改進(jìn)版初高英語銜接-英語句子成分及基本結(jié)構(gòu)PPT課件41張_602

1、英語句子成分英語句子成分及基本結(jié)構(gòu)及基本結(jié)構(gòu) （一）句子成分的定義（一）句子成分的定義 構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分和次要成分； 主要成分有主要成分有主語和謂語主語和謂語； 次要成分有次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和同位語。同位語。（二）（二）句子的具體成分句子的具體成分 主語主語（subject)：主語是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體：主語是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，主語是謂語講述的對(duì)象，表示所說的“是什么”或“是誰”。 一般由名詞、代詞、不定代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的單詞或短語來充當(dāng)，也

2、有從句充當(dāng)?shù)默F(xiàn)象。 大多數(shù)主語都在句首。1theroomisveryclean.（名詞）（名詞）2we oftenspeakenglish.（代詞）（代詞）3eightismyluckynumber.（數(shù)詞）（數(shù)詞）4to teach them english is my job.（動(dòng)詞不定式）（動(dòng)詞不定式）5swimmingisgoodforourhealth.(動(dòng)名詞）動(dòng)名詞）6.whatweneedisfood.（句子）（句子）7.thepoorareeverywhereinsomecountries.(the+形容詞形容詞)找出下面句子的主語找出下面句子的主語1. our school

3、 is not far from my home. 2. to talk with you is a great pleasure 3. cleaning the house needs a lot of time.4.theyareourgoodfriends.5.whathesaidwasright.6.eightisaluckynumberinchina.謂語謂語(predicate) 謂語說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)謂語說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài),說明說明主語主語“做什么做什么”，“是什么是什么”，“怎么樣怎么樣”。謂。謂語語必須是動(dòng)詞必須是動(dòng)詞，體現(xiàn)時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)，體現(xiàn)

4、時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)，一般放在主語之一般放在主語之后。謂語后。謂語分簡(jiǎn)單謂語和復(fù)合謂語分簡(jiǎn)單謂語和復(fù)合謂語：1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。如：、簡(jiǎn)單謂語：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。如：hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2、復(fù)合謂語：由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、復(fù)合謂語：由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形動(dòng)詞原形或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞某種形式某種形式構(gòu)成。構(gòu)成。如：如：hecanspeakenglish.常見情態(tài)動(dòng)詞： can / could 能，可以，可能 may / might 可以，可能 need 需要 must 必須，務(wù)必 will /would 表意愿 should 應(yīng)該

5、have to 不得不 +動(dòng)詞原形動(dòng)詞原形作謂語作謂語助動(dòng)詞：幫助構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)，不同時(shí)態(tài)有不同的助動(dòng)詞,后加動(dòng)詞的某種形式構(gòu)成謂語。 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)： does/ do 一般過去時(shí)態(tài)： did 一般將來時(shí)態(tài)： will / shall 過去將來時(shí)態(tài)： would/ should 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)： have / has 過去完成時(shí)態(tài)： had 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)：am / is / are 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)：was /were we always get up at seven. they are talking about something. he went to the park yesterday.

6、 the boy can play guitar very well. he doesnt like speaking chinese. i have seen the film before. he didnt finish his homework last night.找出下列句子的謂語 1. we saw them playing football. 2. our teacher is telling us something. 3. a blind man was walking slowly. 4. friends make my life full of excitement.

7、5. recently ,we have developed the good habit. 6. we must study english very hard. 7. our country will become stronger. 8. the train had left by 10 last night.表語表語(predicative) 表語用以說明主語表語用以說明主語是什么是什么或或怎么樣怎么樣，它，它一般位于一般位于系動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞之后之后，構(gòu)成，構(gòu)成主系表主系表結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)，說明主語的狀況，性質(zhì)，特征等。，說明主語的狀況，性質(zhì)，特征等。常見的系動(dòng)詞： 1. 表狀態(tài)：be 2. 表感

8、官：look, sound, smell, taste, feel 3. 表變化：become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, fall 4. 表持續(xù),保持：keep,remain,stay 5. 表似乎,像：seem，appear1iamateacher.（名詞）（名詞）2iamten.（數(shù)數(shù)詞）詞）3hebecamerichandsuccessful.（形（形容詞）容詞）4everyoneishere.（副副詞）詞）5theyareathomenow.（介詞短語）介詞短語）6myjobistoteachthemenglish.（不定式不定式）找出下列句子的表語 1.

9、 we are the master of our future. 2. the old man felt very sad. 3. our country will become stronger 4. my father kept silent. 5. your words seemed right. 6. the drink tastes quite wonderful. 7. in spring the trees turn green. 8. the boy is very clever. 9. no one remains young forever. 10. the girl h

10、as become skillful. 11. it doesnt seem quite true. 12. the idea sounds wonderful.賓語(object) 賓語賓語：表示動(dòng)作表示動(dòng)作所涉及所涉及的的對(duì)象對(duì)象，內(nèi)容內(nèi)容或或承承受受者者。賓語賓語動(dòng)賓：動(dòng)詞+賓語介賓：介詞+賓語例：read books like english the book is good for us .1heisplayingthepiano.（名詞）（名詞）2heoftenhelpsme.（代詞）（代詞）3helikestowatchtv.(動(dòng)詞不定式）動(dòng)詞不定式）4helikeswatchi

11、ngtv.（動(dòng)詞（動(dòng)詞ing)5.idontknowwhatheistalking.(句子）句子）找出下列句子的賓語 my brother hasnt done his homework. people all over the world speak english. how many new words did you learn last class? some of the students in the school want to go swimming . the old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.賓語補(bǔ)足語賓語補(bǔ)足語 英語中

