unit8HonestyIsItGoingOutofStyle

1、Ever thought about cheating on a test? Of course not. But some students are not quite so honest Honesty: Is It Going Out of Style?Atacia Robbins According to a recent poll【民意調(diào)查】, 61 percent of American high school students have admitted to cheating on exams at least once. It can be argued such a res

2、ponse may not mean much. After all, most students have been faced with the temptation【誘惑】 to peek【偷看】at a neighbors test paper. And students can be hard on themselves in judging such behavior. However, there are other indications【跡象】 that high school cheating may be on the rise. More and more states

3、 are requiring students to pass competency 【能力】tests in order to receive their high school diplomas【證書】. And many educators fear that an increase in the use of state exams will lead to a corresponding【相應(yīng)的】 rise in cheating. A case【例子】 in point is students in New York State who faced criminal【犯罪的】 mi

4、sdemeanor【不法行為】 charges for possessing【擁有】 and selling advance copies【復(fù)制品】 of state Regents examinations【州攝政考試】. Cheating is considered to be【被看做是】 a major problem in colleges and universities. Several professors say theyve dropped the traditional term paper requirement because many students buy pre

5、written【事先寫好的】 term papers【試卷】, and they cant track down【追蹤，調(diào)查】 all the cheaters【作弊者】 anymore. Colleges and universities across the nation have decided to do more than 【不僅僅是】talk about the rise in student cheating. For instance【比如】, the Department of Psychology at the University of Maryland launched

6、【開展】 a campaign【運(yùn)動(dòng)】 to stop one form of cheating. As 409 students filed out of【排成縱隊(duì)離開】 exam, they found all but one exit【出口】 blocked【被鎖住了】. Proctors【監(jiān)考人】 asked each student to produce an ID card with an attached photo. Students who said theyd left theirs in the dorm or at home had a mug shot【嫌疑人照片】

7、taken. The purpose of the campaign was to catch ringers【代考者】，students who take tests for other students. The majority of students at the University of Maryland applauded 【贊許】the campaign. The campus newspaper editorial said, Like police arresting speeders, the intent【意圖】 is not to catch everyone but

8、 rather to catch enough to spread the word【擴(kuò)散消息】. We frequently【頻繁地】 hear about the good old days, when Americans were better, happier, and more honest. But were they more honest? Maybe yes, a long time ago when life was very different from what it is today. School children used to know the story of

9、 how Abraham Lincoln walked five miles to return a penny【便士】 hed overcharged【多收的】 a customer. Its the kind of story we think of as myth【神話】. But in the case of 【就來說】Lincoln, the story is true. Unlike the story of George Washington and the cherry tree. Washingtons first biographer 傳記作者invented【虛構(gòu)】 th

10、e tale【傳言】 of little George saying to his father, I cannot tell a lie. I did it with my ax【斧頭】. What is important in both stories, however, is that honesty was seen as【被視為】 an important part of the American character【精神】. And these are just two stories out of many. Students in the last century usual

11、ly didnt read fun stories. They read stories that taught moral【道德】 value . Such stories pointed out quite clearly that children who lied, cheated, or stole came to bad ends【沒有好下場(chǎng)】. Parents may have further【更進(jìn)一步地】 reinforced【加強(qiáng)】 those values. Its difficult to know. We do know that children didnt hear

12、 their parents talk of cheating the government on income taxes - there werent any.【cheat sb. on sth.】 A clue【線索，證據(jù)】 as to why Americans may have been more honest in the past lies in 【在于】the Abe Lincoln story. Lincoln knew his customer. They both lived in a small town. Would a check-out person【收銀員】 a

13、t a large supermarket return money to a customer? Its less likely. On the other hand, would overnight guests at an inn【小旅館】 run【經(jīng)營(yíng)，run的過去式】 by a husband and wife, steal towels【毛巾】? Its less likely. Perhaps this tells us that people need to know one another to 【表目的】be at their honest best. The vast【大

