電大西方經(jīng)濟學(xué)第三次業(yè)小抄參考

1、專業(yè)好文檔一、對消費受許多因素的影響，其中最重要的影響因素是收入，一般把消費與收入之間的數(shù)量關(guān)系稱為消費函數(shù)，消費理論主要就是通過對消費函數(shù)的研究，分析消費與收入之間的變動關(guān)系。消費理論主要有四種收入理論： 1、（一）、凱恩斯的絕對收入理論。凱恩斯將消費函數(shù)表達為：cf（y），并將此式改寫為cby，c代表消費；y代表收入。表明如果其他條件不變，則消費c隨收入y增加而增加，隨收入y減少而減少。他強調(diào)實際消費支出是實際收入的穩(wěn)定函數(shù)，這里所說的實際收入是指現(xiàn)期、絕對、實際的收入水平，即本期收入、收入的絕對水平和按貨幣購買力計算的收入。 平均消費傾向:消費占收入的比率； apcc/y 邊際消費傾向:

2、消費隨著收入的增加而增加，新增加的消費占新增加收入的比率；mpc= c /y apc和mpc都隨著收入的增加而減?。?mpc介于0和1之間，并且apcmpc （二）、消費函數(shù)和儲蓄函數(shù)的關(guān)系，是由消費和儲蓄的關(guān)系決定的。一般認為收入為消費和儲蓄之和，即y=c+s，當國民收入y一定時c增加則s減少，反之c減少則s增加。邊際儲蓄傾向 mps=s/y平均儲蓄傾向 aps=s/y（三）平均消費傾向apc是 指消費占收訖的比例。公式：apc=c/y; 邊際消費傾向mpc是指增加的消費在增加的收入中所占的比例。公式：mpc=c/y。 2、杜森貝的相對收入理論。杜森貝提出消費并不取決于現(xiàn)期絕對收入水平，而是

3、取決于相對收入水平。 3、莫迪利安尼的生命周期理論。莫迪利安尼提出消費不取決于現(xiàn)期收入，而取決于一生的收入和財產(chǎn)收入，其消費函數(shù)公式為：cawrbyl。4、弗里德曼的持久收入理論。弗里德曼認為居民消費不取決于現(xiàn)期收入的絕對水平，也不取決于現(xiàn)期收入和以前最高收入的關(guān)系，而是取決于居民的持久收入，由此得出的結(jié)論是，人們的收入可以分為兩部分，一部分是暫時收入，一部分是持久收入，只有持久收入才影響人們的消費，即消費是持久收入的穩(wěn)定函數(shù)。二、促進消費需求的對策1.要千方百計增加居民收，提高居民消費能力第一，要制定促進城鎮(zhèn)居民就業(yè)和收入增長的長期政策。第二，要增加農(nóng)民收入，減輕農(nóng)民負擔。2.要縮小居民收入

4、差距，擴大整體需求規(guī)模第一，要完善轉(zhuǎn)移支付制度。第二，要改革經(jīng)濟管制制度，通過引入競爭減少行業(yè)間收入差距。第三，要建立對貧困家庭的社會救助體系。第四，要加快西部開發(fā)步伐和振興東北的進程。3.要建立健全社會保障制度，改善支出預(yù)期4.要改善供給結(jié)構(gòu)，促進消費結(jié)構(gòu)升級 第一，要調(diào)整產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)。第二，要樹立現(xiàn)代營銷理念，將高效率地滿足消費者需求作為企業(yè)管理的出發(fā)點和歸宿。第三，要運用高科技改造傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)，發(fā)展新產(chǎn)業(yè)。5.要改善消費環(huán)境，便利居民消費，推動消費結(jié)構(gòu)升級第一，要完善消費政策，鼓勵合理消費。第二，要加強消費者權(quán)益保護力度。第三，要改善農(nóng)村消費環(huán)境和設(shè)施。6. 要加強資本市場管理與建設(shè)winger

5、 tuivasa-sheck, who scored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over england, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against usa.both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but a

6、ustralia have not conceded a try since josh charnleys effort in their first pool match against england on the opening day.aussie winger jarryd hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by tuivasa-sheck with eight.but it is recently named rugby league international federati

7、on player of the year sonny bill williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the world cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id

8、 give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said williams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier

9、league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist b

10、ehaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no raci

11、st insults from fans of cska. baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weather plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humid

12、ity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude o

13、f commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( then, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something re

14、sembling an olympic diving platform.they blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the kiwis in manchester.five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored

15、 by englands josh charnley in the opening game of the tournament.that could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but i have been impressed by the kangaroos focus in their games since then.they have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence

16、, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates.it is as though their entire tournament has been preparation for the final.in johnathan thurston, cooper cronk, cameron smith and either billy slater or greg inglis at full-back they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. they have played in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset going into saturday.the