12、英語中有些句子只有賓語并不能表達(dá)完整有些句子只有賓語并不能表達(dá)完整的意思，還必須在賓語的后面加上賓語補(bǔ)的意思，還必須在賓語的后面加上賓語補(bǔ)足語才能表達(dá)完整的意思足語才能表達(dá)完整的意思。我們把我們把“賓語賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語賓語補(bǔ)足語”稱為復(fù)合賓語。復(fù)合賓語表達(dá)稱為復(fù)合賓語。復(fù)合賓語表達(dá)的意思相當(dāng)于一個(gè)句子的意思。的意思相當(dāng)于一個(gè)句子的意思。1wecalledhimdongming.（名詞）（名詞）2wesawhimplayingsoccer.（現(xiàn)在分詞）（現(xiàn)在分詞）3wesawhimplaysoccer.(省省to不定式不定式)4wefoundmathdifficult.（形容詞形容詞）5momm

13、akesmestudyallday.（省（省to不定式）不定式）找出句子中的賓語補(bǔ)足語找出句子中的賓語補(bǔ)足語 she likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. he asked her to take the boy out of school. she found it difficult to do the work. they call me lily sometimes. i saw mr. wang get on the bus.定語定語 修飾修飾名詞名詞或或代詞代詞的詞、短語為定語。的詞

14、、短語為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示：定語可由以下等成分表示： 1 she is a beautiful city.（形容詞） 2 my beef noodles is here. ( 代詞）（名詞） 3 the boy with glasses is my brother. (介詞短語） 4 i have something to say.( 不定式）找出下列句子的定語 1. the black bike is mine. 2. whats your name? 3. i have five books. 4. they made paper flowers. 5. the book in

15、the room is jack. 6. it is a swimming pool. 7. do you know the sleeping boy.狀語狀語(adverbial) 狀語修飾狀語修飾動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞、形容詞形容詞、副詞副詞或或全句全句的句子成分的句子成分, 說明說明方式、因果、條件、方式、因果、條件、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、讓步、方向、程度、目時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、讓步、方向、程度、目的，比較的，比較等等,可用作狀語的有副詞可用作狀語的有副詞, 不定不定式式, 分詞分詞, 介詞短語介詞短語, 從句等從句等。 1. tomrunsquickly.2.igetupatsixeveryday.3.iplayso

16、ccerverywell.4. intheclassroom,theboyneedsapen.5.havingtofinishhishomework,theboyneedsapen.6.theboyneedsapentodohishomework. 找出下列句子的狀語1. we arrived at shanghai at six yesterday.2. she didnt go to the party because of the rain.3. mr smith lives in america.4. in order to catch up with the others, i mu

17、st work harder.5. he was so tired that he fell asleep quickly.6. i am taller than he is.同位語 同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞或名詞短語對(duì)前者加以說明的成分，近乎于后置定語。如： we students should study hard. we all are students. carol , an american teacher, will come to our school.獨(dú)立成分 有時(shí)句子中會(huì)有一些與句子沒有語法聯(lián)系的成分，稱為句子獨(dú)立成分感嘆詞感嘆詞：oh,hello,aha,ah

18、,等。 肯定詞肯定詞yes 否定詞否定詞no 稱呼語稱呼語：mum, dad。 插入語插入語：一些句中插入的 i think , i believe,等。 如: the story, i think, has never come to the end情態(tài)詞情態(tài)詞,表示說話人的語氣（多作為修飾全句的狀語）:perhaps也許,maybe大概,actually實(shí)際上,certainly當(dāng)然，等。 句子種類句子種類 句子種類法 1、按句子的用途用途可分四種： 1）陳述句（肯定、否定）陳述句（肯定、否定）2）疑問句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）疑問句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）3）祈使句）祈使句4）感嘆句

19、）感嘆句2、按句子的、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：可分三種：簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種： 1）簡(jiǎn)單句： 只有一個(gè)主語（或并列主語）和一個(gè)謂語 （或并列謂語）。1. he often reads english in the morning.2. tom and mike are american boys.3. she likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句并列句：由并列連詞（and, but, or等）或分號(hào)（；）把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起構(gòu)成。

20、e.g. 1. you help him and he helps you. 2. he wants to go there but i dont 3. hurry up, or you will be late. 4. this house belongs to mr.smith； it costs millions of dollars. 3）復(fù)合句：含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上從句從句的句子 。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句、定語從句名詞性從句、定語從句，狀語從句狀語從句等。1. the foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at t

21、he great wall. (狀從）2. this is the book that i want. （定從）3. i think that he is right. (賓從）判斷下列句子是簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：1. we often study chinese history on friday afternoon.2. the boy who offered me his seat is called tom.3. my brother and i go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at

22、 seven in the evening.4. he is in class one and i am in class two.5. he was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.簡(jiǎn)單句復(fù)合句簡(jiǎn)單句并列句復(fù)合句下列句子哪些是正確的？ 為什么？1. i like english, my english is very good.2. i like english and my english is very good. 3. as i like english, my english is very good. 4. i have a hous

23、e, its windows are very big. 5. i have a house and its windows are very big. 5. i have a house, whose windows are very big. 簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型 1主語主語+不及物動(dòng)詞：不及物動(dòng)詞：(主謂主謂)1wework.2shecamejustnow3theywent.常見的不及物動(dòng)詞：常見的不及物動(dòng)詞：comegoworkwalkswimarrivestaylaughhappen2 主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語(主系表)系動(dòng)詞一 be動(dòng)詞類：am、is、are、was、were二二表示變化類：表