14、量的】 majority of Americans still believe that honesty as an important part of the American Character. For that reason, there are numerous【許多】 watch-dog【監(jiān)視器】 committees【委員會(huì)】 at all levels of society【在社會(huì)的各個(gè)階層】. Although signs of dishonesty in school, business, and government seem much more numerous in

15、recent years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing 【揭發(fā)】such dishonesty? There is some evidence that dishonesty may ebb【退去】 and flow【流走】. When times are hard, incidents of theft and cheating usually go up. And when times get better such incidents tend to go down. Cheat

16、ing in school also tends to ebb and flow. But it doesnt seem linked to the economy. Many educators feel that as students gain confidence in themselves and their abilities, they are less likely to cheat. Surprisingly, some efforts to prevent cheating may actually encourage cheating - a person may fee

17、l they dont trust me anyway, and be tempted to beat the system.Distrust can be contagious【有傳染性的】. But, so can trust!譯文：Unit8 Honesty: Is It Going out of Style?曾想到過在考試中作弊嗎？當(dāng)然沒有?？墒怯行W(xué)生并不那么誠(chéng)實(shí)誠(chéng)實(shí)：難道它正在變得不合時(shí)宜？ 斯泰茜婭羅賓斯根據(jù)最近的一次民意測(cè)驗(yàn)，百分之六十一的美國(guó)學(xué)生承認(rèn)曾在考試中至少作過一次弊。人們可以爭(zhēng)論說，這樣一種回答也許沒有多大意義。畢竟大多數(shù)學(xué)生都曾受到過偷看鄰座考卷的誘惑。而學(xué)生們?cè)谠u(píng)

18、價(jià)這類行為時(shí)有時(shí)對(duì)自己過于嚴(yán)格。不過，還有別的一些跡象也表明，中學(xué)里的作弊現(xiàn)象可能是在上升。 越來越多的州要求學(xué)生通過能力測(cè)試以取得中學(xué)畢業(yè)文憑。很多教育學(xué)家擔(dān)心，更多地利用州級(jí)考試將會(huì)導(dǎo)致作弊的相應(yīng)增加。一個(gè)明顯的例子就是紐約州的一些學(xué)生，他們因擁有并出售州教育董事會(huì)的考卷樣本而受到刑事輕罪指控。現(xiàn)在作弊也被看作是大學(xué)的一大問題了。一些教授說他們已經(jīng)放棄了傳統(tǒng)的學(xué)期論文這一要求，因?yàn)楹芏鄬W(xué)生購(gòu)買預(yù)先寫好的各種學(xué)期論文，教授們?cè)僖膊椴怀鏊械淖鞅渍吡?。除了談?wù)搶W(xué)生作弊的上升外，全國(guó)各地的大學(xué)已決定采取一切措施。例如，馬里蘭大學(xué)心理系就開展了一場(chǎng)制止某種作弊形式的運(yùn)動(dòng)。當(dāng)409名學(xué)生考完試魚貫離

19、開教室時(shí)，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)除了一個(gè)出口外，所有的出口都堵住了。監(jiān)考人員要求每個(gè)學(xué)生出示貼有照片的身份證。那些說把身份證留在宿舍或家中的學(xué)生都被拍了面部照。這一運(yùn)動(dòng)的目的是捉拿“冒名頂替者”，即幫別人代考的學(xué)生。馬里蘭大學(xué)的大多數(shù)學(xué)生都鼓掌歡迎這一運(yùn)動(dòng)。校刊社論說：“就像警察逮捕違法超速駕車者一樣，這一運(yùn)動(dòng)的目的并不是要捉拿所有的人，而是抓住足夠的作弊者以便把信息傳開去?！蔽覀兘?jīng)常聽人談起“美好的往日”，說是那時(shí)的美國(guó)人比現(xiàn)在好，比現(xiàn)在幸福，也比現(xiàn)在誠(chéng)實(shí)。但他們真的較誠(chéng)實(shí)嗎？也許在很久以前，他們確實(shí)更誠(chéng)實(shí)，因?yàn)槟菚r(shí)的生活跟今天的生活大不相同。中、小學(xué)學(xué)生過去都知道亞伯拉罕林肯步行五英里把多收的一分錢還給

