or if, to put our own interests above the interests of other people. And thats understandable because the American dream is an idea in

45、which we all have an equal opportunity to succeed and prosper, as long as we apply ourselves and work hard, and a piece of that means that sometimes, you need to put your own interests above the interests and well-being of other people around you. But what were finding is that, the wealthier you are

46、, the more likely you are to pursue a vision of personal success, of achievement and accomplishment, to the detriment of others around you. Here Ive plotted for you the mean household income received by each fifth and top five percent of the population over the last 20 years. In 1993, the difference

47、s between the different quintiles of the population, in terms of income, are fairly egregious. Its not difficult to discern that there are differences. But over the last 20 years, that significant difference has become a grand canyon of sorts between those at the top and everyone else.我并不是說(shuō)只是有錢(qián)人會(huì)表現(xiàn)出

48、類(lèi)似的行為，完全不是。事實(shí)上，我覺(jué)得我們每個(gè)人在我們?nèi)粘５姆址置朊胫卸家@些動(dòng)機(jī)作斗爭(zhēng)。什么時(shí)候以及是否把我們的利益置于他人的利益之上。這很容易理解，因?yàn)槊绹?guó)夢(mèng)告訴我們每個(gè)人都有同等的機(jī)會(huì)可以成功，發(fā)達(dá)，只要我們足夠努力。而這也意味著有的時(shí)候字需要把自己的利益置于你周邊人的利益和幸福之上。但我們發(fā)現(xiàn)的是，你越有錢(qián)，則越有可能一種個(gè)人的成功。個(gè)人的成果和成就，這可能是建立在對(duì)旁人的損害之上。這里我為大家畫(huà)出了在過(guò)去20年里，每個(gè)15和最高5%人口的平均家庭收入。1993年，每個(gè)15之間的收入差距還是相當(dāng)大的，我們不難看出其中的差別。但是在過(guò)去的20年里面，這種巨大差距最終成為了頂層人群與其他所

49、有人之間的鴻溝。In fact, the top 20 percent of our population own close to 90 percent of the total wealth in this country. Were at unprecedented levels of economic inequality. What that means is that wealth is not only becoming increasingly concentrated in the hands of a select group of individuals, but the

50、 American dream is becoming increasingly unattainable for an increasing majority of us. And if its the case, as weve been finding, that the wealthier you are, the more entitled you feel to that wealth, and the more likely you are to prioritize your own interests above the interests of other people,

51、and be willing to do things to serve that self-interest, well then theres no reason to think that those patterns will change. In fact, theres every reason to think that theyll only get worse, and thats what it would look like if things just stayed the same, at the same linear rate, over the next 20

52、years.事實(shí)是，頂層20%的人口擁有整個(gè)國(guó)家接近90%的財(cái)富。我們正在經(jīng)歷史無(wú)前例的經(jīng)濟(jì)上的不平等，而這不僅意味著財(cái)富更多的聚集在為數(shù)很少的一群人手里，還意味著美國(guó)夢(mèng)對(duì)越來(lái)越多的人來(lái)說(shuō)都變得越來(lái)越遙遠(yuǎn)。如果事實(shí)果真如我們發(fā)現(xiàn)的那樣，你越有錢(qián)就越發(fā)覺(jué)得這些財(cái)富是你應(yīng)得的，越會(huì)把自己的利益置于他人的利益之上，越會(huì)做那些利己的事情。那里沒(méi)有理由可以相信這個(gè)現(xiàn)狀會(huì)有所改變。事實(shí)上，我們有更多的理由認(rèn)為情況會(huì)變得更糟糕。這時(shí)在接下來(lái)的20年內(nèi)保持和原來(lái)一樣、相同現(xiàn)行速率的情況。Now, inequality, economic inequality, is something we should a

53、ll be concerned about, and not just because of those at the bottom of the social hierarchy, but because individuals and groups with lots of economic inequality do worse, not just the people at the bottom, everyone. Theres a lot of really compelling research coming out from top labs all over the worl

54、d showcasing the range of things that are undermined as economic inequality gets worse. Social mobility, things we really care about, physical health, social trust, all go down as inequality goes up. Similarly, negative things in social collectives and societies, things like obesity, and violence, i

55、mprisonment, and punishment, are exacerbated as economic inequality increases. Again, these are outcomes not just experienced by a few, but that resound across all strata of society. Even people at the top experience these outcomes.不平等，經(jīng)濟(jì)上的不平等，是我們每個(gè)人都要關(guān)心的問(wèn)題，不僅是因?yàn)樯鐣?huì)底層的人，而是因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)不平等會(huì)讓個(gè)人和集體都變得糟糕。不僅僅是底層的人

56、，是每一個(gè)人。有很多來(lái)自世界各地的頂級(jí)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的非常有說(shuō)服力的研究，展示了日益增加的經(jīng)濟(jì)不平等造成的影響范圍。社會(huì)流動(dòng)性，那些我們非常關(guān)心的東西，如身體健康、社會(huì)信任，都會(huì)隨著不平等的增加而削弱。同樣的，社會(huì)中消極的東西，比如肥胖、暴力、徒刑和懲罰都會(huì)隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)不平等的增加而加劇。而這些后果，不是少數(shù)人所經(jīng)歷的而是會(huì)影響社會(huì)的各個(gè)階層。即使是在頂層的人也要遭受這些后果。So what do we do? This cascade of self-perpetuating, pernicious, negative effects could seem like something thats sp

57、un out of control, and theres nothing we can do about it, certainly nothing we as individuals could do. But in fact, weve been finding in our own laboratory research that small psychological interventions, small changes to peoples values, small nudges in certain directions, can restore levels of ega

58、litarianism and empathy. For instance, reminding people of the benefits of cooperation, or the advantages of community, cause wealthier individuals to be just as egalitarian as poor people. In one study, we had people watch a brief video, just 46 seconds long, about childhood poverty that served as

59、a reminder of the needs of others in the world around them, and after watching that, we looked at how willing people were to offer up their own time to a stranger presented to them in the lab who was in distress. After watching this video, an hour later, rich people became just as generous of their own time to help out this other person, a stranger, as someone whos poor,