20、顧客的故事。我們已經(jīng)把這類故事看成了神話。但就林肯來說，這故事卻是真實(shí)的而不像喬治華盛頓和櫻桃樹的故事那樣是杜撰的。華盛頓的第一位傳記作者虛構(gòu)了小喬治對(duì)父親說“我不能說謊，我用斧子砍倒了櫻桃樹”的故事。然而，在兩個(gè)故事中都很重要的一點(diǎn)是，誠(chéng)實(shí)過去一向被看作是美國(guó)人性格中的一個(gè)重要組成部分。而且這僅僅是許許多多故事中的兩個(gè)故事。上個(gè)世紀(jì)的學(xué)生一般都不讀“娛樂性的”故事。他們讀的都是些傳授道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的故事。這類故事非常明確地指出，說謊、騙人、偷東西的孩子決沒有好下場(chǎng)。做父母的很可能進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)了這些道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。是不是真的如此就很難知道了。但我們的確知道，過去的孩子聽不到父母談?wù)撛谒枚惿掀垓_政府的事那時(shí)

21、候還沒有所得稅。林肯的故事中提供了一個(gè)線索，說明為什么過去的美國(guó)人也許是比較誠(chéng)實(shí)的。這就是林肯認(rèn)識(shí)他的顧客，他們都住在同一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)上。一家大的超級(jí)市場(chǎng)的結(jié)賬員會(huì)把多收的錢還給顧客嗎？可能性較小。反之，在一家夫妻經(jīng)營(yíng)的小旅館過夜的客人會(huì)偷毛巾嗎？可能性也不大。也許這就告訴我們，人們需要互相了解才能達(dá)到最誠(chéng)實(shí)的境界。絕大多數(shù)美國(guó)人仍然認(rèn)為誠(chéng)實(shí)是美國(guó)人性格的一個(gè)重要組成部分。因此，在社會(huì)各級(jí)都有許多監(jiān)督委員會(huì)。雖然學(xué)校、商界和政府中的作弊和欺詐行為近年來似乎比過去多了許多，但這會(huì)不會(huì)是由于我們?cè)絹碓缴朴诮衣哆@類不誠(chéng)實(shí)行為的緣故呢？有某些證據(jù)表明，欺詐行為可消可長(zhǎng)，有起有伏。當(dāng)時(shí)世艱難時(shí)，偷竊和欺騙事件

22、通常便會(huì)增多。當(dāng)形勢(shì)好轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，這類事件往往就會(huì)減少。學(xué)校中的作弊現(xiàn)象也往往有漲有落。但它似乎跟經(jīng)濟(jì)沒有什么聯(lián)系。許多教育學(xué)家認(rèn)為，當(dāng)學(xué)生對(duì)自己和自己的能力有了信心以后，他們就不大可能作弊了。令人驚奇的是，某些防止作弊的努力可能反而促使學(xué)生作弊一個(gè)人可能會(huì)感到“他們反正不信任我”，于是便很想“擊敗這個(gè)制度”。不信任可以有傳染性。但是，信任也可以有傳染性。WORDSAdmit vt.& vi. 許可進(jìn)入；承認(rèn)，供認(rèn) vt. 允許；確認(rèn) vi. 承認(rèn)；允許 【過去式：admitted 過去分詞：admitted 現(xiàn)在分詞：admitting名詞形式：admission】e.g. It will not

23、 be suicide to admit your mistake. 承認(rèn)你的錯(cuò)誤并不等于自毀前程。e.g. She was admitted to hospital with a soaring temperature. 她因發(fā)高燒被送進(jìn)醫(yī)院。e.g. Almost all of us were admitted to college last year.去年，我們基本上都被大學(xué)錄取了。Admission 英 dmin 美 dmn n. 準(zhǔn)許進(jìn)入；承認(rèn)；坦白；入場(chǎng)費(fèi)e.g. Gates open at 10.30am and admission is free. 早上10:30開門，免費(fèi)入場(chǎng)

24、。e.g. She wanted some admission of guilt from her father. 她期待她父親能夠認(rèn)罪。Respond vt. & vi. 回答，響應(yīng) vi. 作出反應(yīng)，響應(yīng)；回報(bào)或回復(fù) n. 建（柱，拱基等的）對(duì)稱，壁聯(lián)e.g. You should deliberate over the question before you respond to it. 回答問題之前你應(yīng)該慎重考慮。E.g. He was noticeably slow to respond. 他明顯反應(yīng)遲緩。After all畢竟；究竟；歸根結(jié)底；（解釋或說明理由）別忘了e.g. St

25、op pulling him about like that; hes a child after all. 別那樣折騰他了，他畢竟還是個(gè)孩子。e.g. After all, tomorrow is another day.畢竟明天又是新的一天。Temptation n. 誘惑，引誘；誘惑物e.g. The temptation warred with his conscience. 這種誘惑與他的良心作斗爭(zhēng)?！綾onscience 英 knns 美 knns】tempt vt. 引誘，慫恿；吸引；冒的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；使感興趣 vi. 有吸引力Nothing could tempt him to suc

26、h a course of action. 什么都不能誘使他去那樣做。peek vi. 偷看，窺視；瞇著眼睛看 n. 偷看，窺視；一瞥，看一眼e.g. I took a peek at the list. 我偷看了一眼名單e.g. Anyone who dared to peek was condemned to death. 任何敢偷看的人被定死罪。judge 英 dd 美 dd vt.& vi. 審判，評(píng)判；斷定 vt. 估計(jì)；評(píng)價(jià)；（尤指）批評(píng)；想，認(rèn)為 n. 法官；裁判員；評(píng)判員；鑒定人e.g. Its for other people to judge how much I have

27、 improved.我有多大的進(jìn)步應(yīng)該由其他人來評(píng)價(jià)。e.g. Judging by the opinion polls, he seems to be succeeding. 從民意測(cè)驗(yàn)來看，他似乎勝券在握。e.g. People are liable to judge others from their own first impressions. 人們?nèi)菀子盟麄冏约旱淖畛跤∠髞碓u(píng)價(jià)別人。Indication n. 指示；象征；表明；標(biāo)示e.g. He gave no indication that he was ready to compromise. 他沒有妥協(xié)的意思。Competen

28、cy 英 kmpit()nsi 美 kmptnse n. 資格，能力，作證能力【adj. 有能力的，能勝任的，能干的】e.g. Drilling down into a candidates competency was part of interview technique. 徹查應(yīng)聘者的能力也是面試技巧的一部分。In order to 為了e.g. We have fought scores of battles in order to win victory. 為贏得勝利，我們進(jìn)行了數(shù)十次戰(zhàn)斗。Corresponding 英 krispndi 美 krspnd, kr- adj. 相當(dāng)?shù)?/p>

29、，對(duì)應(yīng)的；通信的；符合的，符合。；一致的 v. 相符合( correspond的現(xiàn)在分詞)；類似(correspond的ing形式)；相配All rights carry with them corresponding responsibilities. 一切權(quán)利都帶有與之相應(yīng)的責(zé)任。Correspond 英 krispnd 美 krspnd, kr- vi. 符合，一致；相應(yīng)；通信e.g. She still corresponds with American friends she met in Majorca nine years ago. 她仍與9年前在馬略卡島結(jié)識(shí)的美國(guó)朋友們通信。e

30、.g. We corresponded regularly. 我們定期通信。e.g. The translation does not quite correspond to the original. 譯文不切原意。Criminal n. 罪犯，犯人 adj. 刑事的；犯罪的；可恥的【n. crime】e.g. He has many years experience of the criminal mentality. 他研究犯罪心理有多年經(jīng)驗(yàn)。e.g. The criminal was adjudged to prison for eight years. 該犯被判刑八年。Misdeme

31、anor n. 不法行為；（相對(duì)于重罪的）輕罪，小罪e.g. Why little ate has also become the misdemeanor? 為什么少吃一頓也成了壞事呢？Possess vt. 擁有；掌握，懂得；主宰；纏住，迷住 Possession n. 有，所有，擁有；領(lǐng)地；財(cái)產(chǎn)，所有權(quán)，占有物，所有物；持有違禁物In possession of 擁有In the possession of 在名下，被擁有e.g. He is now in possession of the company.e.g. The company is now in the possession

32、 of him.Track down 追捕到，追查出；追尋；查獲e.g. They hope to track down the source of the infection. 他們希望查出這種傳染病的根源。For instance = for example Launch 英 l:nt 美 lnt, lnt vt. 發(fā)射；計(jì)算機(jī)開始（應(yīng)用程序）；發(fā)動(dòng)；開展（活動(dòng)、計(jì)劃等） vi. 投入；著手進(jìn)行；熱衷于n. 投擲；大船上的小艇；大型敞篷摩托艇e.g. Were going to launch a big recruitment drive in the autumn. 我們將在秋季進(jìn)行大規(guī)

33、模征兵。e.g. I saw the launch of the rocket yesterday. 我昨天看了火箭發(fā)射。File out of 魚貫而出e.g. The jury filed out of the courtroom. 陪審員們從法庭里魚貫而出。File 英 fail 美 fal vt. 提出（離婚訴訟或其他訟案）；把歸檔；用銼銼；發(fā)稿，寄給報(bào)社 vi. 發(fā)送（報(bào)道給報(bào)社）；排成一行行走；提出申請(qǐng) n. 文件夾；卷宗；縱列；銼刀；伸進(jìn)并神經(jīng)病伸進(jìn)并Applaud 英 pl:d 美 pld vt. 鼓掌歡迎，歡呼；稱贊，贊許；贊成，同意 vi. 夸贊，鼓掌e.g. Every

34、person stood to applaud his unforgettable act of courage. 所有人起立為他不可磨滅的英勇之舉鼓掌。Intent n. 意圖，目的；意思，含義 adj. 專心的，專注的；意愿堅(jiān)決的；急切的；一心想的e.g. His plan is incompatible with my intent. 他的計(jì)劃與我的意圖不相符。e.g. Rodney had been intent on every word. 羅德尼字字留心。Frequently adv. 頻繁地，屢次地；往往；動(dòng)；動(dòng)輒Frequent 英 fri:kwnt 美 frikwnt adj

35、. 頻繁的，時(shí)常發(fā)生的，常見的；（脈搏等）急促的，快的 frikwent vt. 常到，光顧，常與交往；常去，時(shí)常出入于e.g. It is not polite to interrupt a speaker with frequent questions. 不斷提問打斷演講者是不禮貌的。Penny n. 便士；（美國(guó)、加拿大的）一分錢；少量的錢 復(fù)數(shù)：pennies penceMyth 英 mi 美 m n. 神話；神怪故事；奇人，奇事；虛構(gòu)的人，虛構(gòu)的事 v. 使神話化 復(fù)數(shù)：mythsInvent vt. 發(fā)明，創(chuàng)造；虛構(gòu)e.g. He invented the first electric clock. 他發(fā)明了第一個(gè)電動(dòng)機(jī)械鐘。Character n. 性格，品質(zhì)；特征；計(jì) 字符；人物，角色 vt. 刻，??；使具有特征Moral 英 m:rl 美 mrl, mr- adj. 道德的，道義上的；精神上的；無疑的，當(dāng)然的；教導(dǎo)道德的 n. 寓意，教訓(xùn)；（尤指男女間的）品行；格言；古相對(duì)者Value n. 價(jià)值，價(jià)格；意義，涵義；重要性；（郵票的）面值 vt. 評(píng)價(jià)；重視，看重；估價(jià)，給定價(jià)(形容詞形式：valuable)Moral value 道德觀，價(jià)值觀Reinforce 英 ri:nf:s 美 rinfrs, -f